--- - attributes: ~ caption: 'Agriculture is in yellow, forests are shades of green, shrublands are gray, and urban areas are in red. The river is used for hydropower generation, flood control, agriculture irrigation, recreation, support of forest and shrubland ecosystems, and fish and wildlife habitat. Climate change may impact the timing and supply of the water resources, affecting the multiple uses of this river system. (Figure source: Northwest Habitat Institute 1999).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2014-03-20T09:20:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/the-columbia-river-basin-land-use-and-land-cover.yaml identifier: the-columbia-river-basin-land-use-and-land-cover lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 10 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: Northwest Habitat Institute 1999 submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: The Columbia River Basin Land Use and Land Cover uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/the-columbia-river-basin-land-use-and-land-cover url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/energy-water-and-land/graphics/columbia-river-basin-land-use-and-land-cover usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Map shows numbers of days with temperatures above 100ºF during 2011. The black circles denote the location of observing stations recording 100°F days. The number of days with temperatures exceeding 100°F is expected to increase. The record temperatures and drought during the summer of 2011 represent conditions that will be more likely in the U.S. as climate change continues. When outdoor temperatures increase, electricity demands for cooling increase, water availability decreases, and water temperatures increase. Alternative energy technologies may require little water (for example, solar and wind) and can enhance resilience of the electricity sector, but still face land-use and habitat considerations. The projected increases in drought and heat waves provide an example of the ways climate changes will challenge energy, water, and land systems. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC, 2012).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2012-09-24T14:25:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/coasttocoast-100degree-days-in-2011.yaml identifier: coasttocoast-100degree-days-in-2011 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'NOAA NCDC, 2012' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Coast-to-Coast 100-degree Days in 2011 uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/coasttocoast-100degree-days-in-2011 url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/extreme-weather/graphics/coast-coast-100-degree-days-2011 usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: "The figure shows county-level (a) population changes for 2010–2017 and (b) poverty rates for 2011–2015 in rural U.S. communities. Rural populations are migrating to urban regions due to relatively slow employment growth and high rates of poverty. Data for the U.S. Caribbean region were not available at the time of publication. Sources: (a) adapted from ERS 2018{{< tbib '2' '861917c1-26d0-4d54-98eb-da50a55ba587' >}}; (b) redrawn from ERS 2017.{{< tbib '3' '1f9c41a2-775b-41e7-b93f-fd10e077ee66' >}}" chapter_identifier: agriculture-and-rural-communities create_dt: 2017-09-14T16:49:35 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/agriculture-and-rural-communities/figure/fig10-2.yaml identifier: fig10-2 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-23T14:43:07 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Population Changes and Poverty Rates in Rural Counties uri: /report/nca4/chapter/agriculture-and-rural-communities/figure/fig10-2 url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: roads create_dt: 2017-05-10T15:09:20 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017/chapter/roads/figure/figure-10-2.yaml identifier: figure-10-2 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2017-10-11T19:00:08 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Change in Annual Costs for U.S. Roads with Reactive and Proactive Adaptation uri: /report/epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017/chapter/roads/figure/figure-10-2 url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Anthropogenic radiative forcing (RF) contributions, separated by land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) and non-LULCC sources (green and maroon bars, respectively), are decomposed by atmospheric constituent to year 2010 in this diagram, using the year 1850 as the reference. Total anthropogenic RF contributions by atmospheric constituent6c7c285c-8606-41fe-bf93-100d80f1d17a(see also Figure 2.3) are shown for comparison (yellow bars). Error bars represent uncertainties for total anthropogenic RF (yellow bars) and for the LULCC components (green bars).0ea16ff3-9026-4a77-9077-742e29f88f9b The SUM bars indicate the net RF when all anthropogenic forcing agents are combined. (Figure source: Ward et al. 20140ea16ff3-9026-4a77-9077-742e29f88f9b ).' chapter_identifier: land-cover create_dt: 2016-10-14T20:08:08 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/land-cover/figure/radiative-forcings-for-land-use.yaml identifier: radiative-forcings-for-land-use lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: climate-science-special-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2017-09-01T15:27:14 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Anthropogenic Radiative Forcing Contributions uri: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/land-cover/figure/radiative-forcings-for-land-use url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "(a) Spatial mean of carbon\r\ndensity in stocks over the 2005–2050 simulation period (red bar, 2016). (b) Number of pixels across the range of\r\ncarbon density for 2016. (c) Total carbon storage in soils and vegetation for grasslands of the conterminous United\r\nStates, simulated using the Erosion-Deposition-Carbon-Model (EDCM). Model simulations started in 1992 with initial\r\nsoil carbon data from the Soil Survey Geographic database (SSURGO) and future climate projection from the Model\r\nfor Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC; Liu et al., 2012a; Liu et al., 2014; Zhu et al., 2011). The Moderate\r\nResolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) net primary production products from 2001 to 2011 were used to\r\nconstrain EDCM simulations, and the inverse model parameter values were used for future projections. Key: g C, grams of carbon." chapter_identifier: grasslands create_dt: 2016-10-25T02:02:17 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/grasslands/figure/total-carbon-storage-in-soils-and-vegetation-for-grasslands.yaml identifier: total-carbon-storage-in-soils-and-vegetation-for-grasslands lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-03-15T13:30:48 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Model Simulation of Total Carbon Storage in U.S. Grasslands, 2016' uri: /report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/grasslands/figure/total-carbon-storage-in-soils-and-vegetation-for-grasslands url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: georgia create_dt: 2015-04-13T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/georgia/figure/ga-observed-number-of-extremely-hot-days.yaml identifier: ga-observed-number-of-extremely-hot-days lat_max: 35.0009 lat_min: 30.3556 lon_max: ' -85.6052' lon_min: -80.8407 ordinal: 2a report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1900-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Number of Extremely Hot Days uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/georgia/figure/ga-observed-number-of-extremely-hot-days url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: georgia create_dt: 2014-04-24T11:41:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/georgia/figure/ga-observed-number-of-days-below-freezing.yaml identifier: ga-observed-number-of-days-below-freezing lat_max: 35.0009 lat_min: 30.3556 lon_max: ' -85.6052' lon_min: -80.8407 ordinal: 2b report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1900-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Number of Days Below Freezing uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/georgia/figure/ga-observed-number-of-days-below-freezing url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: georgia create_dt: 2015-04-13T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/georgia/figure/ga-observed-summer-precipitation.yaml identifier: ga-observed-summer-precipitation lat_max: 35.0009 lat_min: 30.3556 lon_max: -85.6052 lon_min: -80.8407 ordinal: 2c report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2009-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1895-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Summer Precipitation uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/georgia/figure/ga-observed-summer-precipitation url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: georgia create_dt: 2015-04-13T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/georgia/figure/ga-observed-number-of-extreme-precipitation-events.yaml identifier: ga-observed-number-of-extreme-precipitation-events lat_max: 35.0009 lat_min: 30.3556 lon_max: ' -85.6052' lon_min: -80.8407 ordinal: 2d report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1900-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Number of Extreme Precipitation Events uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/georgia/figure/ga-observed-number-of-extreme-precipitation-events url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: '(a) Observed changes in the length of the frost-free season by region, where the frost-free season is defined as the number of days between the last spring occurrence and the first fall occurrence of a minimum temperature at or below 32°F. This change is expressed as the change in the average number of frost-free days in 1986–2015 compared to 1901–1960. (b) Projected changes in the length of the frost-free season at mid-century (2036–2065 as compared to 1976–2005) under the higher scenario (RCP8.5). Gray indicates areas that are not projected to experience a freeze in more than 10 of the 30 years (Figure source: (a) updated from Walsh et al. 2014;a6a312ba-6fd1-4006-9a60-45112db52190 (b) NOAA NCEI and CICS-NC, data source: LOCA dataset).' chapter_identifier: land-cover create_dt: 2016-10-14T20:09:50 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/land-cover/figure/cold-hardiness-zones.yaml identifier: cold-hardiness-zones lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: climate-science-special-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2017-10-13T17:59:01 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Observed and Projected Changes in Frost-Free Season uri: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/land-cover/figure/cold-hardiness-zones url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: |+2 The observed number of very warm nights (annual number of days with minimum temperature above 75°F) for 1900–2014, averaged over 5-year periods; these values are averages from 15 long-term reporting stations. The dark horizontal line represents the long-term average. During the first half of the 20th century, Georgia experienced a high frequency of very warm nights. This was followed by a below average number from the late 1950s to early 1990s. During the most recent 5-year period (2010–2014), the number of such nights has been much higher than the long-term average. Source: CICS-NC and NOAA NCEI. chapter_identifier: georgia create_dt: 2015-04-13T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/georgia/figure/ga-observed-number-of-very-warm-nights.yaml identifier: ga-observed-number-of-very-warm-nights lat_max: 35.0009 lat_min: 30.3556 lon_max: -85.6052 lon_min: -80.8407 ordinal: 3 report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1900-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Number of Very Warm Nights uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/georgia/figure/ga-observed-number-of-very-warm-nights url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "The figure shows changes in groundwater levels in the Ogallala Aquifer from predevelopment to 2015. Source: adapted from McGuire 2017.{{< tbib '163' '6d4637d5-5eb3-43c9-bb36-050b0ef08df5' >}}" chapter_identifier: agriculture-and-rural-communities create_dt: 2017-09-14T16:58:04 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/agriculture-and-rural-communities/figure/historical-cycle-of-agriculture-and-groundwater-use.yaml identifier: historical-cycle-of-agriculture-and-groundwater-use lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-23T14:43:13 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Changes in the Ogallala Aquifer uri: /report/nca4/chapter/agriculture-and-rural-communities/figure/historical-cycle-of-agriculture-and-groundwater-use url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "(a) Spatial mean of NECB fluxes over the\r\n2005–2050 simulation period (red bars, 2007–2016). Carbon increase rates are projected to decrease after 2030.\r\n(b) Probability of fluxes for the period 2007–2016. Positive and negative values indicate net input to and net loss\r\nfrom grasslands, respectively. (c) Spatial patterns of the decadal mean fluxes of NECB are shown from 2007 to 2016\r\n(red portion in panel (a). Effects of climate and land-use change on NECB are combined in this simulation by the\r\nErosion-Deposition-Carbon-Model (EDCM; Liu et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2012b; Zhu et al., 2011). Positive and negative\r\nvalues indicate net input to and net loss from grasslands, respectively. Key: g C, grams of carbon." chapter_identifier: grasslands create_dt: 2016-10-25T02:11:32 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/grasslands/figure/net-ecosystem-carbon-balance-for-us-grasslands.yaml identifier: net-ecosystem-carbon-balance-for-us-grasslands lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-03-15T13:30:55 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Model Simulation of Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance (NECB) for U.S. Grasslands in Response to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Scenario A1B uri: /report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/grasslands/figure/net-ecosystem-carbon-balance-for-us-grasslands url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'Graph shows average summer temperature and total rainfall in Texas from 1895 through 2012. The red dots illustrate the range of temperatures and rainfall observed over time. The record temperatures and drought during the summer of 2011 (large red dot) represent conditions far outside those that have occurred since the instrumental record began.11d768c2-a4c6-479e-ae58-29cbeff601ce An analysis has shown that the probability of such an event has more than doubled as a result of human-induced climate change. 2c8387dc-24b4-4293-b51c-46871cac064f (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2013-07-03T10:07:37 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/texas-summer-2011-record-heat-and-drought.yaml identifier: texas-summer-2011-record-heat-and-drought lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Texas Summer 2011: Record Heat and Drought' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/texas-summer-2011-record-heat-and-drought url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/extreme-weather/graphics/texas-summer-2011-record-heat-and-drought usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: "The figure shows the percent of land area in the contiguous 48 states experiencing extreme one-day precipitation events between 1910 and 2017. These extreme events pose erosion and water quality risks that have increased in recent decades. The bars represent individual years, and the orange line is a nine-year weighted average. Source: adapted from EPA 2016.{{< tbib '171' '909a0b17-06fc-4995-a5b2-d837cabc4b6d' >}}" chapter_identifier: agriculture-and-rural-communities create_dt: 2017-09-14T17:11:26 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/agriculture-and-rural-communities/figure/ag-extreme-one-day-precipitation-events.yaml identifier: ag-extreme-one-day-precipitation-events lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-23T14:43:19 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Land Area and Extreme Precipitation uri: /report/nca4/chapter/agriculture-and-rural-communities/figure/ag-extreme-one-day-precipitation-events url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: |+2 The observed annual precipitation across Georgia for 1895–2014, averaged over 5-year periods; these values are from NCEI’s version 2 climate division dataset. Georgia receives abundant precipitation throughout the year. The wettest period on record (1944–1948) averaged 55.36 inches, while the driest period on record (1954–1958) only averaged 44.88 inches. Since 2000, Georgia has experienced below average annual precipitation. Source: CICS-NC and NOAA NCEI. chapter_identifier: georgia create_dt: 2015-04-13T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/georgia/figure/ga-observed-annual-precipitation.yaml identifier: ga-observed-annual-precipitation lat_max: 35.0009 lat_min: 30.3556 lon_max: -85.6052 lon_min: -80.8407 ordinal: 4 report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1895-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Annual Precipitation uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/georgia/figure/ga-observed-annual-precipitation url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "The\r\nland-cover map for the Great Plains Ecoregion (Omernik 1987) was derived from the 2001 National Land Cover\r\nDatabase. The net ecosystem production (NEP) map was simulated based on land-cover type (Homer et al., 2004)\r\nand flux tower measurements using weather conditions for 2005. No fire disturbance or land-cover change effects\r\nwere included. [Figure source: Adapted from Zhang et al., 2011, used with permission.]" chapter_identifier: grasslands create_dt: 2016-10-25T02:11:47 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/grasslands/figure/great-plains-land-use-and-nep.yaml identifier: great-plains-land-use-and-nep lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-02-11T16:51:43 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'The Great Plains Ecoregion: Land Cover, Grassland Flux Towers, and Carbon Flux in 2005' uri: /report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/grasslands/figure/great-plains-land-use-and-nep url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'The length of the growing season in the contiguous 48 states compared with a long-term average (1895–2015), where “growing season” is defined by a daily minimum temperature threshold of 41°F. For each year, the line represents the number of days shorter or longer than the long-term average. The line was smoothed using an 11-year moving average. Choosing a different long-term average for comparison would not change the shape of the data over time. (Figure source: Kunkel 20162c3a763f-877a-4898-a6a1-ffd4ec33d9c3 ).' chapter_identifier: land-cover create_dt: 2016-11-17T15:00:12 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/land-cover/figure/growing-season-download1-2016.yaml identifier: growing-season-download1-2016 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: climate-science-special-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2017-10-06T17:24:38 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Changes in Length of Growing Season uri: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/land-cover/figure/growing-season-download1-2016 url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'U.S. regions differ in the manner and intensity with which they use, or have available, energy, water, and land. Water bars represent total water withdrawals in billions of gallons per day (except Alaska and Hawai‘i, which are in millions of gallons per day); energy bars represent energy production for the region in 2012; and land represents land cover by type (green bars) or number of people (white and green bars). Only water withdrawals, not consumption, are shown (see Ch. 3: Water). Agricultural water withdrawals include irrigation, livestock, and aquaculture uses. (Data from EIA 20122af3709d-81eb-48b7-9183-afc6c27015ea [energy], Kenny et al. 2009f532697a-e122-4502-8c18-9504efa60700 [water], and USDA ERS 20076e583da5-d83a-4912-b729-8a1123e2bde9 [land]).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/regional-water-energy-and-land-use-with-projected-climate-change-impacts.yaml identifier: regional-water-energy-and-land-use-with-projected-climate-change-impacts lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'EIA 20122af3709d-81eb-48b7-9183-afc6c27015ea [energy], Kenny et al. 2009f532697a-e122-4502-8c18-9504efa60700 [water], and USDA ERS 20076e583da5-d83a-4912-b729-8a1123e2bde9 [land]' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Regional Water, Energy, and Land Use, with Projected Climate Change Impacts' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/regional-water-energy-and-land-use-with-projected-climate-change-impacts url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/energy-water-and-land/graphics/regional-water-energy-and-land-use-projected-climate usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: "Climate variations can impact grassland plant productivity and soil organic matter (SOM)\r\nstorage, which in turn are mediated by soil moisture and nutrient availability. Root and shoot net primary production\r\n(NPP) are correlated, and both are dependent on soil moisture and nutrient availability. Plant nutrient uptake can\r\ndecrease soil nutrients, which may be made available during SOM decomposition. [Figure conception derived from\r\nnumerous studies, including Hufkens et al., 2016; Morgan et al., 2011; Mueller et al., 2016; Reich and Hobbie 2013;\r\nReyes-Fox et al., 2014; and Zelikova et al., 2015.]" chapter_identifier: grasslands create_dt: 2017-02-03T01:39:38 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/grasslands/figure/fig10-5v2-edits.yaml identifier: fig10-5v2-edits lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-02-11T16:51:37 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Interacting Effects of Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Warming, and Altered Precipitation on Grasslands' uri: /report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/grasslands/figure/fig10-5v2-edits url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "The figure shows the predicted reduction in annual milk production in 2030 compared to 2010 in climate change induced heat stress. The regions are grouped according to USDA regional Climate Hubs (https://www.climatehubs.oce.usda.gov), and the colored bars show the four global climate models used. Source: redrawn from Key et al. 2014.{{< tbib '83' 'aa7e61cd-e4b5-47d8-96eb-6ef0dfc4e2ae' >}}" chapter_identifier: agriculture-and-rural-communities create_dt: 2018-04-04T14:35:33 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/agriculture-and-rural-communities/figure/predicted-reduction-milk-production.yaml identifier: predicted-reduction-milk-production lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-23T14:43:27 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Reduction in Milk Production uri: /report/nca4/chapter/agriculture-and-rural-communities/figure/predicted-reduction-milk-production url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: georgia create_dt: 2019-06-06T16:47:25 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/georgia/figure/projected-change-in-annual-precipitation-ga.yaml identifier: projected-change-in-annual-precipitation-ga lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-06-11T12:20:05 time_end: 2070-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1971-01-01T00:00:00 title: Projected Change in Annual Precipitation uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/georgia/figure/projected-change-in-annual-precipitation-ga url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'Technology choices can significantly affect water and land use. These two panels show a selection of technologies. Ranges in water withdrawal/consumption reflect minimum and maximum amounts of water used for selected technologies. Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is not included in the figures, but is discussed in the text. The top panel shows water withdrawals for various electricity production methods. Some methods, like most conventional nuclear power plants that use “once-through” cooling systems, require large water withdrawals but return most of that water to the source (usually rivers and streams). For nuclear plants, utilizing cooling ponds can dramatically reduce water withdrawal from streams and rivers, but increases the total amount of water consumed. Beyond large withdrawals, once-through cooling systems also affect the environment by trapping aquatic life in intake structures and by increasing the temperature of streams.78127ba4-136a-41c5-b02d-55a1b50f36ce Alternatively, once-through systems tend to operate at slightly better efficiencies than plants using other cooling systems. The bottom panel shows water consumption for various electricity production methods. Coal-powered plants using recirculating water systems have relatively low requirements for water withdrawals, but consume much more of that water, as it is turned into steam. Water consumption is much smaller for various dry-cooled electricity generation technologies, including for coal, which is not shown. Although small in relation to cooling water needs, water consumption also occurs throughout the fuel and power cycle.dd69310e-a111-413f-945e-85fde42c1cb9 (Figure source: Averyt et al. 20116c050821-4d0f-452a-9fb3-6576a5cc1c2e).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2012-10-28T12:59:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/water-use-for-electricity-generation-by-fuel-and-cooling-technology.yaml identifier: water-use-for-electricity-generation-by-fuel-and-cooling-technology lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Averyt et al. 20116c050821-4d0f-452a-9fb3-6576a5cc1c2e' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Water Use for Electricity Generation by Fuel and Cooling Technology uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/water-use-for-electricity-generation-by-fuel-and-cooling-technology url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/energy-water-and-land/graphics/water-use-electricity-generation-fuel-and-cooling usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source.