--- - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Screen, J. A.; Deser, C.; Simmonds, I.' DOI: 10.1029/2012GL051598 Issue: 10 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Keywords: Arctic; Arctic amplification; climate change; forcing; sea ice; sea surface temperature; 0750 Sea ice; 3305 Climate change and variability; 3319 General circulation; 3337 Global climate models; 9315 Arctic region Pages: L10709 Title: Local and remote controls on observed Arctic warming Volume: 39 Year: 2012 _record_number: 19868 _uuid: 1e9f503b-a791-4267-acbe-11ae80ef29a8 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2012GL051598 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1e9f503b-a791-4267-acbe-11ae80ef29a8.yaml identifier: 1e9f503b-a791-4267-acbe-11ae80ef29a8 uri: /reference/1e9f503b-a791-4267-acbe-11ae80ef29a8 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Data collected by the International Arctic Buoy Programme from 1979 to 1998 are analyzed to obtain statistics of sea level pressure (SLP) and sea ice motion (SIM). The annual and seasonal mean fields agree with those obtained in previous studies of Arctic climatology. The data show a 3-hPa decrease in decadal mean SLP over the central Arctic Ocean between 1979–88 and 1989–98. This decrease in SLP drives a cyclonic trend in SIM, which resembles the structure of the Arctic Oscillation (AO). Regression maps of SIM during the wintertime (January–March) AO index show 1) an increase in ice advection away from the coast of the East Siberian and Laptev Seas, which should have the effect of producing more new thin ice in the coastal flaw leads; 2) a decrease in ice advection from the western Arctic into the eastern Arctic; and 3) a slight increase in ice advection out of the Arctic through Fram Strait. Taken together, these changes suggest that at least part of the thinning of sea ice recently observed over the Arctic Ocean can be attributed to the trend in the AO toward the high-index polarity. Rigor et al. showed that year-to-year variations in the wintertime AO imprint a distinctive signature on surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies over the Arctic, which is reflected in the spatial pattern of temperature change from the 1980s to the 1990s. Here it is shown that the memory of the wintertime AO persists through most of the subsequent year: spring and autumn SAT and summertime sea ice concentration are all strongly correlated with the AO index for the previous winter. It is hypothesized that these delayed responses reflect the dynamical influence of the AO on the thickness of the wintertime sea ice, whose persistent “footprint” is reflected in the heat fluxes during the subsequent spring, in the extent of open water during the subsequent summer, and the heat liberated in the freezing of the open water during the subsequent autumn.' Author: Ignatius G. Rigor; John M. Wallace; Roger L. Colony DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2648:ROSITT>2.0.CO;2 Issue: 18 Journal: Journal of Climate Pages: 2648-2663 Title: Response of sea ice to the Arctic oscillation Volume: 15 Year: 2002 _record_number: 19867 _uuid: 289576a2-4f02-47e2-9a46-567482c10722 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015%3C2648:ROSITT%3E2.0.CO;2 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/289576a2-4f02-47e2-9a46-567482c10722.yaml identifier: 289576a2-4f02-47e2-9a46-567482c10722 uri: /reference/289576a2-4f02-47e2-9a46-567482c10722 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Recent studies have hypothesized that Arctic amplification, the enhanced warming of the Arctic region compared to the rest of the globe, will cause changes in midlatitude weather over the twenty-first century. This study exploits the recently completed phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and examines 27 state-of-the-art climate models to determine if their projected changes in the midlatitude circulation are consistent with the hypothesized impact of Arctic amplification over North America and the North Atlantic.Under the largest future greenhouse forcing (RCP8.5), it is found that every model, in every season, exhibits Arctic amplification by 2100. At the same time, the projected circulation responses are either opposite in sign to those hypothesized or too widely spread among the models to discern any robust change. However, in a few seasons and for some of the circulation metrics examined, correlations are found between the model spread in Arctic amplification and the model spread in the projected circulation changes. Therefore, while the CMIP5 models offer some evidence that future Arctic warming may be able to modulate some aspects of the midlatitude circulation response in some seasons, the analysis herein leads to the conclusion that the net circulation response in the future is unlikely to be determined solely—or even primarily—by Arctic warming according to the sequence of events recently hypothesized.' Author: Elizabeth A. Barnes; Lorenzo M. Polvani DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00589.1 Issue: 13 Journal: Journal of Climate Keywords: 'Atmospheric circulation,Blocking,Jets,Climate change,Climate models,Climate variability' Pages: 5254-5271 Title: 'CMIP5 projections of Arctic amplification, of the North American/North Atlantic circulation, and of their relationship' Volume: 28 Year: 2015 _record_number: 19721 _uuid: 29ef1bb5-092f-4a1b-ab0e-1fdc5a0e2ae0 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00589.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/29ef1bb5-092f-4a1b-ab0e-1fdc5a0e2ae0.yaml identifier: 29ef1bb5-092f-4a1b-ab0e-1fdc5a0e2ae0 uri: /reference/29ef1bb5-092f-4a1b-ab0e-1fdc5a0e2ae0 - attrs: .publisher: 'Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.' .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'The Arctic region has warmed more than twice as fast as the global average [mdash] a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. The rapid Arctic warming has contributed to dramatic melting of Arctic sea ice and spring snow cover, at a pace greater than that simulated by climate models. These profound changes to the Arctic system have coincided with a period of ostensibly more frequent extreme weather events across the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, including severe winters. The possibility of a link between Arctic change and mid-latitude weather has spurred research activities that reveal three potential dynamical pathways linking Arctic amplification to mid-latitude weather: changes in storm tracks, the jet stream, and planetary waves and their associated energy propagation. Through changes in these key atmospheric features, it is possible, in principle, for sea ice and snow cover to jointly influence mid-latitude weather. However, because of incomplete knowledge of how high-latitude climate change influences these phenomena, combined with sparse and short data records, and imperfect models, large uncertainties regarding the magnitude of such an influence remain. We conclude that improved process understanding, sustained and additional Arctic observations, and better coordinated modelling studies will be needed to advance our understanding of the influences on mid-latitude weather and extreme events.' Author: 'Cohen, Judah; Screen, James A.; Furtado, Jason C.; Barlow, Mathew; Whittleston, David; Coumou, Dim; Francis, Jennifer; Dethloff, Klaus; Entekhabi, Dara; Overland, James; Jones, Justin' DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2234 Date: 09//print Issue: 9 Journal: Nature Geoscience Pages: 627-637 Title: Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather Volume: 7 Year: 2014 _record_number: 19813 _uuid: 36734ba2-a8b8-419b-99ad-775a948d2408 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/ngeo2234 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/36734ba2-a8b8-419b-99ad-775a948d2408.yaml identifier: 36734ba2-a8b8-419b-99ad-775a948d2408 uri: /reference/36734ba2-a8b8-419b-99ad-775a948d2408 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'The surface warming in recent decades has been most rapid in the Arctic, especially during the winter. Here, by utilizing global reanalysis and satellite datasets, it is shown that the northward flux of moisture into the Arctic during the winter strengthens the downward infrared radiation (IR) by 30–40 W m−2 over 1–2 weeks. This is followed by a decline of up to 10% in sea ice concentration over the Greenland, Barents, and Kara Seas. A climate model simulation indicates that the wind-induced sea ice drift leads the decline of sea ice thickness during the early stage of the strong downward IR events, but that within one week the cumulative downward IR effect appears to be dominant. Further analysis indicates that strong downward IR events are preceded several days earlier by enhanced convection over the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans. This finding suggests that sea ice predictions can benefit from an improved understanding of tropical convection and ensuing planetary wave dynamics.' Author: Hyo-Seok Park; Sukyoung Lee; Seok-Woo Son; Steven B. Feldstein; Yu Kosaka DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0074.1 Issue: 13 Journal: Journal of Climate Keywords: 'Arctic,Sea ice,Planetary waves,Climate models,Intraseasonal variability' Pages: 5030-5040 Title: The impact of poleward moisture and sensible heat flux on Arctic winter sea ice variability Volume: 28 Year: 2015 _record_number: 19861 _uuid: 37084560-ef67-4df8-a7a5-297582db124c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0074.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/37084560-ef67-4df8-a7a5-297582db124c.yaml identifier: 37084560-ef67-4df8-a7a5-297582db124c uri: /reference/37084560-ef67-4df8-a7a5-297582db124c - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'This paper examines the trajectories followed by intense intrusions of moist air into the Arctic polar region during autumn and winter and their impact on local temperature and sea ice concentration. It is found that the vertical structure of the warming associated with moist intrusions is bottom amplified, corresponding to a transition of local conditions from a “cold clear” state with a strong inversion to a “warm opaque” state with a weaker inversion. In the marginal sea ice zone of the Barents Sea, the passage of an intrusion also causes a retreat of the ice margin, which persists for many days after the intrusion has passed. The authors find that there is a positive trend in the number of intrusion events crossing 70°N during December and January that can explain roughly 45% of the surface air temperature and 30% of the sea ice concentration trends observed in the Barents Sea during the past two decades.' Author: Cian Woods; Rodrigo Caballero DOI: 10.1175/jcli-d-15-0773.1 Issue: 12 Journal: Journal of Climate Keywords: 'Circulation/ Dynamics,Energy transport,Physical Meteorology and Climatology,Climate change,Energy budget/balance,Ice loss/growth,Ice thickness,Moisture/moisture budget' Pages: 4473-4485 Title: The role of moist intrusions in winter Arctic warming and sea ice decline Volume: 29 Year: 2016 _record_number: 20812 _uuid: 39754a3f-cc3a-4cc9-8eac-23611de42eec reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0773.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/39754a3f-cc3a-4cc9-8eac-23611de42eec.yaml identifier: 39754a3f-cc3a-4cc9-8eac-23611de42eec uri: /reference/39754a3f-cc3a-4cc9-8eac-23611de42eec - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Records of the past climates show a wide range of values of the equator-to-pole temperature gradient, with an apparent universal relationship between the temperature gradient and the globalmean temperature: relative to a reference climate, if the global-mean temperature is higher (lower), the greatest warming (cooling) occurs at the polar regions. This phenomenon is known as polar amplification. Understanding this equator-to-pole temperature gradient is fundamental to climate and general circulation, yet there is no established theory from a perspective of the general circulation. Here, a general circulation-based theory for polar amplification is presented. Recognizing the fact that most of the available potential energy (APE) in the atmosphere is untapped, this theory invokes that La-Niña-like tropical heating can help tap APE and warm the Arctic by exciting poleward and upward propagating Rossby waves.' Author: 'Lee, Sukyoung' DOI: 10.1007/s13143-014-0024-7 Issue: 1 Journal: Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Pages: 31-43 Title: A theory for polar amplification from a general circulation perspective Volume: 50 Year: 2014 _record_number: 19841 _uuid: 4a7689c2-e1b8-4ef9-a805-23e48a8ce4df reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s13143-014-0024-7 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4a7689c2-e1b8-4ef9-a805-23e48a8ce4df.yaml identifier: 4a7689c2-e1b8-4ef9-a805-23e48a8ce4df uri: /reference/4a7689c2-e1b8-4ef9-a805-23e48a8ce4df - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Overland, J.; E. Hanna; I. Hanssen-Bauer; S.-J. Kim; J. Walsh; M. Wang; U. Bhatt; R. L. Thoman' Title: 'Surface air temperature [in Arctic Report Card 2016]' URL: http://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2016/ArtMID/5022/ArticleID/271/Surface-Air-Temperature Year: 2016 _record_number: 20803 _uuid: 625f0fff-b107-4dd0-95ae-0eba38aada7c reftype: Report child_publication: /report/surface-air-temperature-arctic-report-card-2016 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/625f0fff-b107-4dd0-95ae-0eba38aada7c.yaml identifier: 625f0fff-b107-4dd0-95ae-0eba38aada7c uri: /reference/625f0fff-b107-4dd0-95ae-0eba38aada7c - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'In September 2012, Arctic sea ice cover reached a record minimum for the satellite era. The following winter the sea ice quickly returned, carrying through to the summer when ice extent was 48% greater than the same time in 2012. Most of this rebound in the ice cover was in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, areas experiencing the greatest decline in sea ice over the last three decades. A variety of factors, including ice dynamics, oceanic and atmospheric heat transport, wind, and solar insolation anomalies, may have contributed to the rebound. Here we show that another factor, below-average Arctic cloud cover in January–February 2013, resulted in a more strongly negative surface radiation budget, cooling the surface and allowing for greater ice growth. More thick ice was observed in March 2013 relative to March 2012 in the western Arctic Ocean, and the areas of ice growth estimated from the negative cloud cover anomaly and advected from winter to summer with ice drift data, correspond well with the September ice concentration anomaly pattern. Therefore, decreased wintertime cloud cover appears to have played an important role in the return of the sea ice cover the following summer, providing a partial explanation for large year-to-year variations in an otherwise decreasing Arctic sea ice cover.' Author: Yinghui Liu; Jeffrey R. Key DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/9/4/044002 Issue: 4 Journal: Environmental Research Letters Pages: 044002 Title: Less winter cloud aids summer 2013 Arctic sea ice return from 2012 minimum Volume: 9 Year: 2014 _record_number: 20798 _uuid: 7a2bd7c3-58ef-47d0-9f3f-f758000eb8b7 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1088/1748-9326/9/4/044002 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7a2bd7c3-58ef-47d0-9f3f-f758000eb8b7.yaml identifier: 7a2bd7c3-58ef-47d0-9f3f-f758000eb8b7 uri: /reference/7a2bd7c3-58ef-47d0-9f3f-f758000eb8b7 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Francis, J. A.; S. J. Vavrus; J. Cohen' DOI: 10.1002/wcc.474 Journal: 'Wiley Interdesciplinary Review: Climate Change' Pages: e474 Title: 'Amplified Arctic warming and mid-latitude weather: Emerging connections' Volume: 8 Year: 2017 _record_number: 20546 _uuid: 8686421f-6c0c-4608-bc94-a550fe22514f reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/wcc.474 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8686421f-6c0c-4608-bc94-a550fe22514f.yaml identifier: 8686421f-6c0c-4608-bc94-a550fe22514f uri: /reference/8686421f-6c0c-4608-bc94-a550fe22514f - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Arctic temperatures have risen dramatically relative to those of lower latitudes in recent decades, with a common supposition being that sea ice declines are primarily responsible for amplified Arctic tropospheric warming. This conjecture is central to a hypothesis in which Arctic sea ice loss forms the beginning link of a causal chain that includes weaker westerlies in midlatitudes, more persistent and amplified midlatitude waves, and more extreme weather. Through model experimentation, the first step in this chain is examined by quantifying contributions of various physical factors to October–December (OND) mean Arctic tropospheric warming since 1979. The results indicate that the main factors responsible for Arctic tropospheric warming are recent decadal fluctuations and long-term changes in sea surface temperatures (SSTs), both located outside the Arctic. Arctic sea ice decline is the largest contributor to near-surface Arctic temperature increases, but it accounts for only about 20% of the magnitude of 1000–500-hPa warming. These findings thus disconfirm the hypothesis that deep tropospheric warming in the Arctic during OND has resulted substantially from sea ice loss. Contributions of the same factors to recent midlatitude climate trends are then examined. It is found that pronounced circulation changes over the North Atlantic and North Pacific result mainly from recent decadal ocean fluctuations and internal atmospheric variability, while the effects of sea ice declines are very small. Therefore, a hypothesized causal chain of hemisphere-wide connections originating from Arctic sea ice loss is not supported.' Author: Judith Perlwitz; Martin Hoerling; Randall Dole DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00095.1 Issue: 6 Journal: Journal of Climate Keywords: 'Arctic,Sea ice,Troposphere,Climate variability,Temperature,General circulation models' Pages: 2154-2167 Title: 'Arctic tropospheric warming: Causes and linkages to lower latitudes' Volume: 28 Year: 2015 _record_number: 19572 _uuid: 9eef4c2e-2b3f-4386-af91-10e83338a398 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00095.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9eef4c2e-2b3f-4386-af91-10e83338a398.yaml identifier: 9eef4c2e-2b3f-4386-af91-10e83338a398 uri: /reference/9eef4c2e-2b3f-4386-af91-10e83338a398 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Sun, Lantao; Perlwitz, Judith; Hoerling, Martin' DOI: 10.1002/2016GL069024 Issue: 10 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Keywords: recent Arctic sea ice loss; winter temperature trend; internal variability; 0752 Polynas; 1621 Cryospheric change; 1626 Global climate models; 1630 Impacts of global change; 1620 Climate dynamics Pages: 5345-5352 Title: 'What caused the recent “Warm Arctic, Cold Continents” trend pattern in winter temperatures?' Volume: 43 Year: 2016 _record_number: 19880 _uuid: a3628a75-8c8e-49e9-ab07-d3a24017225a reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/2016GL069024 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a3628a75-8c8e-49e9-ab07-d3a24017225a.yaml identifier: a3628a75-8c8e-49e9-ab07-d3a24017225a uri: /reference/a3628a75-8c8e-49e9-ab07-d3a24017225a - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'The warming of the near-surface air in the Arctic region has been larger than the global mean surface warming. There is general agreement that the Arctic amplification of the surface air temperature (SAT) trend to a considerable extent is due to local effects such as the retreat of sea ice, especially during the summer months, and earlier melting of snow in the spring season. There is no doubt that these processes are important causes of the Arctic SAT trend. It is less clear, however, whether the trend may also be related to recent changes in the atmospheric midlatitude circulation. This question is the focus of the present paper. Model experiments have shown that in a warmer climate responding to, for example, a doubling of CO2, the atmospheric northward energy transport (ANET) will increase and cause polar SAT amplification. In the present study, the development of the ANET across 60°N and its linkage to the Arctic SAT have been explored using the ERA-40 reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). It is found that during 1979–2001, the ANET has experienced an overall positive but weak trend, which was largest during the period from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s. In addition, it is found that the Arctic SAT is sensitive to variability of the ANET across 60°N and hence to variability of the midlatitude circulation: A large ANET is followed by warming of the Arctic where ANET leads by about 5 days. The warming is located primarily north of the Atlantic and Pacific sectors, indicating that baroclinic weather systems developing around the Icelandic and Aleutian lows are important for the energy transport. Furthermore, it is suggested here that a small, but statistically significant, part of the mean Arctic SAT trend is linked to the trend in the ANET. Another important indicator of the midlatitude circulation is the Arctic Oscillation (AO). Through the 1980s and early 1990s the AO index has shown a positive trend. However, even though a part of the SAT trend can be related to the AO in localized parts of the Arctic area, the mean Arctic SAT trend shows no significant linkage to the AO.' Author: R. G. Graversen DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3906.1 Issue: 20 Journal: Journal of Climate Keywords: 'Climate change,Energy transport,Surface temperature,Arctic Oscillation' Pages: 5422-5438 Title: Do changes in the midlatitude circulation have any impact on the Arctic surface air temperature trend? Volume: 19 Year: 2006 _record_number: 19825 _uuid: aa901e05-668b-422e-9051-ef492dbdf0c2 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/JCLI3906.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/aa901e05-668b-422e-9051-ef492dbdf0c2.yaml identifier: aa901e05-668b-422e-9051-ef492dbdf0c2 uri: /reference/aa901e05-668b-422e-9051-ef492dbdf0c2 - attrs: .publisher: 'John Wiley & Sons, Inc.' .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Barnes, Elizabeth A.; Screen, James A.' DOI: 10.1002/wcc.337 Issue: 3 Journal: 'Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change' Pages: 277-286 Title: 'The impact of Arctic warming on the midlatitude jet-stream: Can it? Has it? Will it?' Volume: 6 Year: 2015 _record_number: 19801 _uuid: b7233b5f-ea63-454c-948f-3a14797c355b reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/wcc.337 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/b7233b5f-ea63-454c-948f-3a14797c355b.yaml identifier: b7233b5f-ea63-454c-948f-3a14797c355b uri: /reference/b7233b5f-ea63-454c-948f-3a14797c355b - attrs: .publisher: Nature Publishing Group .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'The North American continent generally experienced a cooling trend in winter over the early 2000s. This cooling trend represented a significant deviation from expected anthropogenic warming and so requires explanation. Previous studies indicate that climate variations in the tropical Pacific contributed to many mid-latitude climate variations over the early twenty-first century. Here we show using large ensembles of fully coupled, partially coupled and uncoupled model simulations that in northwest North America the winter cooling was primarily a remote response to climate fluctuations in the tropical Pacific. By contrast, in central North America the winter cooling appears to have resulted from a relatively rare fluctuation in mid-latitude circulation that was unrelated to the tropical Pacific. Our results highlight how decadal climate signals[mdash]both remote and local in origin[mdash]can together offset anthropogenic warming to produce continental-scale cooling.' Author: 'Sigmond, Michael; Fyfe, John C.' DOI: 10.1038/nclimate3069 Date: 06/27/online Journal: Nature Climate Change Pages: 970-974 Title: Tropical Pacific impacts on cooling North American winters Volume: 6 Year: 2016 _record_number: 19873 _uuid: e393f5f9-08a1-4c08-9ec6-8e445e988b83 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nclimate3069 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e393f5f9-08a1-4c08-9ec6-8e445e988b83.yaml identifier: e393f5f9-08a1-4c08-9ec6-8e445e988b83 uri: /reference/e393f5f9-08a1-4c08-9ec6-8e445e988b83 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'The areal extent, concentration and thickness of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas have strongly decreased during the recent decades, but cold, snow-rich winters have been common over mid-latitude land areas since 2005. A review is presented on studies addressing the local and remote effects of the sea ice decline on weather and climate. It is evident that the reduction in sea ice cover has increased the heat flux from the ocean to atmosphere in autumn and early winter. This has locally increased air temperature, moisture, and cloud cover and reduced the static stability in the lower troposphere. Several studies based on observations, atmospheric reanalyses, and model experiments suggest that the sea ice decline, together with increased snow cover in Eurasia, favours circulation patterns resembling the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic Oscillation. The suggested large-scale pressure patterns include a high over Eurasia, which favours cold winters in Europe and northeastern Eurasia. A high over the western and a low over the eastern North America have also been suggested, favouring advection of Arctic air masses to North America. Mid-latitude winter weather is, however, affected by several other factors, which generate a large inter-annual variability and often mask the effects of sea ice decline. In addition, the small sample of years with a large sea ice loss makes it difficult to distinguish the effects directly attributable to sea ice conditions. Several studies suggest that, with advancing global warming, cold winters in mid-latitude continents will no longer be common during the second half of the twenty-first century. Recent studies have also suggested causal links between the sea ice decline and summer precipitation in Europe, the Mediterranean, and East Asia.' Author: 'Vihma, Timo' DOI: 10.1007/s10712-014-9284-0 Issue: 5 Journal: Surveys in Geophysics Pages: 1175-1214 Title: 'Effects of Arctic sea ice decline on weather and climate: A review' Volume: 35 Year: 2014 _record_number: 19890 _uuid: e94a833d-caff-4c43-9ebd-daa3c8bf17a7 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10712-014-9284-0 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e94a833d-caff-4c43-9ebd-daa3c8bf17a7.yaml identifier: e94a833d-caff-4c43-9ebd-daa3c8bf17a7 uri: /reference/e94a833d-caff-4c43-9ebd-daa3c8bf17a7