--- - attributes: ~ caption: |+2 Estimated, observed, and possible future amounts of global sea level rise from 1800 to 2100, relative to the year 2000. The orange line at right shows the most likely range of 1 to 4 feet by 2100 based on an assessment of scientific studies, which falls within a larger possible range of 0.66 feet to 6.6 feet. Source: Mellilo et al. 2014 and Parris et al. 2012. chapter_identifier: georgia create_dt: 2013-11-15T14:51:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/georgia/figure/ga-past-and-projected-changes-in-global-sea-level.yaml identifier: ga-past-and-projected-changes-in-global-sea-level lat_max: 90 lat_min: -90 lon_max: 180 lon_min: -180 ordinal: 6 report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2100-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1800-01-01T00:00:00 title: Past and Projected Changes in Global Sea Level uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/georgia/figure/ga-past-and-projected-changes-in-global-sea-level url: ~ usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: 'The figure shows illustrative projections for 2030 of the total land-use intensity associated with various electricity production methods. Estimates consider both the footprint of the power plant as well as land affected by energy extraction. There is a relatively large range in impacts across technologies. For example, a change from nuclear to wind power could mean a significant change in associated land use. For each electricity production method, the figure shows the average of a most-compact and least-compact estimate for how much land will be needed per unit of energy. The figure uses projections from the Energy Information Administration Reference scenario for the year 2030, based on energy consumption by fuel type and power plant “capacity factors” (the ratio of total power generation to maximum possible power generation). The most-compact and least-compact estimates of biofuel land-use intensities reflect differences between current yield and production efficiency levels and those that are projected for 2030 assuming technology improvements.62df8fca-fcfe-41c4-8b33-85cc3f126441 (Figure source: adapted from McDonald et al. 200962df8fca-fcfe-41c4-8b33-85cc3f126441).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2013-11-01T08:32:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/projected-landuse-intensity-in-2030.yaml identifier: projected-landuse-intensity-in-2030 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Land-use Intensity in 2030 uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/projected-landuse-intensity-in-2030 url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/energy-water-and-land/graphics/projected-land-use-intensity-2030 usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Hydraulic fracturing, a drilling method used to retrieve deep reservoirs of natural gas, uses large quantities of water, sand, and chemicals that are injected at high pressure into horizontally-drilled wells as deep as 10,000 feet below Earth’s surface. The pressurized mixture causes the rock layer to crack. Sand particles hold the fissures open so that natural gas from the shale can flow into the well. Questions about the water quantity necessary for this extraction method as well as the potential to affect water quality have produced national debate. (Figure source: NOAA NCDC).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2013-11-21T19:55:33 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/hydraulic-fracturing-and-water-use.yaml identifier: hydraulic-fracturing-and-water-use lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Hydraulic Fracturing and Water Use uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/hydraulic-fracturing-and-water-use url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/energy-water-and-land/graphics/hydraulic-fracturing-and-water-use usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: 'Photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly into electricity. Utility-sized solar power plants require large tracts of land. Photo shows Duke Energy’s 113-acre Blue Wing Solar Project in San Antonio, Texas, one of the largest photovoltaic solar farms in the country. (Photo credit: Duke Energy 20101e821a18-4f6f-406e-92f8-dee3657864d6).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2012-10-29T10:24:48 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/renewable-energy-and-land-use.yaml identifier: renewable-energy-and-land-use lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 8 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Renewable Energy and Land Use uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/renewable-energy-and-land-use url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/energy-water-and-land/graphics/renewable-energy-and-land-use usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'In many parts of the country, competing demands for water create stress in local and regional watersheds. Map shows a “water supply stress index” for the U.S. based on observations, with widespread stress in much of the Southwest, western Great Plains, and parts of the Northwest. Watersheds are considered stressed when water demand (from power plants, agriculture, and municipalities) exceeds 40% (water supply stress index of 0.4) of available supply. (Figure source: Averyt et al. 20116c050821-4d0f-452a-9fb3-6576a5cc1c2e).' chapter_identifier: water-energy-land-use create_dt: 2014-03-20T09:03:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/water-stress-in-the-us.yaml identifier: water-stress-in-the-us lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 9 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Averyt et al. 20116c050821-4d0f-452a-9fb3-6576a5cc1c2e' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Water Stress in the U.S. uri: /report/nca3/chapter/water-energy-land-use/figure/water-stress-in-the-us url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/water-supply/graphics/water-stress-u-s usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Extreme weather events can affect multiple systems that provide services for millions of people in urban settings. The satellite images depict city lights on a normal night (left) and immediately following Hurricane Sandy (right). Approximately five million customers in the New York metropolitan region lost power. (Figure source: NASA Earth Observatory080733e4-0e59-4a5a-b3c8-86f4c5a16b04).' chapter_identifier: urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability/figure/blackout-in-new-york-and-new-jersey-after-hurricane-sandy.yaml identifier: blackout-in-new-york-and-new-jersey-after-hurricane-sandy lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'NASA Earth Observatory080733e4-0e59-4a5a-b3c8-86f4c5a16b04' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Blackout in New York and New Jersey after Hurricane Sandy uri: /report/nca3/chapter/urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability/figure/blackout-in-new-york-and-new-jersey-after-hurricane-sandy url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/urban/graphics/blackout-new-york-and-new-jersey-after-hurricane-sandy usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Data are from the Goddard Institute for Space Studies Surface Temperature\r\nAnalysis (GISTEMP) estimate within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (data.giss.nasa.\r\ngov/gistemp). [Figure source: Reprinted from Overland et al., 2014, used with permission under a Creative Commons\r\nlicense (CC-BY-NC-ND 3.0).]" chapter_identifier: arctic-and-boreal-carbon create_dt: 2018-02-05T20:48:55 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/arctic-and-boreal-carbon/figure/fig--11-1.yaml identifier: fig--11-1 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-03-22T18:01:39 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Difference in Mean Annual Arctic Surface Air Temperatures (in ºC) Between the Period 2001 to 2015 and the Baseline Period 1971 to 2000 uri: /report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/arctic-and-boreal-carbon/figure/fig--11-1 url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: bridges create_dt: 2017-05-10T15:10:18 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017/chapter/bridges/figure/figure-11-1.yaml identifier: figure-11-1 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2017-10-11T19:58:50 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Percentage of Bridges Identified as Vulnerable to Climate Change uri: /report/epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017/chapter/bridges/figure/figure-11-1 url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "These maps show current population along with population projections by county for the year 2100. Projected populations are based on Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs)—a collection of plausible future pathways of socioeconomic development.{{< tbib '8' '9c909a77-a1d9-477d-82fc-468a6b1af771' >}} The middle map is based on demography consistent with the SSP2, which follows a middle-of-the-road path where trends do not shift markedly from historical patterns. The bottom map uses demography consistent with SSP5, which follows a more rapid technical progress and resource-intensive development path. Increasing urban populations pose challenges to planners and city managers as they seek to maintain and improve urban environments. Data are unavailable for the U.S. Caribbean, Alaska, and Hawai‘i & U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands regions. Source: EPA" chapter_identifier: built-environment-urban-systems-and-cities create_dt: 2017-08-02T12:13:45 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/built-environment-urban-systems-and-cities/figure/iclus-2100-population-projections---ssp2-and-ssp5.yaml identifier: iclus-2100-population-projections---ssp2-and-ssp5 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-12-03T17:09:56 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Current and Projected U.S. Population uri: /report/nca4/chapter/built-environment-urban-systems-and-cities/figure/iclus-2100-population-projections---ssp2-and-ssp5 url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'September sea ice extent and age shown for (a) 1984 and (b) 2016, illustrating significant reductions in sea ice extent and age (thickness). Bar graph in the lower right of each panel illustrates the sea ice area (unit: million km2) covered within each age category (>1 year), and the green bars represent the maximum value for each age range during the record. The year 1984 is representative of September sea ice characteristics during the 1980s. The years 1984 and 2016 are selected as endpoints in the time series; a movie of the complete time series is available at http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov. (c) Shows the satellite-era arctic sea ice areal extent trend from 1979 to 2016 for September (unit: million mi2). [Figure source: Panels (a),(b): NASA Science Visualization Studio; data: Tschudi et al. 2016;7df9c196-d718-4c27-a00f-a146a322ae93 Panel (c) data: Fetterer et al. 2016a6a7c7f0-d509-4458-a4ae-3d85f222da64 ].' chapter_identifier: arctic create_dt: 2016-11-09T18:33:38 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/arctic/figure/yearlyseaiceage_1984_still-0000.yaml identifier: yearlyseaiceage_1984_still-0000 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: climate-science-special-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2017-10-11T16:53:21 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Change in Annual Sea Ice Extent uri: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/arctic/figure/yearlyseaiceage_1984_still-0000 url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "(a) Location of the measurement\r\nstations. Changes for northern Alaska (b) and interior Alaska (c). Rising permafrost temperatures are greatest\r\nfor cold permafrost. [Figure source: Adapted and updated with new time-series data from the National Oceanic and\r\nAtmospheric Administration’s 2012 Arctic Report Card (NOAA 2012).]" chapter_identifier: arctic-and-boreal-carbon create_dt: 2018-02-05T21:19:17 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/arctic-and-boreal-carbon/figure/fig--11-2.yaml identifier: fig--11-2 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-03-15T13:31:57 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Deep Permafrost Temperature Across a Latitudinal Transect in Alaska uri: /report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/arctic-and-boreal-carbon/figure/fig--11-2 url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'Projected increases in the number of very hot days (compared to the 1976–2005 average) are shown for each of five U.S. cities under lower (RCP4.5) and higher (RCP8.5) scenarios. Here, very hot days are defined as those on which the daily high temperature exceeds a threshold value specific to each of the five U.S. cities shown. Dots represent the modeled median (50th percentile) values, and the vertical bars show the range of values (5th to 95th percentile) from the models used in the analysis. Modeled historical values are shown for the same temperature thresholds, for the period 1976–2005, in the lower left corner of the figure. These and other U.S. cities are projected to see an increase in the number of very hot days over the rest of this century under both scenarios, affecting people, infrastructure, green spaces, and the economy. Increased air conditioning and energy demands raise utility bills and can lead to power outages and blackouts. Hot days can degrade air and water quality, which in turn can harm human health and decrease quality of life. Sources: NOAA NCEI, CICS-NC, and LMI.' chapter_identifier: built-environment-urban-systems-and-cities create_dt: 2017-05-31T20:28:19 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/built-environment-urban-systems-and-cities/figure/heat-projections-for-msas.yaml identifier: heat-projections-for-msas lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-12-03T19:09:17 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Change in the Number of Very Hot Days uri: /report/nca4/chapter/built-environment-urban-systems-and-cities/figure/heat-projections-for-msas url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'A 35-year trend in arctic sea ice melt season length, in days per decade, from passive microwave satellite observations, illustrating that the sea ice season has shortened by more than 60 days in coastal Alaska over the last 30 years. (Figure source: adapted from Parkinson 20144f7e6abb-fcdf-4e2d-817c-f2ae8fa4a6c2 ).' chapter_identifier: arctic create_dt: 2016-09-02T20:20:04 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/arctic/figure/sea-ice-melt-season.yaml identifier: sea-ice-melt-season lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: climate-science-special-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2017-10-05T17:18:42 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Trends in Sea Ice Melt Season uri: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/arctic/figure/sea-ice-melt-season url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'In urban settings, climate-related disruptions of services in one infrastructure system will almost always result in disruptions in one or more other systems. When power supplies that serve urban areas are interrupted after a major weather event, for example, public health, transportation, and banking systems may all be affected. This schematic drawing illustrates some of these connections. (Figure source: adapted from Wilbanks et al. 2012f0803451-5a89-474a-974f-99c13fdc725d).' chapter_identifier: urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability create_dt: 2014-03-13T11:40:38 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability/figure/urban-support-systems-are-interconnected.yaml identifier: urban-support-systems-are-interconnected lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'adapted from Wilbanks et al. 2012f0803451-5a89-474a-974f-99c13fdc725d' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Urban Support Systems are Interconnected uri: /report/nca3/chapter/urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability/figure/urban-support-systems-are-interconnected url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/urban/graphics/urban-support-systems-are-interconnected usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Bars on the left y-axis show area burned in hectares\r\nper year. Right y-axis and points connected by a line show the number of fires per year. [Figure source: Redrawn from\r\nAlaska Interagency Coordination Center, used with permission.]" chapter_identifier: arctic-and-boreal-carbon create_dt: 2018-02-05T21:30:47 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/arctic-and-boreal-carbon/figure/fig--11-3.yaml identifier: fig--11-3 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-02-11T16:52:05 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Wildfire Occurrence in Alaska from 1939 to 2015 uri: /report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/arctic-and-boreal-carbon/figure/fig--11-3 url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'Time series of the cumulative climatic mass balance (units: kg/m2) in five arctic regions and for the Pan-Arctic from the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS;f35d798c-ee62-482c-9a36-0647fd5d3c05 Wolken et al.;50b944a5-f0a7-4680-9f4c-87f5ca2cb76b solid lines, left y-axis), plus Alaskan glacial mass loss observed from NASA GRACE566e80d8-e05c-4be1-a90c-788f328629bc (dashed blue line, right y-axis). (Figure source: Harig and Simons 2016566e80d8-e05c-4be1-a90c-788f328629bc and Wolken et al. 2016;50b944a5-f0a7-4680-9f4c-87f5ca2cb76b © American Meteorological Society, used with permission.)' chapter_identifier: arctic create_dt: 2016-09-02T20:23:36 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/arctic/figure/glacier-mass-loss.yaml identifier: glacier-mass-loss lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: climate-science-special-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2017-10-05T17:20:43 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Glacier Mass Loss uri: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/arctic/figure/glacier-mass-loss url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Map shows areas in New York’s five boroughs that are projected to face increased flooding over the next 70 years, assuming an increased rate of sea level rise from the past century’s average. As sea level rises, storm surges reach farther inland. Map does not represent precise flood boundaries, but illustrates projected increases in areas flooded under various sea level rise scenarios. (Figure source: New York City Panel on Climate Change 2013b9c8bbdb-736d-4e24-ba8d-3cc4ae03b131).' chapter_identifier: urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability create_dt: 2013-10-21T13:53:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability/figure/new-york-city-and-sea-level-rise.yaml identifier: new-york-city-and-sea-level-rise lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'New York City Panel on Climate Change 2013 b9c8bbdb-736d-4e24-ba8d-3cc4ae03b131 ' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: New York City and Sea Level Rise uri: /report/nca3/chapter/urban-systems-infrastructure-vulnerability/figure/new-york-city-and-sea-level-rise url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/urban/graphics/new-york-city-and-sea-level-rise usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Many U.S. cities are projected to see more days with heavy precipitation, increasing the risk of urban flooding, especially in areas with a lot of paved surfaces. Projections of percent changes in the number of days with heavy precipitation (compared to the 1976–2005 average) are shown for each of five U.S. cities under lower (RCP4.5) and higher (RCP8.5) scenarios. Here, days with heavy precipitation are defined as those on which the amount of total precipitation exceeds a threshold value specific to each city. Dots represent the modeled median (50th percentile) values, and the vertical bars show the range of values (5th to 95th percentile) from the models used in the analysis. Modeled historical values are shown for the same thresholds, for the period 1976–2005, in the lower left corner of the figure. Historical values are given in terms of frequency (days per year) and return period (average number of years between events). Sources: NOAA NCEI, CICS-NC, and LMI.' chapter_identifier: built-environment-urban-systems-and-cities create_dt: 2018-04-03T15:48:15 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/built-environment-urban-systems-and-cities/figure/projected-change-in-precipitation.yaml identifier: projected-change-in-precipitation lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-12-03T19:09:29 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Change in Number of Days with Heavy Precipitation uri: /report/nca4/chapter/built-environment-urban-systems-and-cities/figure/projected-change-in-precipitation url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "These images show surface temperatures of playground equipment in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. Children are particularly susceptible to high heat{{< tbib '12' 'f1e633d5-070a-4a7d-935b-a2281a0c9cb6' >}} and can be exposed through daily activities. (A) A slide and dark rubber surface in the sun (orange/red colors are shown reaching temperatures of 71°C [160°F] and 82°C [180°F], respectively. The blue/green colors are under a shade sail. (B) Playground steps made of black powder-coated metal are shown reaching a temperature of 58°C (136°F) in the direct sunlight. Images use infrared thermography and were taken mid-day on September 15, 2014. Credit: Vanos et al. 2016.{{< tbib '49' '25f43b4b-e8eb-4daa-8c9b-cf0991f72c6d' >}}" chapter_identifier: built-environment-urban-systems-and-cities create_dt: 2018-04-03T20:08:58 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/built-environment-urban-systems-and-cities/figure/extreme-heat-photo.yaml identifier: extreme-heat-photo lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-30T15:27:56 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Threats from Extreme Heat uri: /report/nca4/chapter/built-environment-urban-systems-and-cities/figure/extreme-heat-photo url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "Blue areas are permafrost zones,\r\nwith the legend showing percent of ground underlain by permafrost. Green dots and hashed lines define biome areas\r\nand their intersections with permafrost across some, but not all, of the region. Tundra and boreal regions outlined here\r\nare larger in area than regions quantified for carbon in this chapter, which focuses specifically on Arctic tundra and\r\nboreal forest. [Figure source: Christopher DeRolph, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Data sources: Derived from the\r\nInternational Permafrost Association; Brown et al., 1997, 1998, revised February 2001; Olson et al., 2001; and World\r\nWildlife Fund 2012.]" chapter_identifier: arctic-and-boreal-carbon create_dt: 2018-02-05T21:33:14 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/arctic-and-boreal-carbon/figure/fig--11-4.yaml identifier: fig--11-4 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-03-22T18:07:09 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Permafrost Zones and Biome Area for Tundra and Boreal Regions uri: /report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/arctic-and-boreal-carbon/figure/fig--11-4 url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'Two northeast-looking photographs of the Muir Glacier located in southeastern Alaska taken from a Glacier Bay Photo station in (a) 1941 and (b) 2004. U.S. Geological Survey repeat photography allows the tracking of glacier changes, illustrating that between 1941 and 2004 the Muir Glacier has retreated more than 4 miles to the northwest and out of view. Riggs Glacier (in view) is a tributary to Muir Glacier and has retreated by as much as 0.37 miles and thinned by more than 0.16 miles. The photographs also illustrate a significant change in the surface type between 1941 and 2004 as bare rock in the foreground has been replaced by dense vegetation (Figure source: USGS 2004c4821683-1d14-45d8-b6ae-5635ee420ca9 ).' chapter_identifier: arctic create_dt: 2017-04-11T13:39:02 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/arctic/figure/muir-glacierrepeat-photograph.yaml identifier: muir-glacierrepeat-photograph lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: climate-science-special-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2017-10-05T17:20:57 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Changes in Muir Glacier Extent uri: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/arctic/figure/muir-glacierrepeat-photograph url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Gelisol soils\r\nhave a seasonally frozen active layer at the soil surface\r\nand perennially frozen (permafrost) layer at depth.\r\nHistosol and other soil orders in the permafrost zone\r\nhave seasonally frozen soil at the surface. Of the Gelisol\r\nsoils, freeze-thaw mixing is indicative of the Turbel suborder\r\nand waterlogging of the Histel suborder; Orthels\r\ndo not have characteristics of the first two suborders.\r\nMineral complexation and other mechanisms preserving\r\ncarbon are features of all soils but are labeled here as\r\nsoil orders and suborders not strongly characterized\r\nby freeze-thaw processes or waterlogging. Pie area\r\nrepresents proportional storage of carbon (soil depth of\r\n0 to 3 m) in the permafrost zone. [Data source: Hugelius\r\net al., 2014; see also Table 11.1, p. 439.]" chapter_identifier: arctic-and-boreal-carbon create_dt: 2018-02-05T21:37:41 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/arctic-and-boreal-carbon/figure/fig-11-5.yaml identifier: fig-11-5 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-03-22T18:07:40 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Mechanisms of Soil Carbon Stabilization Associated with Different Soil Orders in the Northern Circumpolar Permafrost Zone uri: /report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/arctic-and-boreal-carbon/figure/fig-11-5 url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'Flash flooding overwhelmed drainage systems and swamped roadways in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 2011. The flooding disrupted businesses and commutes, damaged homes, and caused four deaths. Photo credit: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.' chapter_identifier: built-environment-urban-systems-and-cities create_dt: 2018-04-03T20:09:44 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/built-environment-urban-systems-and-cities/figure/flash-flooding-photo.yaml identifier: flash-flooding-photo lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-30T15:27:58 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Flash Flooding Impacts Urban Infrastructure and Well-Being uri: /report/nca4/chapter/built-environment-urban-systems-and-cities/figure/flash-flooding-photo url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'Time series of annual mean permafrost temperatures (units: °F) at various depths from 39 to 65 feet (12 to 20 meters) from 1977 through 2015 at several sites across Alaska, including the North Slope continuous permafrost region (purple/blue/green shades), and the discontinuous permafrost (orange/pink/red shades) in Alaska and northwestern Canada. Solid lines represent the linear trends drawn to highlight that permafrost temperatures are warming faster in the colder, coastal permafrost regions than the warmer interior regions. (Figure Source: adapted from Romanovsky et al. 2016;75d4db91-a3d6-4533-bc7d-a4c4f3d89d99 © American Meteorological Society, used with permission.)' chapter_identifier: arctic create_dt: 2016-09-02T20:20:53 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/arctic/figure/permafrost-temperature.yaml identifier: permafrost-temperature lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: climate-science-special-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2017-10-06T16:55:39 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Permafrost Temperature uri: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/arctic/figure/permafrost-temperature url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source.