--- - attributes: ~ caption: "Impacts\r\non organisms and ecosystem services are shown—along with effects of acidification, warming, and sea level rise\r\non ocean physics and chemistry—for both a low CO2 emissions scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway\r\n[RCP]2.6), and for a high CO2 scenario (RCP8.5). (See Ch. 19: Future of the North American Carbon Cycle for RCP\r\nexplanations, p. 760.) Physical impacts on the ocean due to higher atmospheric CO2 levels are largely related to the\r\nclimatic effects of CO2 and other radiatively active, anthropogenically released gases. These impacts include higher\r\nsea levels and shallower oceanic mixing (right-side water column, shown by a taller water level and shallower light\r\naqua mixed layer). More severe risks of impacts from higher oceanic CO2 levels on ocean taxa (top group, black text)\r\nin higher CO2 emissions scenarios (center right) correspond to higher risks of impacts on ecosystem services (bottom\r\ngroup, white text, center right). Management options (i.e., activities that will mitigate, adapt, protect, or repair marine\r\nsystems) are more numerous and more effective in lower CO2 scenarios (far left) compared with those in a higher\r\nCO2 world (far right). [Figure source: Adapted from Gattuso et al., 2015.]" chapter_identifier: biogeochemical-effects-of-rising-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide create_dt: 2018-02-16T19:15:40 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/biogeochemical-effects-of-rising-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide/figure/effects-of-acidification--warming--and-sea-level-rise-on-ocean-physics-and-chemistry-as-well-as-impacts-on-organisms-and-ecosystem-services-according-to-stringent--representative-concentration-pathway---rcp-2-6---and-high-business-as-usual--rcp-8-5--co2-emissions-scenarios-.yaml identifier: effects-of-acidification--warming--and-sea-level-rise-on-ocean-physics-and-chemistry-as-well-as-impacts-on-organisms-and-ecosystem-services-according-to-stringent--representative-concentration-pathway---rcp-2-6---and-high-business-as-usual--rcp-8-5--co2-emissions-scenarios- lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-02-11T16:53:51 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Ocean Impacts Projected by High and Low Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions Scenarios uri: /report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/biogeochemical-effects-of-rising-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide/figure/effects-of-acidification--warming--and-sea-level-rise-on-ocean-physics-and-chemistry-as-well-as-impacts-on-organisms-and-ecosystem-services-according-to-stringent--representative-concentration-pathway---rcp-2-6---and-high-business-as-usual--rcp-8-5--co2-emissions-scenarios- url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: |+2 The observed number of extreme precipitation events (annual number of events with greater than 2 inches) for 1900-2014, averaged over 5-year periods; these values are averages from five long-term reporting stations. The number of events is highly variable but exhibits a long-term upward trend, with the most recent 5-yr period experiencing the highest number, about 60% above the long-term mean. The dark horizontal line is the long-term average (1900-2014) of 2.2 days per year at the typical station. Source: CICS-NC/NOAA NCEI. chapter_identifier: kentucky create_dt: 2015-04-13T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/kentucky/figure/ky-observed-number-of-extreme-precipitation-events.yaml identifier: ky-observed-number-of-extreme-precipitation-events lat_max: 39.1481 lat_min: 36.4968 lon_max: -89.4168 lon_min: -81.9650 ordinal: 5 report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1900-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Number of Extreme Precipitation Events uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/kentucky/figure/ky-observed-number-of-extreme-precipitation-events url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "During the August 2003 blackout, an estimated 50 million people in Canada and the northeastern United States lost power, with cascading impacts on public health and critical infrastructure. These images show (clockwise from upper left): nighttime satellite imagery of the area before the outage; the same view during the blackout; people walking on the Manhattan Bridge; and passengers being evacuated from a subway train on the Manhattan Bridge during the outage. Image credits: (top) NOAA; (bottom left) Jack Szwergold (CC BY-NC 2.0); (bottom right) Eric Skiff (CC BY-SA 2.0)." chapter_identifier: sectoral-interdependencies-and-compounding-stressors create_dt: 2018-04-03T15:40:16 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/sectoral-interdependencies-and-compounding-stressors/figure/northeast-blackout-news-cover.yaml identifier: northeast-blackout-news-cover lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-30T20:54:47 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Northeast Blackout uri: /report/nca4/chapter/sectoral-interdependencies-and-compounding-stressors/figure/northeast-blackout-news-cover url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'Projected average number of days per year with temperatures less than 32°F for 2041-2070 compared to 1971-2000, assuming emissions continue to grow (A2 scenario). Patterns are similar, but less pronounced, assuming a reduced emissions scenario (B1). (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: southeast create_dt: 2013-11-18T12:52:16 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/southeast/figure/projected-change-in-number-of-nights-below-32f.yaml identifier: projected-change-in-number-of-nights-below-32f lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Change in Number of Nights Below 32°F uri: /report/nca3/chapter/southeast/figure/projected-change-in-number-of-nights-below-32f url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/southeast/graphics/projected-change-number-nights-below-32%C2%B0f usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Field studies, including Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments, have been conducted\r\nin desert, grasslands, chaparral, alpine, and temperate deciduous forests but not in tropical forests or coniferous\r\nboreal forests. Increasingly darker green indicates greater relative response to CO2, based on the assumptions that\r\nresponse increases with drought stress and with nutrient availability. [Figure source: Reprinted from Norby et al.,\r\n2016 (originally adapted from Mooney et al., 1991).]" chapter_identifier: biogeochemical-effects-of-rising-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide create_dt: 2018-02-16T19:20:06 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/biogeochemical-effects-of-rising-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide/figure/hypothesized-response-of-ecosystems-to-elevated-carbon-dioxide--eco2--in-relation-to-prevailing-nutrient-and-water-availability-.yaml identifier: hypothesized-response-of-ecosystems-to-elevated-carbon-dioxide--eco2--in-relation-to-prevailing-nutrient-and-water-availability- lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-02-11T16:54:12 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Hypothesized Ecosystem Responses to Elevated Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Relative to Nutrient and Water Availability uri: /report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/biogeochemical-effects-of-rising-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide/figure/hypothesized-response-of-ecosystems-to-elevated-carbon-dioxide--eco2--in-relation-to-prevailing-nutrient-and-water-availability- url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'Projected changes (%) in spring precipitation by the middle of the 21st century relative to the late 20th century under a higher emissions pathway. Hatching represents areas where the majority of climate models indicate a statistically significant change. Kentucky is part of a large area of projected increases in the Northeast and Midwest. Source: CICS-NC and NOAA NCEI.' chapter_identifier: kentucky create_dt: 2019-02-15T18:21:20 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/kentucky/figure/ky-projected-change-in-spring-precipitation.yaml identifier: ky-projected-change-in-spring-precipitation lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-06-11T13:56:07 time_end: 2070-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1971-01-01T00:00:00 title: Projected Change in Spring Precipitation uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/kentucky/figure/ky-projected-change-in-spring-precipitation url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "The map shows the relative risk that physical changes will occur as sea level rises. The\r\n Coastal Vulnerability Index used here is calculated based on tidal range, wave height, coastal slope, shoreline change,\r\n landform and processes, and historical rate of relative sea level rise. The approach combines a coastal system’s\r\n susceptibility to change with its natural ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, and yields a relative measure\r\n of the system’s natural vulnerability to the effects of sea level rise. (Data from Hammar-Klose and Thieler\r\n 2001487b04ce-2b8a-4abe-ae9c-c03672fdaef5)." chapter_identifier: southeast create_dt: 2012-11-24T12:31:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/southeast/figure/vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise.yaml identifier: vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Hammar-Klose and Thieler 2001487b04ce-2b8a-4abe-ae9c-c03672fdaef5' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise uri: /report/nca3/chapter/southeast/figure/vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/regions/southeast/graphics/vulnerability-sea-level-rise usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Highway 1 in southern Louisiana is the only road to Port Fourchon, whose infrastructure supports 18% of the\r\n nation’s oil and 90% of the nation’s offshore oil and gas production. Flooding is becoming more common on Highway 1\r\n in Leeville (inset photo from flooding in 2004), on the way to Port Fourchon. See also Ch. 25: Coasts, Figure\r\n 25.5. (Figure and photo sources: Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development; State of Louisiana 2012\r\n f1d65fb3-933a-4bbf-b6ac-25ea4d0409d5)." chapter_identifier: southeast create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/southeast/figure/highway-1-to-port-fourchon-vulnerability-of-a-critical-link-for-us-oil.yaml identifier: highway-1-to-port-fourchon-vulnerability-of-a-critical-link-for-us-oil lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Highway 1 to Port Fourchon: Vulnerability of a Critical Link for U.S. Oil' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/southeast/figure/highway-1-to-port-fourchon-vulnerability-of-a-critical-link-for-us-oil url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/southeast/graphics/highway-1-port-fourchon-vulnerability-critical-link-us-oil usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Sea level rise presents major challenges to South Florida’s existing coastal water management system due\r\n to a combination of increasingly urbanized areas, aging flood control facilities, flat topography, and porous limestone\r\n aquifers. For instance, South Florida’s freshwater well field protection areas (left map: pink areas) lie\r\n close to the current interface between saltwater and freshwater (red line), which will shift inland with rising sea\r\n level, affectingwater managers’ ability to draw drinking water from current\r\n resources. Coastal water control structures (right map: yellow circles) that were originally built about 60 years ago at\r\n the ends of drainage canals to keep saltwater out and to provide flood protection to urbanized areas along the coast are now\r\n threatened by sea level rise. Even today, residents in some areas such as Miami Beach are experiencing seawater flooding their\r\n streets (lower photo). (Maps from The South Florida Water Management\r\n District.0a764a80-1238-4980-a5e3-bdd348124cc4 Photo credit: Luis Espinoza,\r\n Miami-Dade County Department of Regulatory and Economic Resources)." chapter_identifier: southeast create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/southeast/figure/south-florida-uniquely-vulnerable-to-sea-level-rise.yaml identifier: south-florida-uniquely-vulnerable-to-sea-level-rise lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 8 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'South Florida: Uniquely Vulnerable to Sea Level Rise' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/southeast/figure/south-florida-uniquely-vulnerable-to-sea-level-rise url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/southeast/graphics/south-florida-uniquely-vulnerable-sea-level-rise usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Miami-Dade County staff leading workshop on incorporating climate change considerations in local planning.\r\n (Photo credit: Armando Rodriguez, Miami-Dade County)." chapter_identifier: southeast create_dt: 2013-11-18T16:00:59 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/southeast/figure/local-planning.yaml identifier: local-planning lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 9 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Local Planning uri: /report/nca3/chapter/southeast/figure/local-planning url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/southeast/graphics/local-planning usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: water-quality create_dt: 2017-05-10T17:19:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017/chapter/water-quality/figure/change-in-water-quality-parameters-.yaml identifier: change-in-water-quality-parameters- lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2017-09-27T15:25:38 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Change in Water Quality Parameters uri: /report/epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017/chapter/water-quality/figure/change-in-water-quality-parameters- url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Carbon and carbon dioxide (CO2) estimates can\r\nbe generated using observations, models of differing complexity, or both. To understand and estimate future carbon\r\nstocks and emissions, drivers of carbon stock changes and carbon emissions must be considered and represented.\r\nThis schematic illustrates examples of components needed to represent carbon stock changes prior to addressing\r\npolicy drivers." chapter_identifier: carbon-cycle-science-in-support-of-decision-making create_dt: 2017-02-03T19:04:13 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/carbon-cycle-science-in-support-of-decision-making/figure/chp18-figure-18-1.yaml identifier: chp18-figure-18-1 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-02-11T16:54:20 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Primary Drivers of Carbon Stocks and Emissions uri: /report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/carbon-cycle-science-in-support-of-decision-making/figure/chp18-figure-18-1 url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'Observed and projected changes (compared to the 1901–1960 average) in near-surface air temperature for Louisiana. Observed data are for 1900–2018. Projected changes for 2006– 2100 are from global climate models for two possible futures: one in which greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase (higher emissions) and another in which greenhouse gas emissions increase at a slower rate (lower emissions)1. Temperatures in Louisiana (orange line) have risen little since the beginning of the 20th century. Shading indicates the range of annual temperatures from the set of models. Observed temperatures are generally within the envelope of model simulations of the historical period (gray shading). Historically unprecedented warming is projected during the 21st century. Less warming is expected under a lower emissions future (the coldest years being about as warm as the hottest year in the historical record; green shading) and more warming under a higher emissions future (the hottest years being about 10°F warmer than the hottest year in the historical record; red shading). Source: CICS-NC and NOAA NCEI.

1Technical details on models and projections are provided in an appendix, available online at: [https://statesummaries.ncics.org/](https://statesummaries.ncics.org/).' chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2019-02-26T14:46:54 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-and-projected-temp-change.yaml identifier: la-observed-and-projected-temp-change lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2019 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-03-22T19:39:54 time_end: 2100-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1900-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed and Projected Temperature Change uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-and-projected-temp-change url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: |+2 Observed and projected changes (compared to the 1901–1960 average) in near-surface air temperature for Louisiana. Observed data are for 1900–2014. Projected changes for 2006–2100 are from global climate models for two possible futures: one in which greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase (higher emissions) and another in which greenhouse gas emissions increase at a slower rate (lower emissions). Temperatures in Louisiana (orange line) have risen little since the beginning of the 20th century. Shading indicates the range of annual temperatures from the set of models. Observed temperatures are generally within the envelope of model simulations of the historical period (gray shading). Historically unprecedented warming is projected during the 21st century. Less warming is expected under a lower emissions future (the coldest years being about as warm as the hottest year in the historical record; green shading) and more warming under a higher emissions future (the hottest years being about 10°F warmer than the hottest year in the historical record; red shading). Source: CICS-NC and NOAA NCEI. chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2015-08-12T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-and-projected-temperature-change.yaml identifier: la-observed-and-projected-temperature-change lat_max: 33.0197 lat_min: 28.9287 lon_max: -94.0434 lon_min: -88.8165 ordinal: 1 report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2100-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1900-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed and Projected Temperature Change uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-and-projected-temperature-change url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'A satellite mosaic overlaid with primary roads and population density highlights the diverse characteristics of the region in terms of settlement patterns, interconnections among population centers of varying sizes, and variability in relief across the ocean shelf. Sources: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Geological Survey, and ERT, Inc.' chapter_identifier: northeast create_dt: 2017-08-18T17:56:43 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/population-density.yaml identifier: population-density lat_max: 47 lat_min: 37 lon_max: -67 lon_min: -83 ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-12-03T19:43:24 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Population Density uri: /report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/population-density url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'Annual average temperatures (red line) across the Midwest show a trend towards increasing temperature. The trend (heavy black line) calculated over the period 1895-2012 is equal to an increase of 1.5°F. (Figure source: updated from Kunkel et al. 201395f2ea7d-12e3-4ed5-9247-7cf139db91a9).' chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2013-06-28T11:36:15 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/temperatures-are-rising-in-the-midwest.yaml identifier: temperatures-are-rising-in-the-midwest lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'updated from Kunkel et al. 201395f2ea7d-12e3-4ed5-9247-7cf139db91a9' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Temperatures are Rising in the Midwest uri: /report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/temperatures-are-rising-in-the-midwest url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/midwest/graphics/temperatures-are-rising-midwest usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The photo shows a subway air vent with a multiuse raised flood protection grate that was installed as part of the post–Superstorm Sandy coastal resilience efforts on West Broadway in lower Manhattan, New York City. Photo credit: William Solecki.' chapter_identifier: northeast create_dt: 2018-03-31T14:56:57 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/subway-air-vent-flood-protection.yaml identifier: subway-air-vent-flood-protection lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 10 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-12-03T17:38:24 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Subway Air Vent Flood Protection uri: /report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/subway-air-vent-flood-protection url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "This figure shows the observed and projected impacts of excess heat on emergency room visits in Rhode Island. (left) In Rhode Island, maximum daily temperatures in the summer have trended upwards over the last 60 years, such that residents experienced about three more weeks of health-threatening hot weather over 2015–2016 than in the 1950s. (middle) A recent study looking at visits to hospital emergency rooms (ERs) found that the incidence rate of heat-related ER visits rose sharply as maximum daily temperatures climbed above 80°F. (right) The study estimates that with continued climate change, Rhode Islanders could experience an additional 400 (6.8% more) heat-related ER visits each year by 2050 and up to an additional 1,500 (24.4% more) such visits each year by 2095 under the higher scenario (RCP8.5). About 1,000 fewer annual heat-related ER visits are projected for the end of the century under the lower scenario (RCP4.5) compared to the higher scenario (RCP8.5), reflecting the estimated health benefits of adhering to a lower greenhouse gas emissions scenario. Sources: (left) Brown University; (middle, right) adapted from Kingsley et al. 2016.{{< tbib '26' 'ec9926c5-6257-49b3-8bfd-c9a02c0bf75b' >}} Reproduced from Environmental Health Perspectives." chapter_identifier: northeast create_dt: 2017-09-13T19:41:19 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/ri-extreme-heat-case-study.yaml identifier: ri-extreme-heat-case-study lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 11 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-12-03T17:38:26 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Observed and Projected Impacts of Excess Heat on Emergency Room Visits in Rhode Island uri: /report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/ri-extreme-heat-case-study url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "The District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority’s Clean Rivers Project{{< tbib '342' 'cb1e62ba-c589-4f6c-9719-844b3e063a9f' >}} aims to reduce combined sewer overflows into area waterways. The Clean Rivers Project is expected to reduce overflows annually by 96% throughout the system and by 98% for the Anacostia River. In addition, the project is expected to reduce the chance of flooding in the areas it serves from approximately 50% to 7% in any given year and reduce nitrogen discharged to the Chesapeake Bay by approximately 1 million pounds per year. Photo credit: Daniel Lobo (CC BY 2.0)." chapter_identifier: northeast create_dt: 2018-03-31T15:14:13 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/district-of-columbia-water-and-sewer-authority-s-clean-rivers-project.yaml identifier: district-of-columbia-water-and-sewer-authority-s-clean-rivers-project lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 12 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-12-03T17:38:28 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority’s Clean Rivers Project uri: /report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/district-of-columbia-water-and-sewer-authority-s-clean-rivers-project url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'A Red Cross volunteer talks with a community resident after the 2016 West Virginia floods. Additionally, local medical professionals mobilized to staff temporary clinical sites. Photo credit: National Guard Bureau Public Affairs.' chapter_identifier: northeast create_dt: 2018-04-03T20:27:16 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/impacts-of-flooding-in-west-virginia.yaml identifier: impacts-of-flooding-in-west-virginia lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 13 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-12-03T17:38:29 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Impacts of Flooding in West Virginia uri: /report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/impacts-of-flooding-in-west-virginia url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'These photographs show suitable piping plover habitat for (c) rearing chicks along the U.S. Atlantic coast. Photo credits: (a, b) Sara Zeigler, U.S. Geological Survey; (c) Josh Seibel, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.' chapter_identifier: northeast create_dt: 2017-09-13T19:06:14 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/photographs-of-examples-in-the-plover-case-study.yaml identifier: photographs-of-examples-in-the-plover-case-study lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 14 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-12-03T17:38:31 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Plover Case Study uri: /report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/photographs-of-examples-in-the-plover-case-study url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: water-quality create_dt: 2017-05-10T17:19:16 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017/chapter/water-quality/figure/changes-in-mean-water-quality-index-.yaml identifier: changes-in-mean-water-quality-index- lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2017-09-27T15:25:50 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Changes in Mean Water Quality Index uri: /report/epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017/chapter/water-quality/figure/changes-in-mean-water-quality-index- url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "On the\r\nvertical axis, the complexity of knowledge production\r\nincreases from low (where production is predominately\r\nfocused on increasing fundamental knowledge) to high\r\n(where production aims to help solve societal problems).\r\nOn the horizontal axis, the complexity of user participation\r\nchanges from low to high as users become increasingly\r\nactive in the knowledge-creation process. Mode 1\r\nrepresents the concept that societal benefits accrue\r\nbecause of the separation of science from society, where\r\nscience is separated from society to maintain objectivity\r\nand credibility. Mode 2 organizes science production at\r\nincreasing levels of interaction and integration across\r\ndisciplines (from multidisciplinary to transdisciplinary)\r\nand across the science-society divide. In postnormal\r\nscience, scientific knowledge alone is not enough to\r\nsolve societal problems; therefore, interaction between\r\nproducers and users of science across the sciencesociety\r\ninterface entails specific involvement of stakeholders\r\nthroughout the process. [Figure source: Redrawn\r\nfrom Kirchhoff et al., 2013, copyright Annual Reviews\r\n(www.annualreviews.org), used with permission.]" chapter_identifier: carbon-cycle-science-in-support-of-decision-making create_dt: 2017-02-03T19:07:17 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/carbon-cycle-science-in-support-of-decision-making/figure/chp18-figure-18-2.yaml identifier: chp18-figure-18-2 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-02-11T16:54:25 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Evolution in the Complexity of Knowledge Production and User Participation uri: /report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/carbon-cycle-science-in-support-of-decision-making/figure/chp18-figure-18-2 url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'Projected increase in annual average temperatures by mid-century (2041-2070) as compared to the 1971-2000 period tell only part of the climate change story. Maps also show annual projected increases in the number of the hottest days (days over 95°F), longer frost-free seasons, and an increase in cooling degree days, defined as the number of degrees that a day’s average temperature is above 65°F, which generally leads to an increase in energy use for air conditioning. Projections are from global climate models that assume emissions of heat-trapping gases continue to rise (A2 scenario). (Figure source: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC).' chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2013-11-19T16:16:52 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/projected-midcentury-temperature-changes-in-the-midwest.yaml identifier: projected-midcentury-temperature-changes-in-the-midwest lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Mid-Century Temperature Changes in the Midwest uri: /report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/projected-midcentury-temperature-changes-in-the-midwest url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/regions/midwest/graphics/projected-climate-change usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "This map of part of the Northeast region shows consistently earlier snowmelt-related streamflow timing for rivers from 1960 to 2014. Each symbol represents the change for an individual river over the entire period. Changes in the timing of snowmelt potentially interfere with the reproduction of many aquatic species{{< tbib '113' 'b13ae849-e3b5-4f06-87f8-38dcfe0e7d65' >}} and impact water-supply reservoir management because of higher winter flows and lower spring flows.{{< tbib '114' '10990ae9-39d0-462d-8357-a39a689d90b2' >}} The timing of snowmelt-related streamflow in the Northeast is sensitive to small changes in air temperature. The average winter–spring air temperature increase of 1.67°F in the Northeast from 1940 to 2014 is thought to be the cause of average earlier streamflow timing of 7.7 days.{{< tbib '112' 'f9dc4907-65ae-4582-a285-29b5d4732a9f' >}} The timing of snowmelt-related streamflow is a valuable long-term indicator of winter–spring changes in the Northeast. Source: adapted from Dudley et al. 2017;{{< tbib '112' 'f9dc4907-65ae-4582-a285-29b5d4732a9f' >}} Digital Elevation Model CGIAR–CSI (CGIAR Consortium for Spatial Information). Reprinted with permission from Elsevier." chapter_identifier: northeast create_dt: 2017-08-18T17:57:06 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/streamflow.yaml identifier: streamflow lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-12-03T17:38:33 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Historical Changes in the Timing of Snowmelt-Related Streamflow uri: /report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/streamflow url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2015-04-13T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-number-of-very-hot-days.yaml identifier: la-observed-number-of-very-hot-days lat_max: 33.0197 lat_min: 28.9287 lon_max: -94.0434 lon_min: -88.8165 ordinal: 2a report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1900-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Number of Very Hot Days uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-number-of-very-hot-days url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2019-02-20T19:25:04 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/observed-number-of-very-hot-days.yaml identifier: observed-number-of-very-hot-days lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2a report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2019 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-03-22T18:31:57 time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1900-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Number of Very Hot Days uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/observed-number-of-very-hot-days url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2019-02-20T19:25:30 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-number-of-days-below-freezing.yaml identifier: la-observed-number-of-days-below-freezing lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2b report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2019 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-03-22T18:31:13 time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1900-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Number of Days Below Freezing uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-number-of-days-below-freezing url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2015-04-13T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-number-of-days-below-freezing.yaml identifier: la-observed-number-of-days-below-freezing lat_max: 33.0197 lat_min: 28.9287 lon_max: -94.0434 lon_min: -88.8165 ordinal: 2b report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1900-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Number of Days Below Freezing uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-number-of-days-below-freezing url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2019-02-20T19:26:40 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-spring-precip.yaml identifier: la-observed-spring-precip lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2c report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2019 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-03-22T18:31:47 time_end: 2009-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1895-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Spring Precipitation uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-spring-precip url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2015-04-13T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-spring-precipitation.yaml identifier: la-observed-spring-precipitation lat_max: 33.0197 lat_min: 28.9287 lon_max: -94.0434 lon_min: '-88.8165, ' ordinal: 2c-1 report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2009-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1895-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Spring Precipitation uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-spring-precipitation url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2015-04-13T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-fall-precipitation.yaml identifier: la-observed-fall-precipitation lat_max: 33.0197 lat_min: 28.9287 lon_max: -94.0434 lon_min: -88.8165 ordinal: 2c-2 report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2009-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1895-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Fall Precipitation uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-fall-precipitation url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2019-02-20T19:27:21 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-fall-precip.yaml identifier: la-observed-fall-precip lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2d report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2019 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-03-22T18:31:02 time_end: 2009-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1895-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Fall Precipitation uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-fall-precip url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2015-04-13T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-number-of-extreme-precipitation-events.yaml identifier: la-observed-number-of-extreme-precipitation-events lat_max: 33.0197 lat_min: 28.9287 lon_max: -94.0434 lon_min: -88.8165 ordinal: 2d report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1900-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Number of Extreme Precipitation Events uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-number-of-extreme-precipitation-events url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2019-02-20T19:30:16 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-number-of-extreme-precip.yaml identifier: la-observed-number-of-extreme-precip lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2e report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2019 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-03-22T18:31:24 time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1900-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Number of Extreme Precipitation Events uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-number-of-extreme-precip url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "These maps show projected shifts in the date of the last spring freeze (left column) and the date of the first fall freeze (right column) for the middle of the century (as compared to 1979–2008) under the lower scenario (RCP4.5; top row) and the higher scenario (RCP8.5; middle row). The bottom row shows the shift in these dates for the end of the century under the higher scenario. By the middle of the century, the freeze-free period across much of the Northeast is expected to lengthen by as much as two weeks under the lower scenario and by two to three weeks under the higher scenario. By the end of the century, the freeze-free period is expected to increase by at least three weeks over most of the region. Source: adapted from Wolfe et al. 2018.{{< tbib '35' 'b6e8b67c-7042-4b85-b432-033983875e14' >}}" chapter_identifier: northeast create_dt: 2017-09-28T00:57:42 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/changes-in-growing-season-length-and-nighttime-temperatures.yaml identifier: changes-in-growing-season-length-and-nighttime-temperatures lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-12-03T17:38:35 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Lengthening of the Freeze-Free Period uri: /report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/changes-in-growing-season-length-and-nighttime-temperatures url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'Crop yields are very sensitive to temperature and rainfall. They are especially sensitive to high temperatures during the pollination and grain filling period. For example, corn (left) and soybean (right) harvests in Illinois and Indiana, two major producers, were lower in years with average maximum summer (June, July, and August) temperatures higher than the average from 1980 to 2007. Most years with below-average yields are both warmer and drier than normal.9c3f871b-4405-4d6b-bf56-439b678f7025,3dccc6c2-6a42-49ef-990b-853a220a28f4 There is high correlation between warm and dry conditions during Midwest summers9f976ed6-c1dd-437d-aaf9-062bca25bbc9 due to similar meteorological conditions and drought-caused changes.2ad99c76-b8df-4faa-b52e-095bb4094cab (Figure source: Mishra and Cherkauer 20109c3f871b-4405-4d6b-bf56-439b678f7025).' chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2013-11-14T14:43:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/crop-yields-decline-under-higher-temperatures.yaml identifier: crop-yields-decline-under-higher-temperatures lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Mishra and Cherkauer 20109c3f871b-4405-4d6b-bf56-439b678f7025' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Crop Yields Decline under Higher Temperatures uri: /report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/crop-yields-decline-under-higher-temperatures url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/agriculture/graphics/crop-yields-decline-under-higher-temperatures usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "The illustration considers\r\n(a) economic market dynamics, land-use change, land\r\nresources, and impacts on the carbon cycle that are\r\nassociated with a high-biofuels mandate scenario.\r\n(b) Net change in cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide\r\n(CO2) from land-use change and energy systems in\r\nhigh-biofuels scenarios is shown in comparison to the\r\nbaseline. Key: EJ, exajoules; Pg, petagrams. [Figure\r\nsource: Redrawn from Wise et al., 2014, copyright Elsevier,\r\nused with permission.]" chapter_identifier: carbon-cycle-science-in-support-of-decision-making create_dt: 2018-04-20T23:00:07 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/carbon-cycle-science-in-support-of-decision-making/figure/figure18-x_integratedassessment.yaml identifier: figure18-x_integratedassessment lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-08T17:19:30 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Example of Results from a Global Integrated Assessment Model uri: /report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/carbon-cycle-science-in-support-of-decision-making/figure/figure18-x_integratedassessment url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'The observed number of very warm nights (annual number of days with minimum temperature at or above 75°F) for 1900–2018, averaged over 5-year periods (bars; last bar represents 4-year average). Filled circles connected by black line segments show annual values. These values are averages from 13 long-term reporting stations. Louisiana has experienced a substantial increase in the frequency of very warm nights over the past two decades. During the most recent 9-year period (2010-2018), the number of such nights has been double the long-term average. The dark horizontal line is the long-term average of 18 days per year. Source: CICS-NC and NOAA NCEI.' chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2019-02-20T19:32:05 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-number-of-very-warm.yaml identifier: la-observed-number-of-very-warm lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2019 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-03-22T19:41:17 time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1900-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Number of Very Warm Nights uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-number-of-very-warm url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: |+2 The observed number of very warm nights (annual number of days with minimum temperature above 75°F) for 1900–2014, averaged over 5-year periods; these values are averages from 13 long-term reporting stations. Louisiana has experienced a substantial increase in the frequency of very warm nights over the past two decades. During the most recent 5-year period (2010–2014), the number of such nights has been double the long-term average. The dark horizontal line is the long-term average of 15 days per year. Source: CICS-NC and NOAA NCEI. chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2015-04-13T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-number-of-very-warm-nights.yaml identifier: la-observed-number-of-very-warm-nights lat_max: 33.0197 lat_min: 28.9287 lon_max: -94.0434 lon_min: -88.8165 ordinal: 3 report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1900-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Number of Very Warm Nights uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-number-of-very-warm-nights url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Accounting begins at (a) the reference\r\npoint and continues through time with the (b) reference line or the (c) estimated baseline, and the (d) observed\r\nor estimated impact of alternative management. Depending on the use of a reference line or baseline, the carbon\r\nsavings in this hypothetical scenario would be comparatively (e) less or (f) greater, respectively." chapter_identifier: carbon-cycle-science-in-support-of-decision-making create_dt: 2017-02-03T19:11:33 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/carbon-cycle-science-in-support-of-decision-making/figure/chp18-figure-18-3.yaml identifier: chp18-figure-18-3 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-02-11T16:54:31 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Illustration of Basic Hypothetical Carbon Accounting Scenario uri: /report/second-state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr2-sustained-assessment-report/chapter/carbon-cycle-science-in-support-of-decision-making/figure/chp18-figure-18-3 url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "As climate changes, species can often adapt by changing their ranges. Maps show current and projected future\r\n distribution of habitats for forest types in the Midwest under two emissions scenarios, a lower scenario that assumes\r\n reductions in heat-trapping gas emissions (B1), and a very high scenario that assumes continued increases in emissions (A1FI).\r\n Habitats for white/red/jack pine, maple/beech/birch, spruce/fir, and aspen/birch forests are projected to greatly decline from\r\n the northern forests, especially under higher emissions scenarios, while various oak forest types are projected to\r\n expand.fb94e3f2-7687-4d1b-9fdb-b7e2dc8bce84 While some forest types may not remain\r\n dominant, they will still be present in reduced quantities. Therefore, it is more appropriate to assess changes on an\r\n individual species basis, since all species within a forest type will not exhibit equal responses to climate change. (Figure source: Prasad et al. 2007fb94e3f2-7687-4d1b-9fdb-b7e2dc8bce84)." chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2013-11-14T14:47:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/forest-composition-shifts.yaml identifier: forest-composition-shifts lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Prasad et al. 2007fb94e3f2-7687-4d1b-9fdb-b7e2dc8bce84' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Forest Composition Shifts uri: /report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/forest-composition-shifts url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/midwest/graphics/forest-composition-shifts usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The observed annual precipitation across Louisiana for 1895– 2018, averaged over 5-year periods (bars; last bar represents 4-year average). Filled circles connected by black line segments show annual values. These values are averages from NCEI’s verson 2 climate division dataset. Louisiana receives abundant precipitation throughout the year. The most recent 4-year period (2015-2018) has been wetter than average. The dark horizontal line is the long-term average of 57.3 inches per year. Source: CICS-NC and NOAA NCEI.' chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2019-02-20T19:32:34 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-annual-precip.yaml identifier: la-observed-annual-precip lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2019 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-03-22T19:42:15 time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1895-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Annual Precipitation uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-annual-precip url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: |+2 The observed annual precipitation across Louisiana for 1895–2014, averaged over 5-year periods; these values are averages from NCEI’s version 2 climate division dataset. Louisiana receives abundant precipitation throughout the year. The most recent 10-year period (2005–2014) has been drier than average. The dark horizontal line is the long-term average of about 56.9 inches per year. Source: CICS-NC and NOAA NCEI. chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2015-04-13T00:00:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-annual-precipitation.yaml identifier: la-observed-annual-precipitation lat_max: 33.0197 lat_min: 28.9287 lon_max: -94.0434 lon_min: -88.8165 ordinal: 4 report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1895-01-01T00:00:00 title: Observed Annual Precipitation uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/la-observed-annual-precipitation url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "The figure shows annual average sea surface temperature (SST) differences from the 1982–2011 average (black dots and line). Over the period 1982–2016, sea surface temperature on the Northeast Continental Shelf has warmed at a rate of 0.06°F (0.033°C) per year (red dashed line). This rate is three times faster than the 1982–2013 global SST warming rate of 0.018°F (0.01°C) per year (gray dotted line).{{< tbib '39' 'fb1f46cd-8b70-4a44-923a-66df61ffa0be' >}} The inset shows Northeast Continental Shelf seasonal SST differences from the 1982–2011 average as five-year rolling means for summer (July, August, September; red line) and winter (January, February, March; blue line). These seasons are centered on the warmest (summer) and coolest (winter) months for Northeast Shelf SSTs. Both seasons have warmed over the time period, but the summer warming rate has been stronger. Source: Gulf of Maine Research Institute." chapter_identifier: northeast create_dt: 2017-09-13T19:49:47 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/sst-plot-example--gom-only.yaml identifier: sst-plot-example--gom-only lat_max: 90 lat_min: 0 lon_max: 180 lon_min: 0 ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-12-06T14:32:23 time_end: 2018-04-09T00:00:00 time_start: 1981-09-01T00:00:00 title: Change in Sea Surface Temperature on the Northeast Continental Shelf uri: /report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/sst-plot-example--gom-only url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "The map shows the difference between sea surface temperatures (SST) for June–August 2012 in the Northwest Atlantic and the average values for those months in 1982–2011.{{< tbib '155' '1dfd2171-2be3-40b2-a8e2-c0df84ec462a' >}} While ocean temperatures during 2012 were exceptionally high compared to the current climate, they were within the range of end-of-century temperatures projected for the region under the higher scenario (RCP8.5). This heat wave affected the Northeast Continental Shelf ecosystem and fisheries, and similar extreme events are expected to become more common in the future (Ch. 9: Oceans). Source: adapted from Mills et al. 2013.{{< tbib '155' '1dfd2171-2be3-40b2-a8e2-c0df84ec462a' >}} Reprinted with permission from Elsevier." chapter_identifier: northeast create_dt: 2017-09-13T19:32:03 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/heat-wave-in-sea-surface-temperatures-in-the-northwest-atlantic-in-summer-2012.yaml identifier: heat-wave-in-sea-surface-temperatures-in-the-northwest-atlantic-in-summer-2012 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-12-03T18:05:45 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Ocean Heat Wave of 2012 uri: /report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/heat-wave-in-sea-surface-temperatures-in-the-northwest-atlantic-in-summer-2012 url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'Annual reduction in the number of premature deaths and annual change in the number of cases with acute respiratory symptoms due to reductions in particulate matter and ozone caused by reducing automobile exhaust. The maps project health benefits if automobile trips shorter than five miles (round-trip) were eliminated for the 11 largest metropolitan areas in the Midwest. Making 50% of these trips by bicycle just during four summer months would save 1,295 lives and yield savings of more than $8 billion per year from improved air quality, avoided mortality, and reduced health care costs for the upper Midwest alone. (Figure source: Grabow et al. 2012; reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives4feed3ba-a773-445b-a97d-383477321352).' chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2013-09-10T08:56:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/reducing-emissions-improving-health.yaml identifier: reducing-emissions-improving-health lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca3 source_citation: 'Grabow et al. 2012; reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives4feed3ba-a773-445b-a97d-383477321352' submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Reducing Emissions, Improving Health' uri: /report/nca3/chapter/midwest/figure/reducing-emissions-improving-health url: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/midwest/graphics/reducing-emissions-improving-health usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: ~ chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2019-06-06T17:10:00 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/total-hurricane-events-in-louisiana.yaml identifier: total-hurricane-events-in-louisiana lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2017 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-06-06T19:37:20 time_end: 2014-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1900-01-01T00:00:00 title: Total Hurricane Events in Louisiana uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/louisiana/figure/total-hurricane-events-in-louisiana url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'Total number of hurricane events per 5 years in Louisiana (1900–2018). On average, Louisiana is struck by a hurricane about once every three years. From 2005 to 2009, Louisiana was struck by 6 hurricanes, the largest number to hit the state since the beginning of the 20th century. Source: NOAA Hurricane Research Division.' chapter_identifier: louisiana create_dt: 2019-02-22T16:01:24 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/total-hurricane-events-in-louisiana.yaml identifier: total-hurricane-events-in-louisiana lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: noaa-led-state-summaries-2019 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2019-03-22T19:43:01 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Total Hurricane Events in Louisiana uri: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2019/chapter/louisiana/figure/total-hurricane-events-in-louisiana url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "The figure shows changes over time in geographic distribution (left panel) and biomass (four panels at right) for various marine species along the Northeast Shelf. As waters in the region have warmed, the spatial distributions of many fish species have been shifting northward, while population trends of several marine species show more variability over time. The left panel shows shifts in spatial distribution over time for select fish species, based on their latitudinal centers of biomass. The four panels on right show biomass estimates for the same marine resource stocks. Gulf of Maine cod, a coldwater species, has not shifted in location but has declined in biomass, while black sea bass (a warmwater species) has moved northward and increased in biomass as waters have warmed. The lobster distribution shift reflects declines in productivity of the southern stock and increasing biomass of the northern stock. Sources: (black sea bass) adapted from Northeast Fisheries Science Center 2017;{{< tbib '204' '029f7d58-249d-4399-81f0-de85cc2da3c1' >}} (all others) Gulf of Maine Research Institute." chapter_identifier: northeast create_dt: 2017-09-15T20:28:12 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/species-distribution-and-abundance.yaml identifier: species-distribution-and-abundance lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-12-03T19:43:37 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Changes in Distribution and Abundance of Marine Species uri: /report/nca4/chapter/northeast/figure/species-distribution-and-abundance url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information