--- - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Davis, N. A.; Birner, T.' DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50610 ISSN: 2169-8996 Issue: 14 Journal: Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres Keywords: general circulation; climate change; tropical belt; Hadley circulation; reanalyses; GPS radio occultation; 3319 General circulation; 3305 Climate change and variability; 3374 Tropical meteorology Pages: 7773-7787 Title: Seasonal to multidecadal variability of the width of the tropical belt Volume: 118 Year: 2013 _record_number: 19606 _uuid: 025b4915-8b20-4d53-b097-c737d39f3d62 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/jgrd.50610 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/025b4915-8b20-4d53-b097-c737d39f3d62.yaml identifier: 025b4915-8b20-4d53-b097-c737d39f3d62 uri: /reference/025b4915-8b20-4d53-b097-c737d39f3d62 - attrs: .publisher: Copernicus Publications .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Feng, S.; Fu, Q.' DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-10081-2013 ISSN: 1680-7324 Issue: 19 Journal: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Pages: 10081-10094 Title: Expansion of global drylands under a warming climate Volume: 13 Year: 2013 _record_number: 19610 _uuid: 37d85f6f-8d91-45e8-bf65-0ae8aee523a6 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.5194/acp-13-10081-2013 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/37d85f6f-8d91-45e8-bf65-0ae8aee523a6.yaml identifier: 37d85f6f-8d91-45e8-bf65-0ae8aee523a6 uri: /reference/37d85f6f-8d91-45e8-bf65-0ae8aee523a6 - attrs: .publisher: 'John Wiley & Sons, Ltd' .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Vallis, Geoffrey K.; Zurita-Gotor, Pablo; Cairns, Cameron; Kidston, Joseph' DOI: 10.1002/qj.2456 ISSN: 1477-870X Issue: 690 Journal: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society Keywords: general circulation; global warming; westerlies; climate change Pages: 1479-1501 Title: Response of the large-scale structure of the atmosphere to global warming Volume: 141 Year: 2015 _record_number: 19655 _uuid: 46b31794-a9c0-402d-a813-a65c4e87097b reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/qj.2456 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/46b31794-a9c0-402d-a813-a65c4e87097b.yaml identifier: 46b31794-a9c0-402d-a813-a65c4e87097b uri: /reference/46b31794-a9c0-402d-a813-a65c4e87097b - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: D.L. Hartmann; A.M.G. Klein Tank; M. Rusticucci; L.V. Alexander; S. Brönnimann; Y. Charabi; F.J. Dentener; E.J. Dlugokencky; D.R. Easterling; A. Kaplan; B.J. Soden; P.W. Thorne; M. Wild; P.M. Zhai Book Title: 'Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change' Editor: T.F. Stocker; D. Qin; G.-K. Plattner; M. Tignor; S.K. Allen; J. Boschung; A. Nauels; Y. Xia; V. Bex; P.M. Midgley ISBN: ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0 Pages: 159–254 Place Published: 'Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA' Publisher: Cambridge University Press Title: 'Observations: Atmosphere and surface' URL: http://www.climatechange2013.org/report/full-report/ Year: 2013 _record_number: 16455 _uuid: 47a5196b-4fba-4fdb-8647-8945627725bb reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar5-wg1/chapter/wg1-ar5-chapter02-final href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/47a5196b-4fba-4fdb-8647-8945627725bb.yaml identifier: 47a5196b-4fba-4fdb-8647-8945627725bb uri: /reference/47a5196b-4fba-4fdb-8647-8945627725bb - attrs: .publisher: 'Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.' .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Norris, Joel R.; Allen, Robert J.; Evan, Amato T.; Zelinka, Mark D.; O’Dell, Christopher W.; Klein, Stephen A.' DOI: 10.1038/nature18273 Date: 08/04/print ISSN: 0028-0836 Issue: 7614 Journal: Nature Pages: 72-75 Title: Evidence for climate change in the satellite cloud record Volume: 536 Year: 2016 _record_number: 20894 _uuid: 633af288-eb2c-4e4f-b5ba-9397ad897d7d reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nature18273 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/633af288-eb2c-4e4f-b5ba-9397ad897d7d.yaml identifier: 633af288-eb2c-4e4f-b5ba-9397ad897d7d uri: /reference/633af288-eb2c-4e4f-b5ba-9397ad897d7d - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Kovilakam, Mahesh; Mahajan, Salil' DOI: 10.1002/2015GL064559 ISSN: 1944-8007 Issue: 12 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Keywords: tropical expansion; black carbon aerosol; midlatitude warming; 1616 Climate variability; 1620 Climate dynamics; 3305 Climate change and variability; 3373 Tropical dynamics; 3311 Clouds and aerosols Pages: 4964-4972 Title: Black carbon aerosol-induced Northern Hemisphere tropical expansion Volume: 42 Year: 2015 _record_number: 19627 _uuid: 6e2d8723-4a29-4bea-97d2-b300a6c18cd6 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/2015GL064559 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6e2d8723-4a29-4bea-97d2-b300a6c18cd6.yaml identifier: 6e2d8723-4a29-4bea-97d2-b300a6c18cd6 uri: /reference/6e2d8723-4a29-4bea-97d2-b300a6c18cd6 - attrs: .publisher: 'John Wiley & Sons, Inc.' .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Lucas, Christopher; Timbal, Bertrand; Nguyen, Hanh' DOI: 10.1002/wcc.251 ISSN: 1757-7799 Issue: 1 Journal: 'Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change' Pages: 89-112 Title: 'The expanding tropics: A critical assessment of the observational and modeling studies' Volume: 5 Year: 2014 _record_number: 19633 _uuid: 798360ca-4177-462c-991a-c7a512d9287c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/wcc.251 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/798360ca-4177-462c-991a-c7a512d9287c.yaml identifier: 798360ca-4177-462c-991a-c7a512d9287c uri: /reference/798360ca-4177-462c-991a-c7a512d9287c - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'This work documents how the midlatitude, eddy-driven jets respond to climate change using model output from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The authors consider separately the North Atlantic, the North Pacific, and the Southern Hemisphere jets. The analysis is not limited to annual-mean changes in the latitude and speed of the jets, but also explores how the variability of each jet changes with increased greenhouse gases.All jets are found to migrate poleward with climate change: the Southern Hemisphere jet shifts poleward by 2° of latitude between the historical period and the end of the twenty-first century in the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario, whereas both Northern Hemisphere jets shift by only 1°. In addition, the speed of the Southern Hemisphere jet is found to increase markedly (by 1.2 m s−1 between 850 and 700 hPa), while the speed remains nearly constant for both jets in the Northern Hemisphere.More importantly, it is found that the patterns of jet variability are a strong function of the jet position in all three sectors of the globe, and as the jets shift poleward the patterns of variability change. Specifically, for the Southern Hemisphere and the North Atlantic jets, the variability becomes less of a north–south wobbling and more of a pulsing (i.e., variation in jet speed). In contrast, for the North Pacific jet, the variability becomes less of a pulsing and more of a north–south wobbling. These different responses can be understood in terms of Rossby wave breaking, allowing the authors to explain most of the projected jet changes within a single dynamical framework.' Author: Elizabeth A. Barnes; Lorenzo Polvani DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00536.1 Issue: 18 Journal: Journal of Climate Keywords: 'Annular mode,Rossby waves,Climate variability,Climate models,North Atlantic Oscillation,Trends' Pages: 7117-7135 Title: 'Response of the midlatitude jets, and of their variability, to increased greenhouse gases in the CMIP5 models' Volume: 26 Year: 2013 _record_number: 19593 _uuid: 938444d5-cf1e-43b2-93d8-d8e403a23344 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00536.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/938444d5-cf1e-43b2-93d8-d8e403a23344.yaml identifier: 938444d5-cf1e-43b2-93d8-d8e403a23344 uri: /reference/938444d5-cf1e-43b2-93d8-d8e403a23344 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Changes in subtropical precipitation and the Hadley circulation (HC) are inextricably linked. The original Halley–Hadley model cannot explain certain aspects of the Earth’s meridional circulation in the tropics and is of limited use in understanding regional changes in precipitation. Here, we expand on previous work on the regional and seasonal aspects of the HC, in particular how land–sea temperature contrasts contribute to the strength and width of the HC. We show that the Earth’s HC is well described by three regionally distinct cells along the eastern edges of the major ocean basins with opposite circulations elsewhere. Moreover, comparable summertime hemisphere cells emerge in each region. While it has been recognized that continents modify the meridional pressure gradient, we demonstrate that a substantial part of the Earth’s HC is driven by zonal pressure gradients (ZPGs) that only exist due to continental heating and air–sea interaction. Projected changes in land–sea temperature contrasts in a warming climate due to the relatively low thermal capacity of land will also affect ZPGs and thus HC strength and width, with implications for extremes in hydroclimate and freshwater resources across the increasingly vulnerable subtropics.' Author: 'Karnauskas, Kristopher B.; Ummenhofer, Caroline C.' DOI: 10.1007/s00382-014-2129-1 ISSN: 1432-0894 Issue: 9 Journal: Climate Dynamics Pages: 2259-2269 Title: On the dynamics of the Hadley circulation and subtropical drying Volume: 42 Year: 2014 _record_number: 19624 _uuid: a03de91a-43b9-4ca8-ba49-b9a55c28c493 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00382-014-2129-1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a03de91a-43b9-4ca8-ba49-b9a55c28c493.yaml identifier: a03de91a-43b9-4ca8-ba49-b9a55c28c493 uri: /reference/a03de91a-43b9-4ca8-ba49-b9a55c28c493 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Diagnosing the sensitivity of the tropical belt provides one framework for understanding how global precipitation patterns may change in a warming world. This paper seeks to understand boreal winter rates of subtropical dry zone expansion since 1979, and explores physical mechanisms. Various reanalysis estimates based on the latitude where zonal mean precipitation P exceeds evaporation E and the zero crossing latitude for the zonal mean meridional streamfunction yield tropical width expansion rates in each hemisphere ranging from near zero to over 1° latitude decade−1. Comparisons with 30-yr trends computed from unforced climate model simulations indicate that the range among reanalyses is nearly an order of magnitude greater than the standard deviation of internal climate variability. Furthermore, comparisons with forced climate models indicate that this range is an order of magnitude greater than the forced change signal since 1979. Rapid widening rates during 1979–2009 derived from some reanalyses are thus viewed to be unreliable.The intercomparison of models and reanalyses supports the prevailing view of a tropical widening, but the forced component of tropical widening has likely been only about 0.1°–0.2° latitude decade−1, considerably less than has generally been assumed based on inferences drawn from observations and reanalyses. Climate model diagnosis indicates that the principal mechanism for forced tropical widening since 1979 has been atmospheric sensitivity to warming oceans. The magnitude of this widening and its potential detectability has been greater in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere during boreal winter, in part owing to Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion.' Author: Xiao-Wei Quan; Martin P. Hoerling; Judith Perlwitz; Henry F. Diaz; Taiyi Xu DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00287.1 Issue: 5 Journal: Journal of Climate Keywords: 'Hadley circulation,Forcing,Moisture/moisture budget,Ozone,Climate models,Trends' Pages: 1999-2013 Title: How fast are the tropics expanding? Volume: 27 Year: 2014 _record_number: 19640 _uuid: a80ce47f-ac9a-43d2-9179-acad0e28e05a reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00287.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a80ce47f-ac9a-43d2-9179-acad0e28e05a.yaml identifier: a80ce47f-ac9a-43d2-9179-acad0e28e05a uri: /reference/a80ce47f-ac9a-43d2-9179-acad0e28e05a - attrs: .publisher: 'Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.' .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Allen, Robert J.; Sherwood, Steven C.; Norris, Joel R.; Zender, Charles S.' DOI: 10.1038/nature11097 Date: 05/17/print ISSN: 0028-0836 Issue: 7398 Journal: Nature Pages: 350-354 Title: Recent Northern Hemisphere tropical expansion primarily driven by black carbon and tropospheric ozone Volume: 485 Year: 2012 _record_number: 19591 _uuid: aaf41b2e-d066-40c4-8bbf-d14ed62e13d6 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nature11097 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/aaf41b2e-d066-40c4-8bbf-d14ed62e13d6.yaml identifier: aaf41b2e-d066-40c4-8bbf-d14ed62e13d6 uri: /reference/aaf41b2e-d066-40c4-8bbf-d14ed62e13d6 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Reichler, Thomas' Book Title: Climate Change (Second Edition) DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63524-2.00006-3 Editor: 'Letcher, Trevor M' ISBN: 978-0-444-63524-2 Keywords: Atmospheric circulation; Hadley cell; Storm tracks Pages: 79-104 Place Published: Boston Publisher: Elsevier Title: 'Chapter 6 - Poleward expansion of the atmospheric circulation.' Year: 2016 _record_number: 20124 _uuid: afc9d3fd-49bb-413c-bdec-75d9b75c2b8b reftype: Book Section child_publication: /book/6d4365af-7f98-405b-b91e-0fb4144e83e4 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/afc9d3fd-49bb-413c-bdec-75d9b75c2b8b.yaml identifier: afc9d3fd-49bb-413c-bdec-75d9b75c2b8b uri: /reference/afc9d3fd-49bb-413c-bdec-75d9b75c2b8b - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'The Hadley circulation (HC) has widened in recent decades, and it widens as the climate warms in simulations. But the mechanisms responsible for the widening remain unclear, and the widening in simulations is generally smaller than observed.To identify mechanisms responsible for the HC widening and for model–observation discrepancies, this study analyzes how interannual variations of tropical-mean temperatures and meridional temperature gradients influence the HC width. Changes in mean temperatures are part of any global warming signal, whereas changes in temperature gradients are primarily associated with ENSO. Within this study, 6 reanalysis datasets, 22 Atmospheric Modeling Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulations, and 11 historical simulations from phase 5 of the Climate Modeling Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are analyzed, covering the years 1979–2012. It is found that the HC widens as mean temperatures increase or as temperature gradients weaken in most reanalyses and climate models. On average, climate models exhibit a smaller sensitivity of HC width to changes in mean temperatures and temperature gradients than do reanalyses. However, the sensitivities differ substantially among reanalyses, rendering the HC response to mean temperatures in climate models not statistically different from that in reanalyses.While global-mean temperatures did not increase substantially between 1997 and 2012, the HC continued to widen in most reanalyses. The analysis here suggests that the HC widening from 1979 to 1997 is primarily the result of global warming, whereas the widening of the HC from 1997 to 2012 is associated with increased midlatitude temperatures and hence reduced temperature gradients during this period.' Author: Ori Adam; Tapio Schneider; Nili Harnik DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00140.1 Issue: 19 Journal: Journal of Climate Keywords: 'Atmospheric circulation,Hadley circulation,Climate sensitivity,ENSO,Reanalysis data' Pages: 7450-7461 Title: Role of changes in mean temperatures versus temperature gradients in the recent widening of the Hadley circulation Volume: 27 Year: 2014 _record_number: 19590 _uuid: c18f45a8-0b79-49ed-b24f-98e994961b8a reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00140.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c18f45a8-0b79-49ed-b24f-98e994961b8a.yaml identifier: c18f45a8-0b79-49ed-b24f-98e994961b8a uri: /reference/c18f45a8-0b79-49ed-b24f-98e994961b8a - attrs: .publisher: Nature Publishing Group .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Allen, Robert J.; Norris, Joel R.; Kovilakam, Mahesh' DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2091 Date: 04//print ISSN: 1752-0894 Issue: 4 Journal: Nature Geoscience Pages: 270-274 Title: Influence of anthropogenic aerosols and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on tropical belt width Volume: 7 Year: 2014 _record_number: 19592 _uuid: c84efce6-8036-4c20-bf98-d0d5b987cd2c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/ngeo2091 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c84efce6-8036-4c20-bf98-d0d5b987cd2c.yaml identifier: c84efce6-8036-4c20-bf98-d0d5b987cd2c uri: /reference/c84efce6-8036-4c20-bf98-d0d5b987cd2c - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Observational evidence indicates that the southern edge of the Hadley cell (HC) has shifted southward during austral summer in recent decades. However, there is no consensus on the cause of this shift, with several studies reaching opposite conclusions as to the relative role of changes in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and stratospheric ozone depletion in causing this shift. Here, the authors perform a meta-analysis of the extant literature on this subject and quantitatively compare the results of all published studies that have used single-forcing model integrations to isolate the role of different factors on the HC expansion during austral summer. It is shown that the weight of the evidence clearly points to stratospheric ozone depletion as the dominant driver of the tropical summertime expansion over the period in which an ozone hole was formed (1979 to late 1990s), although SST trends have contributed to trends since then. Studies that have claimed SSTs as the major driver of tropical expansion since 1979 have used prescribed ozone fields that underrepresent the observed Antarctic ozone depletion.' Author: Darryn W. Waugh; Chaim I. Garfinkel; Lorenzo M. Polvani DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0138.1 Issue: 16 Journal: Journal of Climate Keywords: 'Hadley circulation,Subsidence,Ozone,Trends' Pages: 6581-6586 Title: 'Drivers of the recent tropical expansion in the Southern Hemisphere: Changing SSTs or ozone depletion?' Volume: 28 Year: 2015 _record_number: 19659 _uuid: c933c170-d353-4a2b-8855-d6b147d58d16 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0138.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c933c170-d353-4a2b-8855-d6b147d58d16.yaml identifier: c933c170-d353-4a2b-8855-d6b147d58d16 uri: /reference/c933c170-d353-4a2b-8855-d6b147d58d16 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Thomas Birner; Sean M. Davis; Dian J. Seidel ' DOI: 10.1063/PT.3.2620 Issue: 12 Journal: Physcis Today Pages: 38-44 Title: The changing width of Earth’s tropical belt Volume: 67 Year: 2014 _record_number: 20122 _uuid: d377ad38-12f5-4186-998f-5643dfc6d141 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1063/PT.3.2620 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d377ad38-12f5-4186-998f-5643dfc6d141.yaml identifier: d377ad38-12f5-4186-998f-5643dfc6d141 uri: /reference/d377ad38-12f5-4186-998f-5643dfc6d141 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Garfinkel, Chaim I.; Waugh, Darryn W.; Polvani, Lorenzo M.' DOI: 10.1002/2015GL066942 ISSN: 1944-8007 Issue: 24 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Keywords: Hadley Cell; chemistry-climate interactions; climate change; 1610 Atmosphere; 1620 Climate dynamics; 1626 Global climate models; 3305 Climate change and variability; 3362 Stratosphere/troposphere interactions Pages: '10,824-10,831' Title: 'Recent Hadley cell expansion: The role of internal atmospheric variability in reconciling modeled and observed trends' Volume: 42 Year: 2015 _record_number: 19613 _uuid: d5eb689b-306c-4092-92ab-80958283a00c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/2015GL066942 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d5eb689b-306c-4092-92ab-80958283a00c.yaml identifier: d5eb689b-306c-4092-92ab-80958283a00c uri: /reference/d5eb689b-306c-4092-92ab-80958283a00c