---
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the dominant year-round pattern of monthly North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability, is an important target of ongoing research within the meteorological and climate dynamics communities and is central to the work of many geologists, ecologists, natural resource managers, and social scientists. Research over the last 15 years has led to an emerging consensus: the PDO is not a single phenomenon, but is instead the result of a combination of different physical processes, including both remote tropical forcing and local North Pacific atmosphere–ocean interactions, which operate on different time scales to drive similar PDO-like SST anomaly patterns. How these processes combine to generate the observed PDO evolution, including apparent regime shifts, is shown using simple autoregressive models of increasing spatial complexity. Simulations of recent climate in coupled GCMs are able to capture many aspects of the PDO, but do so based on a balance of processes often more independent of the tropics than is observed. Finally, it is suggested that the assessment of PDO-related regional climate impacts, reconstruction of PDO-related variability into the past with proxy records, and diagnosis of Pacific variability within coupled GCMs should all account for the effects of these different processes, which only partly represent the direct forcing of the atmosphere by North Pacific Ocean SSTs.'
    Author: Matthew Newman; Michael A. Alexander; Toby R. Ault; Kim M. Cobb; Clara Deser; Emanuele Di Lorenzo; Nathan J. Mantua; Arthur J. Miller; Shoshiro Minobe; Hisashi Nakamura; Niklas Schneider; Daniel J. Vimont; Adam S. Phillips; James D. Scott; Catherine A. Smith
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0508.1
    Issue: 12
    Journal: Journal of Climate
    Keywords: 'Atm/Ocean Structure/ Phenomena,Pacific decadal oscillation,Physical Meteorology and Climatology,Atmosphere-ocean interaction,Climate classification/regimes,Paleoclimate,Models and modeling,Model evaluation/performance,Variability,Pacific decadal oscilla'
    Pages: 4399-4427
    Title: 'The Pacific Decadal Oscillation, revisited'
    Volume: 29
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 19637
    _uuid: 3b149cc6-28a6-473b-83d5-acdefffb23b2
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0508.1
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3b149cc6-28a6-473b-83d5-acdefffb23b2.yaml
  identifier: 3b149cc6-28a6-473b-83d5-acdefffb23b2
  uri: /reference/3b149cc6-28a6-473b-83d5-acdefffb23b2
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'This paper describes an improved edition of the climate division dataset for the conterminous United States (i.e., version 2). The first improvement is to the input data, which now include additional station networks, quality assurance reviews, and temperature bias adjustments. The second improvement is to the suite of climatic elements, which now includes both maximum and minimum temperatures. The third improvement is to the computational approach, which now employs climatologically aided interpolation to address topographic and network variability. Version 2 exhibits substantial differences from version 1 over the period 1895-2012. For example, divisional averages in version 2 tend to be cooler and wetter, particularly in mountainous areas of the western United States. Division-level trends in temperature and precipitation display greater spatial consistency in version 2. National-scale temperature trends in version 2 are comparable to those in the U.S. Historical Climatology Network whereas version 1 exhibits less warming as a result of historical changes in observing practices. Divisional errors in version 2 are likely less than 0.5C for temperature and 20 mm for precipitation at the start of the record, falling rapidly thereafter. Overall, these results indicate that version 2 can supersede version 1 in both operational climate monitoring and applied climatic research.'
    Author: 'Vose, R. S.; Applequist, S.; Squires, M.; Durre, I.; Menne, M. J.; Williams, C. N.; Fenimore, C.; Gleason, K.; Arndt, D.'
    ISSN: 1558-8432
    Issue: 5
    Journal: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology
    Keywords: 'Climate change, Climatology, Surface observations, Interpolation schemes'
    Pages: 1232-1251
    Title: Improved Historical Temperature and Precipitation Time Series for U.S. Climate Divisions
    Type of Article: Article
    Volume: 53
    Year: 2014
    _uuid: 3d9da69e-293a-4492-a418-682590c676c7
    doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0248.1
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0248.1
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3d9da69e-293a-4492-a418-682590c676c7.yaml
  identifier: 3d9da69e-293a-4492-a418-682590c676c7
  uri: /reference/3d9da69e-293a-4492-a418-682590c676c7