--- - attributes: ~ caption: 'This tool provides web-based depictions of MODIS fire products for 1 day, in this case for Namibia. This same information is transmitted by cell phone as a text message to fire wardens in protected areas alerting them to the times and locations of the detected fires. This information has proven very useful for detecting and preventing incursions into protected areas in Africa and elsewhere. Credit: D.K. Davies, University of Maryland (with permission from GIM International, ).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/fire-information-resource-management-system.yaml identifier: fire-information-resource-management-system lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 13 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: The Fire Information for Resource Management System uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/fire-information-resource-management-system url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The U.S.-constructed impervious surface area (ISA) in 2000 was nearly the size of Ohio. Population is increasing at a rate of 3 million people per year. Annual U.S. public and private sector construction spending is greater than US$480 billion. This includes more than a million new single-family homes and more than 10,000 miles of new roads per year. Credit: C.D. Elvidge, NOAA/National Geophysical Data Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2006/figure/fractional-impervious-surface-area.yaml identifier: fractional-impervious-surface-area lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 13 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2006 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Fractional Impervious Surface Area uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2006/figure/fractional-impervious-surface-area url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'A team from the University of Arizona analyzed the water budgets of several Arizona cities to determine how severe the drought impacts would be from the deepest one-year (1900), five-year (1900-1904), and ten-year (1946-1955) droughts on record. The study showed that, even under assumptions of continuing “average” climate conditions, the possibility of achieving “safe yield,” (i.e., supply and demand are in balance), remains uncertain. Credit: University of Arizona.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/groundwater-overdraft-drought.yaml identifier: groundwater-overdraft-drought lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 13 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2003 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Groundwater Overdraft in Response to Drought uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/groundwater-overdraft-drought url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Simulated increase in total aboveground carbon (kg m-2) due to fire suppression by the end of 2003. The map represents the first estimate of the amounts and locations of accumulated carbon in ecosystems as a direct result of over 50 years of fire suppression. The MC1 Dynamic General Vegetation Model is being used as a tool for forecasting wildfire over the course of the next 7 months, updated each month. Historical records show a dramatic drop in the area of wildfire over the United States, due to fire suppression, since the early 1950s. Although the map should be treated as an hypothesis to be tested, it does suggest areas that could be at risk of increased wildfire intensity due to fuels accumulation. However, historical simulations also underscore that interannual and interdecadal climatic variability are significant causes of recent increases in U.S. fire area. Credit: James M. Lenihan, MAPSS Team, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/increase-aboveground-carbon-fire-suppression.yaml identifier: increase-aboveground-carbon-fire-suppression lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 13 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Increase in Aboveground Carbon from Fire Suppression uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/increase-aboveground-carbon-fire-suppression url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Map showing initial assessment regions for the “Managing the Nation’s Fish Habitat at Multiple Spatial Scales in a Rapidly Changing Climate” project, which uses downscaled climate and land use models composed of variables that influence fish habitat health, such as surface temperature and agricultural inputs. The map was created by Jodi Whittier at the University of Missouri.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2012/figure/map-fish-habitat-assessment.yaml identifier: map-fish-habitat-assessment lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 13 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2012 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Map for Fish Habitat Assessment uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2012/figure/map-fish-habitat-assessment url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'North America is currently a net carbon source (1,336 ± 334 MtC yr-1). A net terrestrial sink of 520 ± 260 MtC yr-1 is equivalent to about 30% of fossil fuel emissions in 2003. Credit: CCSP Synthesis and Assessment Product 2.2.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/north-american-carbon-sources-sinks.yaml identifier: north-american-carbon-sources-sinks lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 13 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2009 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: North American Carbon Sources and Sinks uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/north-american-carbon-sources-sinks url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Oblique photograph of a radial pattern of deforestation near San Javier in the Santa Cruz Department of Bolivia, where tropical seasonal or deciduous forest is being cleared for agriculture. This radial pattern of land use is typical of new settlements where people from the Altiplano are being relocated to the lowlands of Bolivia. Credit: C.J. Tucker, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2010/figure/patterns-of-deforestation.yaml identifier: patterns-of-deforestation lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 13 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2010 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Patterns of Deforestation uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2010/figure/patterns-of-deforestation url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'This screenshot provides an example of a local 3-month temperature outlook (L3MTO) forecast for Phoenix, Arizona, and vicinity. Credit: J. Bollinger, NOAA / National Weather Service.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2008/figure/three-month-temperature-outlook-phoenix.yaml identifier: three-month-temperature-outlook-phoenix lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 13 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2008 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Three-Month Temperature Outlook, Phoenix, AZ' uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2008/figure/three-month-temperature-outlook-phoenix url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Exceptionally crisp nighttime images of Hurricane Isaac as it made landfall in August 2012 were made possible by the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership satellite. ' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2013/figure/tropical-storm-isaac-by-night.yaml identifier: tropical-storm-isaac-by-night lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 13 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2013 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Tropical Storm Isaac by Night uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2013/figure/tropical-storm-isaac-by-night url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Satellite observations can be used to provide frequent high-quality land-cover measurements in responding to rapid changes that occur during flooding and large-scale fires. This is graphically demonstrated by the comparison of two Landsat images showing areas of flooding in New Orleans due to Hurricane Katrina. Credit: R. Beck, U.S. Geological Survey.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/flooding-new-orleans-hurricane-katrina.yaml identifier: flooding-new-orleans-hurricane-katrina lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 14 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Flooding in New Orleans from Hurricane Katrina uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/flooding-new-orleans-hurricane-katrina url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Repeating photographs from the same location have provided visual documentation of the extent of glacier retreat over the past century. Credit: USGS/Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2006/figure/glacier-retreat-past-century.yaml identifier: glacier-retreat-past-century lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 14 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2006 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Glacier Retreat over the Past Century uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2006/figure/glacier-retreat-past-century url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Irrigation of beans in Morada Nova, Ceará, Brazil. In northeastern Brazil, a collaboration between the state of Ceará and the International Research Institute for Climate Prediction is working to improve the state's water management systems in this vast, semi-arid region. Photo credit: Kenneth Broad, IRI." chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/irrigation-beans-brazil.yaml identifier: irrigation-beans-brazil lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 14 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Irrigation of Beans in Brazil uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/irrigation-beans-brazil url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'An analysis of land use and land cover change in eastern U.S. ecological regions provides evidence of distinctive regional variation in the rates and characteristics of changes. The USGS, in cooperation with EPA and NASA, used Landsat images from five years (1973, 1980, 1986, 1992, and 2000) to map the rates of ecoregion change in each time interval (portrayed in ecoregion color), and the primary land cover transformations (portrayed in the pie charts). Land cover of approximately 20 percent of the land in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain and Southeastern Plain changed during the nearly 30-year period due to the rapid, cyclic harvesting and replanting of forests. The adjacent Piedmont region also showed substantial change in forest cover. Urbanization was the dominant conversion in the Northern Piedmont and Atlantic Coast Pine Barrens. The two Appalachian regions studied (Blue Ridge and North Central Appalachia) had comparatively low overall change, with the primary transformations being urban development and forest conversion, respectively. Credit: USGS EROS Data Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/land-cover-change-east-us-ecosystems.yaml identifier: land-cover-change-east-us-ecosystems lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 14 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2003 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Land Cover Change in Eastern U.S. Ecosystems, 1972-2000' uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/land-cover-change-east-us-ecosystems url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'National Multi-Model Ensemble Predictions of Winter 2011 - 2012 precipitation and near-surface temperature anomalies. NMME predictions of winter 2011-2012 precipitation (a) and near-surface temperature (b) anomalies. Predictions for December, January, and February (DJF) were initialized in October 2011. Probabilistic information will also accompany these deterministic forecasts, as the system is developed and tested. Precipitation anomalies are given in terms of millimeters per day, while temperature anomalies are given in terms of degrees Celsius. The figures present results from an ensemble of seven models that are developed and run by U.S. agencies and research laboratories, including NASA, NOAA, and NCAR (DOE/NSF). (Figure is courtesy of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2012/figure/nmme-precipitation-temperature-predictions.yaml identifier: nmme-precipitation-temperature-predictions lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 14 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2012 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: NMME Precipitation and Temperature Predictions uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2012/figure/nmme-precipitation-temperature-predictions url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Coral reef species and communities vary in their resilience (ability to resist or recover) in the face of climate change impacts such as coral bleaching. Credit: E. Mielbrecht, Emerald Coast Environmental Consulting.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/partially-bleached-pacific-coral-reef.yaml identifier: partially-bleached-pacific-coral-reef lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 14 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2009 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Partially Bleached Pacific Coral Reef uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/partially-bleached-pacific-coral-reef url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'An example of crop monitoring using satellite data to determine agricultural production using MODIS instruments on research satellites. In a) an area of severe drought is identified in the Fertile Crescent of the Near East. In b) a comparison is made for all the cropped areas in Iraq between the 2000 to 2007 mean conditions and the 2007/2008 growing season. These data have proven to be extremely useful for monitoring global food production. Credit: I. Reshef, University of Maryland.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2010/figure/satellite-monitoring-of-crop-yields.yaml identifier: satellite-monitoring-of-crop-yields lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 14 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2010 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Satellite Monitoring of Crop Yields uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2010/figure/satellite-monitoring-of-crop-yields url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Total annual precipitation amount (mm) as predicted by MMF (a,c) and CAM (b,d) for the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) and Southern Great Plains (SGP) regions for 1999. Locations of the two Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites are circled. The observed precipitation amounts are 358 and 1,031 mm for the TWP and SGP sites, respectively. Credit: M. Ovtchinnikov, T. Ackerman, and R. Marchand, DOE / Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; and M. Khairoutdinov, Colorado State University (reproduced from the Journal of Climate with permission from the American Meteorological Society).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2008/figure/total-precipitation-tropical-western-pacific-southern-great-plains-1999.yaml identifier: total-precipitation-tropical-western-pacific-southern-great-plains-1999 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 14 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2008 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Annual Precipitation, Tropical Western Pacific and Southern Great Plains' uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2008/figure/total-precipitation-tropical-western-pacific-southern-great-plains-1999 url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Forest Cover of Madagascar, 1950s to ~2000' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/forest-cover-madagascar.yaml identifier: forest-cover-madagascar lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 15 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Forest Cover of Madagascar uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/forest-cover-madagascar url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Average annual terrestrial NPP (i.e., ‘supply’) based on 17 years of AVHRR satellite data (top); global distribution of human-appropriated NPP (HANPP, i.e., ‘demand’) for all food and fiber products (middle); and NPP-carbon balance (HANPP as a percent of NPP, calculated for each grid cell) (bottom). Highly populated areas (yellow and red) consume up to 300 times their local production. Credit: M. Imhoff, NASA/ Goddard Space Flight Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2006/figure/human-appropriation-net-primary-production.yaml identifier: human-appropriation-net-primary-production lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 15 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2006 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2006/figure/human-appropriation-net-primary-production url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Aerial photo taken during Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) 2003 Field Measurement Campaign. Credit: MCMA 2003 Field Measurement Campaign' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/mexico-city-metropolitan-area.yaml identifier: mexico-city-metropolitan-area lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 15 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Mexico City Metropolitan Area uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/mexico-city-metropolitan-area url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Models are an essential tool for synthesizing observations, theory, and experimental results to investigate how the Earth system works and how it is affected by human activities. Such models can be used in both a retrospective sense, to test the accuracy of modeled changes in Earth system forcing and response by comparing model results with observations of past change, and in a prognostic sense, for calculating the response of the Earth system to projected future forcing. Comprehensive climate models represent the major components of the climate system (atmosphere, oceans, land surface, cyrosphere, and biosphere) and the transfer of water, energy, organic chemicals, and mass among them.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/modeling-climate-system.yaml identifier: modeling-climate-system lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 15 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2003 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Modeling the Climate System uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/modeling-climate-system url: ~ usage_limits: ~ - attributes: ~ caption: 'The width of the closed-cell (a) and open-cell (b) clouds images is approximately 200 km and 280 km, respectively. In closed cells, moist air rises in the center to form the cloud, then air descends at the edges to form the clearing. In open cells, the opposite happens. Credit: M.J. Garay, UCLA (reproduced from the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society with permission from the American Meteorological Society).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/satellite-images-closed-open-celled-clouds.yaml identifier: satellite-images-closed-open-celled-clouds lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 15 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2009 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Satellite Images of Closed- and Open-Celled Clouds' uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/satellite-images-closed-open-celled-clouds url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Model simulations of changes in radiative forcing (W m-2) from 2000 to 2100 for all greenhouse gases (panel a, top left) and short-lived species only (panel b, bottom left). The short-lived species (sulfate, black carbon, tropospheric ozone, and organic carbon) exhibit a northern mid-latitude maximum. The right-hand panels show the simulated time series of summer average surface air temperature changes (°C) relative to the year 2001 for the continental United States, showing the increasing contribution from short-lived species after the year 2030 (panel d, lower right). Credit: H. Levy II, M . D. Schwarzkopf, L . Horowit z, V. Ramaswamy, and K . L . Findell, NO A A/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (reproduced from Journal of Geophysical Research with permission from the American Geophysical Union).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2010/figure/short-lived-air-pollutants-influence-temperature-trends.yaml identifier: short-lived-air-pollutants-influence-temperature-trends lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 15 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2010 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Short-Lived Air Pollutants Influence Temperature Trends uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2010/figure/short-lived-air-pollutants-influence-temperature-trends url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'This illustration highlights the areas of societal benefit identified in the GEOSS Implementation Plan. Credit: U.S. Group on Earth Observations.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/geo-societal-benefits-focus.yaml identifier: geo-societal-benefits-focus lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 16 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: GEO Societal Benefits Focus uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/geo-societal-benefits-focus url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Hurricane Charley moving across Florida, August 2004. Image captured by the NOAA/National Weather Service Tampa Bay, Florida, Weather Forecast Office’s WSR-88D doppler weather radar. Credit: NOAA/ National Climatic Data Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2006/figure/hurricane-charley-13-august-2004.yaml identifier: hurricane-charley-13-august-2004 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 16 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2006 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Hurricane Charley, 13 August 2004' uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2006/figure/hurricane-charley-13-august-2004 url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Modeling the diurnal cycle of precipitation. The mean June-July-August local solar time of non-drizzle precipitation frequency maximum has been simulated with the standard Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) (upper panel); super-parameterization CAM (middle panel); and from observational data set by Dai (bottom panel). Non-drizzle precipitation was defined as producing mean precipitation rate in excess of 1 mm per day over a 3-hour interval. Source: From Khairoutdinov et al. 2004, J. Atmos. Sci., submitted.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/modeling-diumal-cycle-precipitation.yaml identifier: modeling-diumal-cycle-precipitation lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 16 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Modeling the Diumal Cycle of Precipitation uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/modeling-diumal-cycle-precipitation url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Estimates from three biogeochemical models of net carbon storage for different bioclimatic regions of the United States, for the period 1980-1993. The effects of increasing carbon dioxide and changes in climate on net carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems of the conterminous United States were modeled using new, detailed historical climate information from the NOAA Historical Climate Network database. For the period 1980-1993, results from an ensemble of three models agree within 25 percent, simulating a land carbon sink of 80 million metric tons of carbon per year. Credit: Schimel, et al., Science, March 17, 2000.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/north-american-terrestrial-carbon-sink.yaml identifier: north-american-terrestrial-carbon-sink lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 16 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2003 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: North American Terrestrial Carbon Sink uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/north-american-terrestrial-carbon-sink url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'September sea ice extent across the Arctic from 1979 to 2007. The September rate of sea ice decline since 1979 is now approximately 10% per decade, or 72,000 km2 yr-1. Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/september-arctic-ice-extent-1979-2007.yaml identifier: september-arctic-ice-extent-1979-2007 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 16 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2009 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: September Arctic Ice Extent (1979-2007) uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/september-arctic-ice-extent-1979-2007 url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The AERONET sun-photometer used to measure water-leaving radiances and downwelling solar radiances atop the Gustav Dalen Lighthouse platform in the BalticSea, about nine km off of the Swedish coast. The panel to the right shows a close-up view of the sun-photometer on the platform. Credit: B. Holben, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2010/figure/surface-calibration-satellite-ocean-color-observations.yaml identifier: surface-calibration-satellite-ocean-color-observations lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 16 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2010 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Surface Calibration of Satellite Ocean Color Observations uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2010/figure/surface-calibration-satellite-ocean-color-observations url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'These products generated using the RA97 canopy stomatal conductance sub-model in (a) DJF (-7.1 to +9.3 mm day-1) and (b) JJA (-8.7 to +15.9 mm day-1), and change due to new conductance sub-model in (c) DJF (-1.4 to +1.5 mm day-1) and (d) JJA (-1.7 to +1.1 mm day-1). Observations over land from New et al. (1999) and over oceans from Huffman and Bolvin (2005). Global means at upper-right corners. Hatched areas are significant at the 95% confidence level for a paired t test. Credit: A.D. Friend, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement; and and N.Y. Kiang, Columbia University (reproduced from Journal of Climate with permission from the American Meteorological Society).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/giss-gcm-seasonal-mean-precipitation-bias.yaml identifier: giss-gcm-seasonal-mean-precipitation-bias lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 17 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: GISS GCM Seasonal Mean Precipiation Bias uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/giss-gcm-seasonal-mean-precipitation-bias url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Observation regions used to study intercontinental transport and transformation of gases and aerosol particles during the Summer 2004 International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) experiment. Credit: O. Cooper, NOAA/ Aeronomy Laboratory.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2006/figure/icartt-observation-regions.yaml identifier: icartt-observation-regions lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 17 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2006 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: ICARTT Observation Regions uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2006/figure/icartt-observation-regions url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The development of the 2001 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) is underway and data sets are being released to researchers as they are completed. This Richmond, Virginia, example illustrates the data layers being produced. The map of land cover categories depicts the complex matrix of developed and natural lands on the fringe of Richmond. The map is used for assessments of consequences of land-cover patterns for ecosystem goods and services and climate variability. The 2001 NLCD also includes maps of canopy density, which are important for biogeochemistry studies, and surface imperviousness, which is needed for studies of hydrological processes and investigations of urban heat island issues. Credit: USGS.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/national-land-cover-database-example.yaml identifier: national-land-cover-database-example lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 17 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'National Land Cover Database - Example ' uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/national-land-cover-database-example url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The global water cycle plays a pivotal role in the transport of sediment and nutrients through the Earth system, as exemplified in this Landsat-7 image of the North Carolina coast. The image was taken on September 23, 1999, one week after Hurricane Floyd hit the continent. Along with soil swept away by the flood waters, the estuaries were filled with human and animal waste, fertilizers, and pesticides. Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Water Cycle Study Group.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/north-carolina-coast-after-hurricane-floyd.yaml identifier: north-carolina-coast-after-hurricane-floyd lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 17 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2003 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: North Carolina Coast after Hurricane Floyd uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/north-carolina-coast-after-hurricane-floyd url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The top panel shows that regional maximum surface temperature increases projected by the end of the 21st century are roughly double the globally averaged value, with the largest increases seen at high latitudes. Surface temperature increases in the tropics are much less, due to the more significant amounts of atmospheric water vapor, a very effective greenhouse gas.4 The lower panel shows instances of dramatic global cooling resulting from large volcanic eruptions. Such eruptions—for example, Krakatau in 1883— can be seen a number of times in this run as sharp, 5-year cooling events. As there is no method for predicting the occurrence of volcanic eruptions in the future, the smooth temperature curve from 2000 to 2100 reflects the fact that such events are not included in the climate models after 2000.5 Credit: G. Strand, NCAR (adapted from the Journal of Climate with permission from the American Meteorological Society).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/surface-temperature-change-1870-1899.yaml identifier: surface-temperature-change-1870-1899 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 17 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2009 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Surface Temperature Change Relative to 1870-1899 Baseline uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/surface-temperature-change-1870-1899 url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Global distribution of linear trends in annual mean volumetric soil moisture (percent change per year), 1950 to 2000. Regions with mean annual precipitation of less than 0.5 mm per day have been masked out. Credit: J. Sheffield and E.F. Wood, Princeton University (adapted from the Journal of Climate with permission from the American Meteorological Society).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2010/figure/trends-in-soil-moisture.yaml identifier: trends-in-soil-moisture lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 17 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2010 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Trends in Soil Moisture uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2010/figure/trends-in-soil-moisture url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Spring Trends in Recycling Ratio from 1979 to 2003 over the High Latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Positive trends dominate over North America, with especially strong and widespread trends over Canada and Alaska. There are also strong positive trends over Scandinavia during spring and over Britain and much of north-central Europe during fall (not shown here). Trends are generally weaker and not as widespread over Asia, where in situ meteorological observations are much less dense. Credit: P.A. Dirmeyer and K.L. Brubaker, Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies and the University of Maryland (reproduced from Geophysical Research Letters with permission from the American Geophysical Union).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/high-latitude-trends-moisture-recycling-ratio.yaml identifier: high-latitude-trends-moisture-recycling-ratio lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 18 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: High-Latitude Trends in Moisture Recycling Ratio uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/high-latitude-trends-moisture-recycling-ratio url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: '"Hot spots” where soil moisture changes can affect rainfall. The red areas are “hot spots” where soil moisture changes can affect rainfall, according to a multi-model study. The bars in the insets show the individual results for 12 climate models, averaged over the indicated regions. According to the insets, the models clearly do not show perfect agreement in the “strength” of the hot spots. Still, many independent models place the hot spots in the same place. The results pertain to Northern Hemisphere summer months June, July, and August. Red areas show the strongest connection between soil moisture and rainfall. The units for the insets are the same as those for the color bar. Credit: The GLACE Team (Koster et al., 2004).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2006/figure/land-atmosphere-coupling-strength.yaml identifier: land-atmosphere-coupling-strength lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 18 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2006 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Land-Atmosphere Coupling Strength uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2006/figure/land-atmosphere-coupling-strength url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Assimilation of observed precipitation is the most important data addition to the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), because successful assimilation of these observations enables more realistic modeling of the hydrological cycle than otherwise would be possible. This figure shows a comparison, during a strong El Niño event (January 1997), over North America of analyzed precipitation based on observations (top panel) and the NARR precipitation output (bottom panel). The color scale indicates inches per month. The comparison shows extremely high agreement over land, even over the complex western topography. The regional reanalysis provides coupled atmospheric and land water cycle components that include preciptation fields in much better agreement with observed precipitation fields than previously available over North America. Credit: NOAA/National Weather Service/National Centers for Environmental Prediction.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/north-american-regional-reanalysis-precipitation-data.yaml identifier: north-american-regional-reanalysis-precipitation-data lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 18 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) Precipitation Data uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/north-american-regional-reanalysis-precipitation-data url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'In March 2002, a few days earlier than usual, a large, dense plume of dust blew southward and eastward from the desert plains of Mongolia—powerfully affecting air quality for the residents of Beijing and surrounding areas. Citizens of northeastern China call this annual event the “shachenbao,” or “dust cloud tempest.” The massive dust storm (brownish pixels) can easily be distinguished from clouds (bright white pixels) as it blows across northern Japan and eastward toward the open Pacific Ocean. Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, SeaWiFS Project; and ORBIMAGE.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/spring-dust-storm-beijing.yaml identifier: spring-dust-storm-beijing lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 18 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2003 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Spring Dust Storm Smothers Beijing uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/spring-dust-storm-beijing url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Surface warming (relative to 1980–1999) from the WCRP multi-model data set for the scenarios of high, medium, and low emissions (A2, A1B, and B1, respectively), shown as continuations of the 20th century simulations that included combinations of natural and anthropogenic forcings. Values beyond 2100 are for idealized stabilization where greenhouse gas concentrations were held fixed at year 2100 values and the models were run to the year 2300 to assess climate change commitment. Similarly, the “constant composition commitment” experiment is for idealized stabilization of all greenhouse gas concentrations at year 2000 values, with the model calculations projected through the year 2100. Lines show the multi-model means; shading denotes the ±1 standard deviation range of individual model annual means. Discontinuities between different periods have no physical meaning and are caused by the fact that the number of models that have run a given scenario is different for each period and scenario, as indicated by the colored numbers given for each period and scenario at the bottom of the panel. Credit: G.A. Meehl, NCAR (reproduced from the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society with permission from the American Meteorological Society).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/surface-warming-1980-1999.yaml identifier: surface-warming-1980-1999 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 18 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2009 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Surface Warming (Relative to 1980-1999) uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/surface-warming-1980-1999 url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The left panels show results for December–February (DJF), and the right panels for June–August (JJA). The top two panels are from a control run (CAM); the middle two panels are from the experimental model (SP-CAM); and the bottom two panels show observations from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). Credit: M. Khairoutdinov, D. Randall, and C. DeMott, Colorado State University (reproduced from Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences with permission from the American Meteorological Society).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/high-level-cloud-fraction.yaml identifier: high-level-cloud-fraction lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 19 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: High-Level Cloud Fraction uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/high-level-cloud-fraction url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: '(top) Typical wintertime sea surface temperature (colors), sea level pressure (contours), and surface wind stress (arrows) anomaly patterns during positive and negative phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), as derived from the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite plus other ocean/atmosphere data. Temperature anomalies (colors) are in degrees Celsius. (bottom) Monthly values for the PDO index, 1900-2004. Credit: S. Hare and N. Mantua, University of Washington.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2006/figure/pacific-decadal-oscillation.yaml identifier: pacific-decadal-oscillation lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 19 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2006 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Pacific Decadal Oscillation uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2006/figure/pacific-decadal-oscillation url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Global land-cover estimates of percentage tree cover, herbaceous cover, and bare ground within each 500-m by 500-m grid cell, derived from data acquired in 2001 by the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor onboard the Terra satellite platform. Credit: R. DeFries, M. Hansen, and J. Townshend, University of Maryland-College Park.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/percent-tree-cover-herbaceous-cover-bare-ground.yaml identifier: percent-tree-cover-herbaceous-cover-bare-ground lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 19 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Percent Tree Cover, Herbaceous Cover, and Bare Ground' uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/percent-tree-cover-herbaceous-cover-bare-ground url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'The trend in “precipitation minus evaporation” for the southwest United States simulated by the climate models used for the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Credit: R. Seager, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory (reproduced from Science with permission from the American Association for the Advancement of Science).' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/trend-precipitation-minus-evaporation.yaml identifier: trend-precipitation-minus-evaporation lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 19 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2009 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Trend in Precipitation Minus Evaporation uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/trend-precipitation-minus-evaporation url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Trends in surface temperature, vegetation greenness, and duration of growing season, North America and Eurasia, 1982-1999 (left) Temperature and greenness; (right) Changes in growing season duration. An analysis of two decades of satellite data confirms that the growing season in the Northern Hemisphere is getting longer and that plant life is also becoming more lush. Ground-based temperature data and satellite-based vegetation data indicate that year-to-year changes in growth and duration of the growing season of northern vegetation are tightly linked to year-to-year changes in temperature. The greening trend is more pronounced in Eurasia than in North America, particularly throughout the forests and woodlands in central Europe, Siberia, and the Russian far east. Credit: Boston University Climate and Vegetation Research Group; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/trends-surface-temperature-vegetation-greenness-a.yaml identifier: trends-surface-temperature-vegetation-greenness-a lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 19 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2003 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Trends in Surface Temperature and Vegetation Greenness (a) uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/trends-surface-temperature-vegetation-greenness-a url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Air Pollution Plume from Southeast Asia Moving Over the Pacific Ocean and Reaching North America. Concentrations of carbon monoxide at 15,000 feet: (a) March 10, 2000; (b) March 12, 2000; (c) March 13, 2000; (d) March 15, 2000. Measurements were taken by the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument, onboard the Terra satellite. Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Scientific Visualization Studio.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/air-pollution-plume-moving-over-pacific-a.yaml identifier: air-pollution-plume-moving-over-pacific-a lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2003 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Air Pollution Plume Moving Over the Pacific (a) uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2003/figure/air-pollution-plume-moving-over-pacific-a url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Alaskan glacier mass balance is provided by analyses of measurements from the GRACE mission’s inter-satellite range-rate data (April 2003 through September 2007). The top panel shows the annual variation and overall trend in ice mass for the blue-colored areas in the lower left image (ice mass units are Gt, i.e., 1015 g). The lower left image presents the spatial distribution of the surface ice mass trends for the period April 2003 to March 2007. The lower right image shows the spatial distribution of surface annual ice mass change. The greatest negative net balance rates are found in the Yakutat and Glacier Bay regions, while the largest annual amplitudes are found in the southeast glacier regions. Note that surface mass variation contributions from the atmosphere, oceans, tides, terrestrial water storage, and glacial isostatic adjustment have been removed. Credit: S.B. Luthcke, NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/alaskan-glacier-mass-balance.yaml identifier: alaskan-glacier-mass-balance lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: usgcrp-ocpfy2009 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Alaskan Glacier Mass Balance uri: /report/usgcrp-ocpfy2009/figure/alaskan-glacier-mass-balance url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: "Near Howland, Maine, a partnership between the University of Maine, USDA Forest Service, and Woods Hole Research Center provides a platform for studies of ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 and energy exchange. Instruments visible on the tower include eddy flux instrumentation for measuring net CO2 and energy exchange [supported by DOE's Office of Science/ Biological and Environmental Research (BER)], a dry deposition and meteorological package for studying air quality (supported by NOAA’s Air Resources Laboratory), and a sun photometer for assessing atmospheric aerosols (supported by NASA's Aerosol Robotic Network). Recent results from this and a nearby companion tower have quantified flux measurement uncertainties needed for data-model fusion efforts under the North American Carbon Program (NACP), and have shown that this 140-year-old coniferous forest remains a strong sink for atmospheric CO2. Researchers operate this site with support from DOE. Credit: J. Lee, University of Maine." chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2006/figure/ameriflux-research-tower.yaml identifier: ameriflux-research-tower lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2006 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: AmeriFlux Research Tower uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2006/figure/ameriflux-research-tower url: ~ usage_limits: Copyright protected. Obtain permission from the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'MODIS color composite image of the Arctic showing the minimum sea-ice extent in 2005 (white) and the average of the 1979–2004 annual minima (yellow line). Credit: G. Shirah, NASA/ Goddard Space Flight Center. ' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/arctic-minimum-sea-ice-extent.yaml identifier: arctic-minimum-sea-ice-extent lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2007 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Arctic Minimum Sea-Ice Extent uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2007/figure/arctic-minimum-sea-ice-extent url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source. - attributes: ~ caption: 'Between 1979 (left panel) and 2003 (right panel), Arctic perennial sea ice has been decreasing at a rate of 9% per decade. The lefthand image shows the minimum sea ice concentration for the year 1979, and the righthand image shows the minimum sea ice concentration in 2003. The data used to create these images were collected by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.' chapter_identifier: ~ create_dt: ~ href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/arctic-perennial-sea-ice-1979.yaml identifier: arctic-perennial-sea-ice-1979 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: ~ time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: 'Arctic Perennial Sea Ice, 1979' uri: /report/ccsp-ocpfy2004and2005/figure/arctic-perennial-sea-ice-1979 url: ~ usage_limits: Free to use with credit to the original figure source.