--- - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: Data presented in this database are the result of Hand Held 4-band Hazemeters and do not always satisfy to the high standards of quality associated with Automatic Sunphotometers.SAFARI 2000 data are available for the following local measurement sites: Alene_High_School; Chililabombwe; Forestry_Kaoma; Itezhi_Tezhi_Basic; Kafue_Hydrologic; Kalongola; Kananja_Chilanda; Kangaya_Basic; Kapiri_Basic; Kasalu_Basic_School; Kasapa_Basic_School; Kashinakaji_School;Kisasa_Basic; Kitima_Basic_School; Litoya; Livingstone_Met_Dpt; Lubu_Basic_Middle; Lukulu_basic; Lusaka_Met_HQ; Makotolo_School; Met_Kaoma; Miombe; Misamfu_Research; Mongu; Mwayasunka; Mwinilunga; Nalusanga_School; Ndola_Meteorology; Saluzhinka_Basic; Senanga; Shamputa_School; Shikoswe_Basic; Sichili_Primary; Sikufele_School; Sioma_Basic_School; Sitaka; St_Marys; St_Patrics; and Zambezi_Met_Office.Example of data file format:Site: Alene High School, Lat=-11.173000, Long=24.190000PI: Brent HolbenE-mail: brent@aeronet.gsfc.nasa.govt0: 09:08:2000, 00:00:00 Date, Time, Time_offset (days), AOT_1020, AOT_880, AOT_765, AOT_680, AOT_530, AOT_440, AOT_380, Water(cm), Air_Mass09:08:2000, 15:15:12, 0.635556, -100.000000, 1.621565, -100.000000, 1.606205, 1.528689, -100.000000, 0.234460, 0.000000, 3.99342109:08:2000, 15:17:04, 0.636863, -100.000000, 1.589651, -100.000000, 1.565860, 1.501361, -100.000000, 0.369358, 0.000000, 4.110902' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/s2k_hazemeter_zamb.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/708 end_time: 2000-09-30T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-708.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-708 lat_max: -7.69 lat_min: -18.7 lon_max: 34.45 lon_min: 21.55 name: 'SAFARI 2000 Atmospheric Aerosol Measurements, Hand-held Hazemeters, Zambia' native_id: s2k_hazemeter processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 2000-06-01T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-708 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=708 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: This record links to the web page for the Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR) data for the SAFARI 2000 project. Twenty-one flights were undertaken over Southern Africa during the study. Flight track maps, browse images, and Convair CV-580 flight logs are available on this web site.The Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR) is an airborne multi-wavelength scanning radiometer that can perform several functions including: determining the single scattering albedo of clouds at selected wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared; measuring the angular distribution of scattered radiation; measuring bidirectional reflectance of various surface types; and acquiring imagery of cloud and Earth surface features. The CAR instrument was developed at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center by Dr. Michael King. The CAR now operates from a position mounted in the improved nose cone on a Convair CV-580. In addition to its traditional starboard viewing mode, the CAR instrument can be operated in zenith viewing, nadir viewing, and bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) mode; and can be switched between each of these four modes during flight.The CAR has been deployed on a regular basis in field campaigns around the world including deployments to Portugal (Azores), Brazil, Kuwait, the conterminous United States, Alaska, and various countries in southern Africa. During typical research field campaigns, the CAR is flown in concert with an array of cloud microphysics, aerosol, atmospheric chemistry, and general meteorological instruments under the direction of the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington.' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/s2k_car_brdf.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/709 end_time: 2000-09-16T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-709.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-709 lat_max: 5 lat_min: -35 lon_max: 60 lon_min: 5 name: 'SAFARI 2000 Cloud Absorption Radiometer BRDF, Dry Season 2000' native_id: s2k_car_brdf processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 2000-08-15T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-709 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=709 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: The Surface Temperatures Measured at Multiple Angles Data Set was collected at two locations within the northwest quadrant of the FIFE study area during July and August 1989. The data set contains hemispherical surface temperature, surface temperatures measured at several view zenith angles, and surface temperatures and at-view azimuth increments of 45 degrees. These data were collected using the Everest multiplexed infrared thermometers (IRT) Model 4000 and an Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometer Model PIR. Periodically measurements of the surface emissivity and incoming longwave radiation were also made. The purpose of this study was to characterize bi-directional reflectance factor distributions, estimate surface albedo from bi-directional reflectance factor and radiance data, determine the variability of reflected and emitted fluxes in selected spectral wavebands as a function of topography, vegetative community and management practice, determine the influence of plant water status on surface reflectance factors, and determine sun angle affects on radiation fluxes.' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//FIFE/guides/Radiant_Temp_Multiangle_Data.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/71 end_time: 1989-08-10T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-71.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-71 lat_max: 39.09 lat_min: 39.05 lon_max: -96.54 lon_min: -96.55 name: Radiant Temp. Multiangle Data (FIFE) native_id: FIFE_IRT_MULT processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 1994-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 1989-07-12T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-71 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=71 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: "ABSTRACT: The Cloud and Aerosol Research Group (CARG) of the University of Washington participated in the SAFARI-2000 Dry Season Aircraft campaign with their Convair-580 research aircraft. This campaign covered five countries in southern Africa from 10 August through 18 September, 2000. Various types of measurements were obtained on the thirty-one research flights of the Convair-580 in SAFARI-2000, to study their relationships to simultaneous measurements from satellites (particularly Terra), other research aircraft, and SAFARI-2000 ground-based measurements and activities. The main goals of the University of Washington's Convair-580 research aircraft were to: * Measure the physical and chemical properties of aerosols and trace gases in ambient air, and from various sources, in southern Africa. * Obtain measurements on aerosols, trace gases, clouds, and surface properties for comparisons with simultaneous remote sensing measurements from the NASA ER-2 aircraft and Terra satellite and from SAFARI-2000 ground stations. * Carry out closure studies using in situ and remote sensing measurements made aboard the Convair-580. * Compare aerosol and trace gas measurements aloft at various locations in Southern Africa. * Measure the nature and concentrations of aerosols and trace gases, and their emission factors, in smoke from prescribed fires and non-prescribed fires of biomass in southern Africa. * Measure the spectral albedo and bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF) of various surfaces and clouds in southern Africa. * Measure the microstructures of clouds off the Atlantic Coast of southern Africa. * Investigate aerosol-cloud interactions. For a complete detailed guide to the extensive measurements obtained aboard the UW Convair-580 aircraft in support of SAFARI 2000, see the UW Technical Report for the SAFARI 2000 Project [PDF format]. The latest version of this document can be found at the UW SAFARI 2000 Web site [Internet Link], listed in the CARG Publications on SAFARI 2000 section." description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/s2k_CV580.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/710 end_time: 2000-09-18T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-710.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-710 lat_max: -14 lat_min: -26 lon_max: 36 lon_min: 11 name: 'SAFARI 2000 CV-580 Aerosol and Cloud Data, Dry Season 2000 (CARG)' native_id: s2k_cv580 processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 2000-08-10T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-710 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=710 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Famine Early Warning System (FEWS) has been supporting the production of 10-day Rainfall Estimate (RFE) data for Africa since 1995. The FEWSNET project was established with the goal of reducing the incidence of drought- or flood-induced famine by providing decision makers with timely and accurate information on conditions that may require intervention. RFE data for continental Africa for 1999, 2000, and 2001 were downloaded the from the African Data Dissemination Service (ADDS) site at [http://edcsnw4.cr.usgs.gov/adds/index.php], and were subset for southern Africa by the SAFARI 2000 data group. The RFE 1.0 algorithm, implemented from 1995 to 2000, uses an interpolation method to combine Meteosat and Global Telecommunication System (GTS) data, and warm cloud information for the 10-day estimations. The 30-minute geostationary Meteosat-7 satellite infrared data are used to estimate convective rainfall from areas where cloud top temperatures are less than 235K. The RFE 2.0 algorithm, implemented as of January 1, 2001, uses additional techniques to better estimate precipitation while continuing the use of cold cloud duration and station rainfall data. The 2.0 algorithm also incorporates two additional satellites, the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) to further aid the estimation. Rain gauge data from around 1000 World Meteorological Organization (WMO) GTS stations that pass quality control procedures are weighted more heavily toward the final rainfall estimate as the distance to the station decreases. Thus, at a distance far from the rain gauge, satellite estimates data dominate the final output result.The RFE subsets are flat binary images, with no headers. The data are limited to the range 0-250 and the rainfall units are millimeters. The data are in an Albers projection, and the pixels are 8 km square. Each single-byte image is 928 samples by 711 lines. There are 3 images per month, thus 36 per year, for a total of 108 10-day rainfall images for the period 1999-2001.' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/s2k_fews_rfe.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/711 end_time: 2001-12-31T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-711.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-711 lat_max: 10.0997 lat_min: -42.2825 lon_max: 50.5201 lon_min: 20.6417 name: 'SAFARI 2000 FEWS 10-day Rainfall Estimate, 8-Km, 1999-2001' native_id: s2k_fews processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 1999-01-01T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-711 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=711 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: "ABSTRACT: The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) is an international project designed to provide improved long-record estimates of precipitation over the globe. The general approach is to combine the precipitation information available from several sources into a final merged product that takes advantage of the strengths of each data type. The GPCP has promoted the development of an analysis procedure for blending the various estimates together to produce the necessary global gridded precipitation fields. The currently operational procedure is based on Huffman et al. (1995) and has been used to produce the GPCP Version 2 Combined Precipitation Data Set, covering the period January 1979 through the present. The primary product in the Version 2 data set is a combined observation-only data set, that is, a gridded analysis based on gauge measurements and satellite estimates of rainfall. Beginning in October of 1996, the GPCP began producing 3-hourly merged global infrared (IR) brightness temperature (Tb) histograms on a 1 degree by 1 degree grid, which became the impetus for this product, also known as the 1 degree daily (1DD) product. The data set prepared for SAFARI 2000 has been extracted from the 1DD data set for the years 1999, 2000, and 2001.The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) is an element of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) of the World Climate Research program (WCRP). The 1DD is produced by the GPCP Merge Development Centre (GMDC), located at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in the Laboratory for Atmospheres." description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/s2k_GPCP.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/712 end_time: 2001-12-31T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-712.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-712 lat_max: 5 lat_min: -35 lon_max: 60 lon_min: 5 name: 'SAFARI 2000 GPCP Daily Precipitation, 1-Deg, 1999-2001' native_id: s2k_gpcp processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 1999-01-01T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-712 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=712 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: As part of the 3rd Intensive Campaign of SAFARI 2000, the South African Weather Bureau Aerocommander, JRA, flew 19 missions, for a total of 28 separate flights conducted between August 15th and September 7th, 2000. JRA worked closely with the other Aerocommander, JRA, and was dedicated to the measurement of trace gas and aerosol properties. A suite of trace analyzers (for O3, SO2, CO and NO), laser aerosol probes and atmospheric probes were present for all flights. Other instruments and sampling units present for some of the flights included, a nephelometer (Elias), CO flasks (Novelli) for MOPITT validation purposes, and VOC canisters for the collection and characterization of volatile organic compounds present over various land surface types.' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/s2k_JRA_Flights.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/713 end_time: 2000-09-07T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-713.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-713 lat_max: -17.8293 lat_min: -30.1916 lon_max: 33.1635 lon_min: 22.156 name: 'SAFARI 2000 JRA Aerocommander Trace Gas, Aerosol, and CCN Data, Dry Season 2000' native_id: s2k_sawb_jra processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 2000-08-15T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-713 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=713 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: As part of the 3rd Intensive Campaign of SAFARI 2000, the South African Weather Bureau Aerocommander, JRB, flew 19 missions, for a total of 28 separate flights conducted between August 15th and September 7th, 2000. JRB worked closely with the other Aerocommander, JRA, and was dedicated to the measurement of trace gas and aerosol properties. A suite of trace analyzers (for O3, SO2, CO and NO), laser aerosol probes and atmospheric probes were present for all flights. Other instruments and sampling units present for some of the flights included, a nephelometer (Elias), CO flasks (Novelli) for MOPITT validation purposes, and VOC canisters for the collection and characterization of volatile organic compounds present over various land surface types.' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/s2k_JRB_Flights.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/714 end_time: 2000-09-07T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-714.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-714 lat_max: -17.8293 lat_min: -30.1916 lon_max: 33.1635 lon_min: 22.156 name: 'SAFARI 2000 JRB Aerocommander Trace Gas and Aerosol Data, Dry Season 2000' native_id: s2k_jrb processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 2000-08-15T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-714 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=714 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: Two Micro-Pulse Lidar (MPL) systems were deployed to Africa for the SAFARI 2000 experiment. One MPL was setup in Mongu, Zambia and the other was setup in Skukuza, South Africa. The primary focus of MPL work during SAFARI was to study the vertical distribution and optical properties of smoke from biomass burning in the region.' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/s2k_mpl.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/715 end_time: 2000-09-24T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-715.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-715 lat_max: -23.5902 lat_min: -25.5025 lon_max: 33.1174 lon_min: 30.7568 name: 'SAFARI 2000 Micro-Pulse Lidar Cloud and Aerosol Data, Dry Season 2000' native_id: s2k_mpl processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 2000-08-16T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-715 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=715 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: The GPROF 6.0 Pentads data set contains 5-day (pentad) averages of the GPROF 6.0 Gridded Orbits. The GPROF(Goddard Profiling Algorithm) data set contains a suite of 9 products providing instantaneous, gridded values of precipitation totals for each granule of the SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave/Imager) data over the roughly 14-year period July 1987 through the present. Even though there have been at least two satellites for the entire period, sampling is sufficiently sparse that the data are averaged for pentads, then the pentads are smoothed with a 1-2-3-2-1 time-weighting. The last two pentads are unevenly weighted since the last (or last two) pentads in the average are not yet available. Consequently, the last two pentads must be recomputed when the next pentad becomes available.The data set prepared for SAFARI cover the years 1999, 2000, and 2001.The main refereed citations for the data set are Kummerow et al. (1996)and Olson et al. (1999)' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/s2k_GPROF.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/716 end_time: 2001-12-31T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-716.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-716 lat_max: 5 lat_min: -35 lon_max: 60 lon_min: 5 name: 'SAFARI 2000 SSM/I GPROF 6.0 Precipitation Data, 0.5-Deg, 1999-2001' native_id: s2k_gprof processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 1999-01-01T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-716 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=716 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: "ABSTRACT: NOAA's TIROS (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) is a suite of three sensors: the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU), the High resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS), and the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) aboard the NOAA series of polar-orbiting operational meteorological satellites. TOVS-derived data provide a means to investigate long-term climate change and interannual variability and study local and periodic phenomena such as El Nino and stratospheric warmings. A set of the derived meteorological parameters for southern Africa have been selected by SAFARI 2000. The data were extracted from 1 degree x 1 degree global fields, with data from each satellite's local AM and PM orbits provided separately.Selected parameters for SAFARI 2000 data set:Layer mean temperature at 4 coarse layers Total effective cloud fraction Cloud fractions at 7 pressure layers Longwave cloud radiative forcing Outgoing long-wave radiation Cloud top pressure Precipitation estimate Precipitable water vapor above the surface and four pressure levels Surface pressure Cloud top temperature Cloud fraction at 7 pressure layers Surface skin temperature Specific humidity at surface and at 5 pressure layers Temperature at multiple levels Retrieved virtual temperature between levelsThe data files are stored as annual files of pentad (5-day) images. The pentads are stored in band sequential [BSQ] format (one image after the other) within the yearly files, 73 pentads per file. There is one file for each of the AM and the PM satellite overpasses for each parameter provided." description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/s2k_tovs_subset.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/717 end_time: 2001-12-31T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-717.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-717 lat_max: 5 lat_min: -35 lon_max: 60 lon_min: 5 name: 'SAFARI 2000 TOVS Surface and Atmospheric Parameters, 1-Deg, 1999-2001' native_id: s2k_tovs processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 1999-01-01T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-717 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=717 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: The purpose of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and TRMM Product 3B-43 is to provide a monthly, best-estimate precipitation rate and root-mean-square (RMS) precipitation error. These gridded estimates are on a one-calendar month temporal resolution and a 1-degree by 1-degree spatial resolution for the global band extending from 40 degrees south to 40 degrees north in latitude. Product 3B-43 combines two independent precipitation estimates, the daily-average adjusted GOES Precipitation Index (GPI) based on merged-infrared (IR) estimates (TRMM Product 3B-42) and the monthly accumulated Climate Assessment and Monitoring System (CAMS) or Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) rain gauge analysis (TRMM Products 3A-45A and 3B-45B, respectively). During initial processing the CAMS data is used. During reprocessing, the GPCC data is used.The data set prepared for SAFARI covers the years 1999, 2000, and 2001. The data files are stored as yearly files of monthly images. The monthly images are stored in a band sequential [BSQ] format (one image after the other) within the yearly files. The files for each year thus contain 12 monthly images per file.' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/s2k_TRMM.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/718 end_time: 2001-12-31T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-718.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-718 lat_max: 40 lat_min: -40 lon_max: 180 lon_min: -180 name: 'SAFARI 2000 TRMM 3B-43 Monthly Precipitation, 1-Deg, 1999-2001' native_id: s2k_trmm processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 1999-01-01T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-718 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=718 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: The data presented here include the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and column water vapor measurements taken at sites along the Kalahari Transect using a Microtops sunphotometer. Data were collected every 30 minutes at 4 sites that were visited during the SAFARI 2000 Kalahari Wet Season Campaign between March 3, 2000 and March 18, 2000. AOT values are provided at 340, 440, 675, 870, and 936 nm wavelengths. An estimate of the Angstrom Coefficient is also provided to allow the estimation of AOT at other wavelengths.The purpose of this data collection was primarily for documentation of the conditions at each site and to aid in the correction of remote sensing data, for validation of Earth Observation System (EOS) products such as MODIS and MISR aerosol products, and for modeling of canopy productivity.' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/kalahari_aot_h2o_vapor.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/719 end_time: 2000-03-18T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-719.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-719 lat_max: -18.65 lat_min: -24.17 lon_max: 25.5 lon_min: 21.72 name: 'SAFARI 2000 AOT and Column Water Vapor, Kalahari Transect, Wet Season 2000' native_id: s2k_kalahari_aot processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 2000-03-03T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-719 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=719 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: The Surface Temperatures from UNL Data Set contains surface temperatures collected between July 15 and August 11, 1989 at three FIFE area sites. These surface temperatures were measured with an Everest multiplexed infrared thermometer (IRT) Model 4000 predominantly in the solar principal plane, with nadir and off-nadir, view-zenith angles (mounted on the portable mast with the Barnes Model 12-1000 Modular Multiband Radiometer (MMR)). The purpose of this study was to determine the variability of emitted fluxes as a function of topography, vegetative community and management practice. Spatial and temporal sampling at sites 906 (2133-EVN), 916 (4439-EVN), and 966 (2437-EVN) was achieved. Measurements were typically coordinated with aircraft and/or satellite overpasses.' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//FIFE/guides/Radiant_Temp_Ground_Data.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/72 end_time: 1989-08-11T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-72.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-72 lat_max: 39.09 lat_min: 39.05 lon_max: -96.54 lon_min: -96.55 name: Radiant Temperature Ground Data (FIFE) native_id: FIFE_IRT_GRND processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 1994-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 1989-06-15T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-72 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=72 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: "ABSTRACT: The Met Office C-130 research aircraft was based at Windhoek, Namibia between September 5-16, 2000, where it conducted a series of flights over Namibia as part of the SAFARI 2000 Dry Season Aircraft Campaign.The effects of atmospheric aerosols on the Earth's radiation balance are known to be very important, but for many types of aerosols these effects are still poorly understood. In particular, aerosol particles produced from biomass burning (associated with Savanna burning, domestic fuel wood consumption, and certain agricultural practices) are thought to be particularly important because they can both absorb and scatter solar radiation. Understanding the correct balance between absorption and scattering is fundamental to the accurate calculation of aerosol effects on local and global climate.The atmosphere of southern Africa is experiencing significant changes at present, due to the emission of trace gases and aerosols from three distinct sources: the burning of fossil fuels and other industrial activities; biomass burning; and natural processes in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the regions. Specifically, the burning of fossil fuels in mining, industrial and domestic activities are in part responsible for rising levels of atmospheric aerosols and trace gases (Held et al., 1996), and these emissions, augmented by those from extensive biomass burning areas (Crutzen and Andreae, 1990) and from biogenic sources (Harris et al., 1996), may be altering the biogeochemical cycling of essential nutrients in the region (Garstang et al., 1998).For these reasons, it is important to quantify the relative contributions from the different types of emissions, understand their transport and transformations in the atmosphere, and to determine their influence on regional climate and weather, together with knowledge of the deposition processes and the effects of this deposition on the local ecosystems. SAFARI 2000 was developed as part of an international programme aimed at developing a better understanding of the southern African earth-atmosphere-human system. The aims of the Met Office's research were:1. In-situ measurements of the physical, chemical and optical properties of the aerosol. Size distributions to be measured using PCASP, FSSP and CVI instrumentation. Chemical composition inferred from filter measurements. Optical properties from PSAP and nephelometer data. The data set includes aerosol samples ranging from near source regions to aged plumes several hundreds of kilometres from source, some of which have been cloud processed.2. Investigate the direct radiative impact of aerosol over sea, land and low-level cloud. High-altitude radiation measurements taken from SAFIRE, ARIES, SWS and the broad-band radiometers will be used to infer the direct radiative impact of the aerosol. Low-level orbits and into- and down-sun runs will be used in an attempt to obtain radiative closure. Over land, the ground-based sun photometers may also prove useful for constraining the data.3. In-situ measurements of aerosol properties in conjunction with ground-based sites, in order to validate the ground-based retrievals of, for example, aerosol size distributions.4. In-situ measurements of aerosol properties in conjunction with TERRA overpasses, in order to validate the satellite-based retrievals of aerosol properties.5. In-situ measurements of stratus/stratocumulus cloud of Namibia/Angola in conjunction with TERRA overpasses, in order to validate satellite-based retrievals of cloud properties." description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/uk_c130.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/720 end_time: 2000-09-16T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-720.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-720 lat_max: 5 lat_min: -35 lon_max: 60 lon_min: 5 name: 'SAFARI 2000 C-130 Aerosol and Meteorological Data, Dry Season 2000' native_id: s2k_met_c130 processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 2000-09-05T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-720 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=720 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: "ABSTRACT: The effect of clouds and aerosols on regional and global climate is of great importance. Two longstanding elements of the NASA climate and radiation science program are field studies incorporating airborne remote sensing and in-situ measurements of clouds and aerosols. These projects involve coordination of ground based and satellite measurements with the airborne observations. The goals of the experiments include testing satellite remote sensing retrievals, development of advanced remote sensing techniques and fundamental advances in knowledge of cloud radiation and microphysical properties. Active lidar profiling is especially valuable because the cloud height structure is measured unambiguously, up to the limit of signal attenuation.The Cloud Physics Lidar (successor to the Cloud Lidar System) is an airborne lidar system designed specifically for studying clouds and aerosols using the NASA ER-2 High Altitude Aircraft. Because the ER-2 typically flies at an altitude of 65,000 feet (20 km), its instruments are above 94% of the Earth's atmosphere, thereby allowing ER-2 instruments to function as spaceborne instrument simulators. The Cloud Physics Lidar provides a unique tool for atmospheric profiling and is sufficiently small and low cost to include in multiple instrument missions.The Cloud Physics Lidar provides a complete battery of cloud physics information. Data products include: (1) Cloud profiling with 30 m vertical and 200 m horizontal resolution at 1064 nm, 532 nm, and 355 nm;(2) Aerosol, boundary layer, and smoke plume profiling;(3) Optical depth estimates (column and by layer); and(4) Extinction profiles. The CPL provides information to permit a comprehensive analysis of radiative and optical properties of optically thin clouds. To determine the effects of particulate layers on the radiative budget of the earth-atmosphere system, certain information about the details of the layer and its constituents is required. The effect of clouds is often referred to as cloud radiative forcing. Cloud radiative forcing, in general, is the alteration that the presence of clouds has on the energy budget. The information required to compute the radiative forcing includes the vertical distribution of short wave cross section, a parameter that the CPL provides up to the limits of optical signal attenuation.Using optical depth measurements determined from attenuation of Rayleigh and aerosol scattering, and using the integrated backscatter, the extinction-to-backscatter parameter can be derived. This permits rapid analysis of cloud optical depth since only lidar data is required; there is no need to use other instrumentation. Using the derived extinction-to-backscatter ratio, the internal cloud extinction profile can then be obtained.The CPL uses photon-counting detectors with a high repetition rate laser to maintain a large signal dynamic range. This dramatically reduces the time required to produce reliable and complete data sets.ORNL DAAC has archived CPL quicklook data samples from the SAFARI 2000 Field Campaign. The samples were provided by the CPL group at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The actual Cloud Physics Lidar data are stored at the CPL Web Site at NASA GSFC and can be accessed at [http://virl.gsfc.nasa.gov/cpl/safari2000_pass.htm]. Data users are asked to read and abide by the CPL data usage policy found at [http://virl.gsfc.nasa.gov/cpl/cpl_register.htm]. For systems specifications and other information regarding Cloud Physics Lidar, please visit the Cloud Physics Lidar Home Page at [http://cpl.gsfc.nasa.gov/]." description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/cp_lidar_images.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/721 end_time: 2000-09-25T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-721.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-721 lat_max: 5 lat_min: -35 lon_max: 60 lon_min: 5 name: SAFARI 2000 Cloud Physics Lidar (CPL) Quicklook Images and Maps native_id: s2k_cpl_images processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 2000-08-17T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-721 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=721 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: "ABSTRACT: Aerial photography from the NASA ER-2 high altitude aircraft was collected to provide detailed and spatially extensive documentation over parts of the SAFARI study area. The ER-2 aerial photography consists of 3,046 color-infrared (IR) transparencies collected during the SAFARI 2000 Dry Season Aircraft Campaign in August and September of 2000. ORNL DAAC has archived scanned subsets of the ER-2 aerial photography.The original color-IR aerial photography the SAFARI 2000 Dry Season Aircraft Campaign is located at NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) Aircraft Data and Sensor Facilities. Copies can be ordered from the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC) in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA. In addition, 515 image frames have been scanned from copies of the original level-0 ER-2 aerial photography by the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), in Pretoria, South Africa. ORNL DAAC has archived subsets of the available imagery from ARC and Wits. Information about the imagery subsets that are available from ORNL DAAC, as well as information about the original color-IR aerial photography at ARC and scanned imagery at Wits can be found at: ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/safari2k/atmospheric/remote_sensing/er2_aerial_photos/comp/er2_aerial_photos_readme.pdf." description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/er2_aerial_photos.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/722 end_time: 2000-09-25T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-722.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-722 lat_max: -12 lat_min: -30 lon_max: 43 lon_min: 15 name: 'SAFARI 2000 ER-2 Color-IR Aerial Photography, Dry Season 2000' native_id: s2k_er2_photos processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 2000-08-13T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-722 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=722 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: With modern computer power now capable of making mesoscale model output available in real time in the operational environment, increased attention has been given to utilizing these models in order to improve the forecasting ability of meteorologists. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) has developed a step-mountain eta coordinate model generally known as the ETA Model.This NCEP ETA data assimilation and prediction system (see Mesinger et al., 1988; Black, 1994) has been used by the South African Weather Bureau/Service (SAWS) to provide operational regional forecast guidance since November 1993. SAWS used this model to produce the basic meteorological data for the SAFARI project. The SAWS ETA model is a hydrostatic model with a horizontal grid spacing of approximately 48 km and 38 vertical levels, with layer depths that range from 20 m in the planetary boundary layer to 2 km at 50 mb. There have been several major ETA Model upgrades at SAWS: in March 1996, August 1998, November 1999, and August 2001.' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/eta_model.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/723 end_time: 2000-09-30T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-723.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-723 lat_max: -9 lat_min: -53 lon_max: 53 lon_min: -13 name: 'SAFARI 2000 ETA Atmospheric Model Data, Wet and Dry Seasons 2000' native_id: s2k_eta_model processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 2000-02-01T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-723 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=723 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: As part of the Southern Africa Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000), the University of Montana participated in both ground-based and airborne campaigns during the southern African dry season of 2000 to measure trace gas emissions from biofuel production and use and savanna fires, respectively.During the airborne campaign, stable and reactive trace gases were measured over southern Africa with an airborne Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (AFTIR) onboard the University of Washington Convair-580 research aircraft in August-September of 2000. The measurements included vertical profiles of CO2, CO, H2O, and CH4 up to 5.5 km on 6 occasions above instrumented ground sites and below the TERRA satellite and ER-2 high-flying research aircraft as well as trace gas emissions from ten African savanna fires. These measurements are the first broad characterization of the most abundant trace gases in nascent smoke from African savanna fires (i.e., including oxygen- and nitrogen-containing species). The measurements are used to calculate emission factors for savanna fires that can be used for regional emissions estimates.This data set provides emission ratios and emission factors from the aircraft sampling effort for the following trace gases: carbon dioxide (CO2); carbon monoxide (CO); methane (CH4); acetylene (C2H2); ethene (C2H4); acetic acid (CH3COOH); methanol (CH3OH); formaldehyde (HCHO); hydrogen cyanide (HCN); formic acid (HCOOH); ammonia (NH3); nitric oxide (NO); and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The file is an ASCII text file in comma-separated-value format. All emission factor units are grams of compound emitted per kilogram of fuel burned (g/kg) for the savanna fires investigated. Emission ratios are dimensionless.' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/fire_emissions.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/724 end_time: 2000-09-14T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-724.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-724 lat_max: -14 lat_min: -27 lon_max: 36 lon_min: 12 name: 'SAFARI 2000 Fire Emission Data, Dry Season 2000' native_id: s2k_fire_emissions processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 2000-08-14T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-724 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=724 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: "ABSTRACT: The Southern African Regional Science Initiative 2000 (SAFARI 2000) provided an opportunity to study aerosol particles produced by savanna burning. We used analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM), including energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), to study aerosol particles from several smoke and haze samples and from a set of cloud samples. These aerosol particle samples were collected using the University of Washington Convair CV-580 research aircraft (Posfai et al., 2003).Individual aerosol particles in smoke plumes from biomass fires and in regional hazes in southern Africa were studied using analytical transmission electron microscopy, which allowed detailed characterization of carbonaceous particle types in smoke and determination of changes in particle properties and concentrations during smoke aging. Based on composition, morphology, and microstructure, three distinct types of carbonaceous particles were present in the smoke: organic particles with inorganic (K-salt) inclusions; 'tar ball' particles; and soot. The relative number concentrations of organic particles were largest in young smoke, whereas tar balls were dominant in a slightly aged (~1 hour) smoke from a smoldering fire. Flaming fires emitted relatively more soot particles than smoldering fires, but soot was a minor constituent of all studied plumes. Further aging caused the accumulation of sulfate on organic and soot particles, as indicated by the large number of internally mixed organic/sulfate and soot/sulfate particles in the regional haze. Externally mixed ammonium sulfate particles dominated in the boundary layer hazes, whereas organic/sulfate particles were the most abundant type in the upper hazes. Apparently, elevated haze layers were more strongly affected by biomass smoke than those within the boundary layer. Based on size distributions and the observed patterns of internal mixing, we hypothesize that organic and soot particles are the cloud-nucleating constituents of biomass smoke aerosols. Sea-salt particles dominated in the samples taken in stratus clouds over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Namibia, whereas a distinct haze layer above the clouds consisted of aged biomass smoke particles." description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/aerosol_properties.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/725 end_time: 2000-09-13T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-725.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-725 lat_max: 5 lat_min: -35 lon_max: 60 lon_min: 5 name: 'SAFARI 2000 Physical and Chemical Properties of Aerosols, Dry Season 2000' native_id: s2k_aerosol_prop processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 2000-08-17T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-725 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=725 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: Ozonesonde launches were made by the Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesondes (SHADOZ) group as part of the SAFARI 2000 Dry Season Campaign in September 2000 (Thompson et al., 2002). Ozonesondes are balloon-borne instruments measuring profile ozone, as well as temperature and pressure from an attached radiosonde, up to 35 km in height (around 5 hPa in pressure coordinates) capturing the troposphere and lower stratospheric portion of the atmosphere. During the campaign, ozonesondes were launched daily during the height of the burning season and in a region of active biomass burning activity.' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/shadoz_ozonesondes.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/726 end_time: 2000-11-30T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-726.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-726 lat_max: -7.98 lat_min: -7.98 lon_max: 55.48 lon_min: 55.48 name: 'SAFARI 2000 SHADOZ Ozonesonde Data, Zambia and Regional Sites, Dry Season 2000' native_id: s2k_shadoz_ozone processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 2000-08-01T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-726 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=726 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: Surface-sensing Measurements for Radiative Transfer (SMART) and Chemical, Optical, and Microphysical Measurements of In-situ Troposphere (COMMIT) consist of a suite of instruments that measure (both in-situ and by remote sensing) parameters that help to characterize, as completely as possible, constituents of the atmosphere at a given location. SMART and COMMIT are mobile systems that can be deployed to locations that exhibit interesting atmospheric phenomena. This allows investigators to participate in coordinated measurement campaigns, such as SAFARI 2000.The SMART instruments were deployed to the Skukuza Airport from August 15 to September 17, 2000 to take part in the SAFARI 2000 Dry Season Aircraft Campaign. The SMART-COMMIT mission is designed to pursue the following goals: Earth Observing System (EOS) validation; innovative investigations; and long-term atmospheric monitoring.The results reported in this data set are for the following instruments deployed and measurements recorded at the Skukuza Airport site within the Kruger National Park:several broadband radiometers, for global, diffuse, direct downward solar irradiance and global infrared downward irradiance; meteorological sensors, for surface air temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and wind; anda Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (NASA Ames), for spectral solar downward irradiance.' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/smart_radiometers.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/727 end_time: 2000-09-17T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-727.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-727 lat_max: -24.969 lat_min: -24.969 lon_max: 31.593 lon_min: 31.593 name: 'SAFARI 2000 Surface Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SMART), Dry Season 2000' native_id: s2k_smart processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 2000-08-15T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-727 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=727 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: Vaisala RS80 sondes were deployed from Skukuza Airport, South Africa, to collect atmospheric sounding profiles of temperature and moisture data from the surface to 30 km. These sonde launches were coordinated to augment the regional sounding network in the region during the SAFARI 2000 Dry Season Campaigns of 1999 and 2000. The radiosondes were launched from Skukuza Airport between August 14-September 3, 1999 and between August 24-September 23, 2000. The radiosonde instrument package RS80 measured the following meteorological parameters: pressure in hecto-Pascals (P), ambient temperature in degrees Celsius (T), and relative humidity in percentage (RH). A hydrostatic equation was applied to the recorded data, after error-checking, to calculate the output parameters: height above sea level in meters, dew point temperature in degrees Celsius, and q (g/kg) which is specific humidity in grams per kilogram.' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/met_profile_skukuza.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/728 end_time: 2000-09-23T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-728.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-728 lat_max: -24.969 lat_min: -24.969 lon_max: 31.593 lon_min: 31.593 name: 'SAFARI 2000 Upper Air Meteorological Profiles, Skukuza, Dry Seasons 1999-2000' native_id: s2k_met_skukuza processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 1999-08-14T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-728 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=728 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: The University of Wyoming has a series of balloonborne radiosonde measurements from all around the world, from the surface to 30 km. This data set contains upper air meteorological profiles from 594 radiosonde launches deployed from sites in South Africa. These sonde launches were made to augment the regional sounding network in the region during the SAFARI 2000 Dry Season Campaign of 2000.Vaisala RS80 sondes were launched from nine sites in South Africa between August 1, 2000 and September 30, 2000. The launch sites were Pietersburg (changed to Polokwane after 2000), Pretoria (Irene), Bethlehem, Springbok, De Aar, Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, and Gough Island. The parameters measured by the radiosonde instruments include: pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction.' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//S2K/guides/met_profile_SA.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/729 end_time: 2000-09-30T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-729.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-729 lat_max: -24 lat_min: -41 lon_max: 31 lon_min: -10 name: 'SAFARI 2000 Upper Air Meteorological Profiles, South Africa, Dry Season 2000' native_id: s2k_met_profile processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 2004-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 2000-08-01T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-729 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=729 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~ - access_dt: ~ attributes: ~ cite_metadata: ~ data_qualifier: ~ description: 'ABSTRACT: The NOAA Radiosonde Observations Data Set contains data that were extracted from the NOAA operational analysis system and transmitted to the FIS. Data are available from July 1985 to October 1988, there are 1123 days of data during this period with data at twelve hour intervals. These data were collected using sondes released in Dodge City and Topeka, Kansas, 337 km and 68 km, respectively, from the FIFE site. Radiosonde observations were made to determine the pressure, temperature, and humidity from the surface to the point where the sounding was terminated.' description_attribution: http://daac.ornl.gov//FIFE/guides/radiosonde_data_noaa.html doi: 10.3334/ORNLDAAC/73 end_time: 1988-10-23T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/dataset/nasa-ornldaac-73.yaml identifier: nasa-ornldaac-73 lat_max: 39.07 lat_min: 37.77 lon_max: -95.63 lon_min: -99.97 name: 'Radiosonde Data: NOAA (FIFE)' native_id: FIFE_NOAA_SON processing_level: ~ publication_year: ~ release_dt: 1994-01-01T00:00:00 scale: ~ scope: ~ spatial_extent: ~ spatial_ref_sys: ~ spatial_res: ~ start_time: 1985-07-02T00:00:00 temporal_extent: ~ temporal_resolution: ~ type: ~ uri: /dataset/nasa-ornldaac-73 url: http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=73 variables: ~ version: ~ vertical_extent: ~