--- - attrs: .publisher: Nature Publishing Group .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Bowen, Gabriel J.; Maibauer, Bianca J.; Kraus, Mary J.; Rohl, Ursula; Westerhold, Thomas; Steimke, Amy; Gingerich, Philip D.; Wing, Scott L.; Clyde, William C.' DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2316 Date: 01//print ISSN: 1752-0894 Issue: 1 Journal: Nature Geoscience Pages: 44-47 Title: 'Two massive, rapid releases of carbon during the onset of the Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum' Volume: 8 Year: 2015 _record_number: 20583 _uuid: 15c1814b-577b-4ba3-90ce-86948daba0e0 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/ngeo2316 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/15c1814b-577b-4ba3-90ce-86948daba0e0.yaml identifier: 15c1814b-577b-4ba3-90ce-86948daba0e0 uri: /reference/15c1814b-577b-4ba3-90ce-86948daba0e0 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'There have been numerous attempts to propose past warm time periods as “analogs” for a future greenhouse warming. In this paper it is argued that, although paleoclimate studies may provide important insights into process operating in the climate system, there may be no warm time period that is a satisfactory past analog for future climate. The future greenhouse warming may represent a unique climate realization in earth history. This conclusion is based on the following considerations: 1 ) comparisons with Holocene (9000 BP) or Eemian climates (120 000 BP) may be inappropriate because much of the variations in these climates can be explained in terms of seasonal rather than mean-annual forcing it has yet to be demonstrated that increased warmth for these intervals involved mew annual temperature increases that were globally synchronous, 2) comparisons with older and warmer climates (ex., Pliocene, Eocene, or Cretaceous) can be misleading because these warm periods had reduced polar ice cover, whereas future air temperatures will be very warm, but ice sheets will persist because of their large thermal inertia. Due to the different time scales for the atmosphere, deep ocean, and ice sheets, this significant nonequilibrium component to the future climate response is probably very different than the long time-averaged picture representative of past warm periods. Furthermore, changes in geography have probably significantly modified the atmosphere and ocean circulation during the earlier warm periods resulting in regional climates significantly different than what might occur in the future. It is therefore suggested that future discussions on geologic analogs be restricted to study of processes operating in the climate system and that continued use of the term for past warm time periods be abandoned.' Author: Thomas J. Crowley DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1990)003<1282:atasga>2.0.co;2 Issue: 11 Journal: Journal of Climate Pages: 1282-1292 Title: Are there any satisfactory geologic analogs for a future greenhouse warming? Volume: 3 Year: 1990 _record_number: 20586 _uuid: 2d65f18b-ef81-450c-b48f-4d665f0f2407 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/1520-0442(1990)003%3C1282:atasga%3E2.0.co;2 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2d65f18b-ef81-450c-b48f-4d665f0f2407.yaml identifier: 2d65f18b-ef81-450c-b48f-4d665f0f2407 uri: /reference/2d65f18b-ef81-450c-b48f-4d665f0f2407 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Royer, D. L.' Book Title: Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition) DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01311-5 Editor: 'Holland, Heinrich D.; Turekian, Karl K.' ISBN: 978-0-08-098300-4 Keywords: Carbon dioxide; Oxygen; Paleoclimate; Phanerozoic Pages: 251-267 Place Published: 'Amsterdam, Netherlands' Publisher: Elsevier Title: '6.11 - Atmospheric CO 2 and O 2 during the Phanerozoic: Tools, patterns, and impacts' Volume: 'V.6: The atmosphere: History' Year: 2014 _record_number: 20596 _uuid: 3be9654e-ee0f-42cf-94cd-a3ed5e32fb43 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /book/37dd80fe-a13f-4954-8162-dd96ba4af5bc href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3be9654e-ee0f-42cf-94cd-a3ed5e32fb43.yaml identifier: 3be9654e-ee0f-42cf-94cd-a3ed5e32fb43 uri: /reference/3be9654e-ee0f-42cf-94cd-a3ed5e32fb43 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Seki, Osamu; Foster, Gavin L.; Schmidt, Daniela N.; Mackensen, Andreas; Kawamura, Kimitaka; Pancost, Richard D.' DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.037 Date: 3/15/ ISSN: 0012-821X Issue: 1–2 Journal: Earth and Planetary Science Letters Keywords: palaeo-pCO2; Pliocene; alkenone δ13C; boron isotopes; ODP Site 999 Pages: 201-211 Title: Alkenone and boron-based Pliocene pCO2 records Volume: 292 Year: 2010 _record_number: 20598 _uuid: 4a5890ba-0829-4cdd-8dc2-e77e46a25be5 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.037 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4a5890ba-0829-4cdd-8dc2-e77e46a25be5.yaml identifier: 4a5890ba-0829-4cdd-8dc2-e77e46a25be5 uri: /reference/4a5890ba-0829-4cdd-8dc2-e77e46a25be5 - attrs: .publisher: Copernicus Publications .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Haywood, A. M.; Hill, D. J.; Dolan, A. M.; Otto-Bliesner, B. L.; Bragg, F.; Chan, W. L.; Chandler, M. A.; Contoux, C.; Dowsett, H. J.; Jost, A.; Kamae, Y.; Lohmann, G.; Lunt, D. J.; Abe-Ouchi, A.; Pickering, S. J.; Ramstein, G.; Rosenbloom, N. A.; Salzmann, U.; Sohl, L.; Stepanek, C.; Ueda, H.; Yan, Q.; Zhang, Z.' DOI: 10.5194/cp-9-191-2013 Issue: 1 Journal: Climate of the Past Pages: 191-209 Title: 'Large-scale features of Pliocene climate: Results from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project' Volume: 9 Year: 2013 _record_number: 19419 _uuid: 4feca1bb-a6c0-49ea-aff8-76224ffd5a82 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.5194/cp-9-191-2013 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4feca1bb-a6c0-49ea-aff8-76224ffd5a82.yaml identifier: 4feca1bb-a6c0-49ea-aff8-76224ffd5a82 uri: /reference/4feca1bb-a6c0-49ea-aff8-76224ffd5a82 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'A Community Climate System Model, Version 3 (CCSM3) simulation for 125 ka during the Last Interglacial (LIG) is compared to two recent proxy reconstructions to evaluate surface temperature changes from modern times. The dominant forcing change from modern, the orbital forcing, modified the incoming solar insolation at the top of the atmosphere, resulting in large positive anomalies in boreal summer. Greenhouse gas concentrations are similar to those of the pre-industrial (PI) Holocene. CCSM3 simulates an enhanced seasonal cycle over the Northern Hemisphere continents with warming most developed during boreal summer. In addition, year-round warming over the North Atlantic is associated with a seasonal memory of sea ice retreat in CCSM3, which extends the effects of positive summer insolation anomalies on the high-latitude oceans to winter months. The simulated Arctic terrestrial annual warming, though, is much less than the observational evidence, suggesting either missing feedbacks in the simulation and/or interpretation of the proxies. Over Antarctica, CCSM3 cannot reproduce the large LIG warming recorded by the Antarctic ice cores, even with simulations designed to consider observed evidence of early LIG warmth in Southern Ocean and Antarctica records and the possible disintegration of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Comparisons with a HadCM3 simulation indicate that sea ice is important for understanding model polar responses. Overall, the models simulate little global annual surface temperature change, while the proxy reconstructions suggest a global annual warming at LIG (as compared to the PI Holocene) of approximately 1°C, though with possible spatial sampling biases. The CCSM3 SRES B1 (low scenario) future projections suggest high-latitude warmth similar to that reconstructed for the LIG may be exceeded before the end of this century.' Author: 'Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.; Rosenbloom, Nan; Stone, Emma J.; McKay, Nicholas P.; Lunt, Daniel J.; Brady, Esther C.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.' DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0097 Issue: 2001 Journal: 'Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences' Pages: 20130097 Title: 'How warm was the last interglacial? New model–data comparisons' Volume: 371 Year: 2013 _record_number: 20593 _uuid: 6c1e37e5-22fa-4b90-951f-7757927845fb reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1098/rsta.2013.0097 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6c1e37e5-22fa-4b90-951f-7757927845fb.yaml identifier: 6c1e37e5-22fa-4b90-951f-7757927845fb uri: /reference/6c1e37e5-22fa-4b90-951f-7757927845fb - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: V. Masson-Delmotte; M. Schulz; A. Abe-Ouchi; J. Beer; A. Ganopolski; J.F. González Rouco; E. Jansen; K. Lambeck; J. Luterbacher; T. Naish; T. Osborn; B. Otto-Bliesner; T. Quinn; R. Ramesh; M. Rojas; X. Shao; A. Timmermann Book Title: 'Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change' Editor: T.F. Stocker; D. Qin; G.-K. Plattner; M. Tignor; S.K. Allen; J. Boschung; A. Nauels; Y. Xia; V. Bex; P.M. Midgley ISBN: ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0 Pages: 383–464 Place Published: 'Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA' Publisher: Cambridge University Press Title: Information from paleoclimate archives URL: http://www.climatechange2013.org/report/full-report/ Year: 2013 _record_number: 16466 _uuid: 6f4c1264-ab24-4802-9171-ea967deecc6c reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar5-wg1/chapter/wg1-ar5-chapter05-final href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6f4c1264-ab24-4802-9171-ea967deecc6c.yaml identifier: 6f4c1264-ab24-4802-9171-ea967deecc6c uri: /reference/6f4c1264-ab24-4802-9171-ea967deecc6c - attrs: .publisher: 'Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.' .reference_type: 0 Author: NEEM DOI: 10.1038/nature11789 Date: 01/24/print Issue: 7433 Journal: Nature Pages: 489-494 Title: Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core Volume: 493 Year: 2013 _record_number: 20592 _uuid: 7f28a81a-4e01-4d93-ac07-7b133a0783e2 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nature11789 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7f28a81a-4e01-4d93-ac07-7b133a0783e2.yaml identifier: 7f28a81a-4e01-4d93-ac07-7b133a0783e2 uri: /reference/7f28a81a-4e01-4d93-ac07-7b133a0783e2 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'We obtained global sea-level (eustatic) estimates with a peak of ∼22 m higher than present for the Pliocene interval 2.7–3.2 Ma from backstripping in Virginia (United States), New Zealand, and Enewetak Atoll (north Pacific Ocean), benthic foraminiferal δ18O values, and Mg/Ca-δ18O estimates. Statistical analysis indicates that it is likely (68% confidence interval) that peak sea level was 22 ± 5 m higher than modern, and extremely likely (95%) that it was 22 ± 10 m higher than modern. Benthic foraminiferal δ18O values appear to require that the peak was <20–21 m. Our estimates imply loss of the equivalent of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, and some volume loss from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, and address the long-standing controversy concerning the Pliocene stability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.' Author: 'Miller, Kenneth G.; Wright, James D.; Browning, James V.; Kulpecz, Andrew; Kominz, Michelle; Naish, Tim R.; Cramer, Benjamin S.; Rosenthal, Yair; Peltier, W. Richard; Sosdian, Sindia' DOI: 10.1130/g32869.1 Date: 'March 19, 2012' Issue: 5 Journal: Geology Pages: 407-410 Title: 'High tide of the warm Pliocene: Implications of global sea level for Antarctic deglaciation' Volume: 40 Year: 2012 _record_number: 19962 _uuid: 920fc97d-049b-4cf3-9702-8c14f4c3208d reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1130/g32869.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/920fc97d-049b-4cf3-9702-8c14f4c3208d.yaml identifier: 920fc97d-049b-4cf3-9702-8c14f4c3208d uri: /reference/920fc97d-049b-4cf3-9702-8c14f4c3208d - attrs: .publisher: Copernicus Publications .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Lunt, D. J.; Dunkley Jones, T.; Heinemann, M.; Huber, M.; LeGrande, A.; Winguth, A.; Loptson, C.; Marotzke, J.; Roberts, C. D.; Tindall, J.; Valdes, P.; Winguth, C.' DOI: 10.5194/cp-8-1717-2012 ISSN: 1814-9332 Issue: 5 Journal: Climate of the Past Pages: 1717-1736 Title: 'A model–data comparison for a multi-model ensemble of early Eocene atmosphere–ocean simulations: EoMIP' Volume: 8 Year: 2012 _record_number: 20097 _uuid: 97079544-53fc-496d-b8fc-871be0681b33 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.5194/cp-8-1717-2012 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/97079544-53fc-496d-b8fc-871be0681b33.yaml identifier: 97079544-53fc-496d-b8fc-871be0681b33 uri: /reference/97079544-53fc-496d-b8fc-871be0681b33 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'A high-resolution deuterium profile is now available along the entire European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome C ice core, extending this climate record back to marine isotope stage 20.2, ∼800,000 years ago. Experiments performed with an atmospheric general circulation model including water isotopes support its temperature interpretation. We assessed the general correspondence between Dansgaard-Oeschger events and their smoothed Antarctic counterparts for this Dome C record, which reveals the presence of such features with similar amplitudes during previous glacial periods. We suggest that the interplay between obliquity and precession accounts for the variable intensity of interglacial periods in ice core records.%U ' Author: 'Jouzel, J.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Cattani, O.; Dreyfus, G.; Falourd, S.; Hoffmann, G.; Minster, B.; Nouet, J.; Barnola, J. M.; Chappellaz, J.; Fischer, H.; Gallet, J. C.; Johnsen, S.; Leuenberger, M.; Loulergue, L.; Luethi, D.; Oerter, H.; Parrenin, F.; Raisbeck, G.; Raynaud, D.; Schilt, A.; Schwander, J.; Selmo, E.; Souchez, R.; Spahni, R.; Stauffer, B.; Steffensen, J. P.; Stenni, B.; Stocker, T. F.; Tison, J. L.; Werner, M.; Wolff, E. W.' DOI: 10.1126/science.1141038 Issue: 5839 Journal: Science Pages: 793-796 Title: 'Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years' Volume: 317 Year: 2007 _record_number: 20590 _uuid: a5055be6-7deb-484f-b027-69c2ac661c68 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.1141038 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a5055be6-7deb-484f-b027-69c2ac661c68.yaml identifier: a5055be6-7deb-484f-b027-69c2ac661c68 uri: /reference/a5055be6-7deb-484f-b027-69c2ac661c68 - attrs: .publisher: Nature Publishing Group .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Carbon release rates from anthropogenic sources reached a record high of [sim]10[thinsp]Pg C[thinsp]yr-1 in 2014. Geologic analogues from past transient climate changes could provide invaluable constraints on the response of the climate system to such perturbations, but only if the associated carbon release rates can be reliably reconstructed. The Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is known at present to have the highest carbon release rates of the past 66 million years, but robust estimates of the initial rate and onset duration are hindered by uncertainties in age models. Here we introduce a new method to extract rates of change from a sedimentary record based on the relative timing of climate and carbon cycle changes, without the need for an age model. We apply this method to stable carbon and oxygen isotope records from the New Jersey shelf using time-series analysis and carbon cycle-climate modelling. We calculate that the initial carbon release during the onset of the PETM occurred over at least 4,000 years. This constrains the maximum sustained PETM carbon release rate to less than 1.1[thinsp]Pg C[thinsp]yr-1. We conclude that, given currently available records, the present anthropogenic carbon release rate is unprecedented during the past 66 million years. We suggest that such a /`no-analogue[rsquor] state represents a fundamental challenge in constraining future climate projections. Also, future ecosystem disruptions are likely to exceed the relatively limited extinctions observed at the PETM.' Author: 'Zeebe, Richard E.; Ridgwell, Andy; Zachos, James C.' DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2681 Date: 04//print ISSN: 1752-0894 Issue: 4 Journal: Nature Geoscience Pages: 325-329 Title: Anthropogenic carbon release rate unprecedented during the past 66 million years Volume: 9 Year: 2016 _record_number: 20119 _uuid: a7eaa271-3c43-4c6f-add7-305f4e0ce52e reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/ngeo2681 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a7eaa271-3c43-4c6f-add7-305f4e0ce52e.yaml identifier: a7eaa271-3c43-4c6f-add7-305f4e0ce52e uri: /reference/a7eaa271-3c43-4c6f-add7-305f4e0ce52e - attrs: .reference_type: 9 Author: NRC DOI: 10.17226/12877 ISBN: 0-309-15176-7 Number of Pages: 298 Place Published: 'Washington, D.C.' Publisher: National Research Council. The National Academies Press Reviewer: a8b2d884-2bfb-4a5a-bfa4-a28bd4d68ca9 Title: 'Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia' URL: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12877 Year: 2011 _chapter: '["RF 10","Ch. 4: Energy Supply and Use FINAL","Appendix 4: FAQs FINAL","Ch. 27: Mitigation FINAL","Ch. 7: Forests FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 2309 _uuid: a8b2d884-2bfb-4a5a-bfa4-a28bd4d68ca9 reftype: Book child_publication: /report/nrc-stabilization-targets-2011 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a8b2d884-2bfb-4a5a-bfa4-a28bd4d68ca9.yaml identifier: a8b2d884-2bfb-4a5a-bfa4-a28bd4d68ca9 uri: /reference/a8b2d884-2bfb-4a5a-bfa4-a28bd4d68ca9 - attrs: .publisher: Copernicus Publications .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Schneider, R.; Schmitt, J.; Köhler, P.; Joos, F.; Fischer, H.' DOI: 10.5194/cp-9-2507-2013 Issue: 6 Journal: Climate of the Past Pages: 2507-2523 Title: A reconstruction of atmospheric carbon dioxide and its stable carbon isotopic composition from the penultimate glacial maximum to the last glacial inception Volume: 9 Year: 2013 _record_number: 20597 _uuid: bd8bf653-6f62-479e-964c-8d5165a274a4 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.5194/cp-9-2507-2013 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/bd8bf653-6f62-479e-964c-8d5165a274a4.yaml identifier: bd8bf653-6f62-479e-964c-8d5165a274a4 uri: /reference/bd8bf653-6f62-479e-964c-8d5165a274a4 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'We know that the sea level will rise as climate warms. Nevertheless, accurate projections of how much sea-level rise will occur are difficult to make based solely on modern observations. Determining how ice sheets and sea level have varied in past warm periods can help us better understand how sensitive ice sheets are to higher temperatures. Dutton et al. review recent interdisciplinary progress in understanding this issue, based on data from four different warm intervals over the past 3 million years. Their synthesis provides a clear picture of the progress we have made and the hurdles that still exist.Science, this issue 10.1126/science.aaa4019BACKGROUNDAlthough thermal expansion of seawater and melting of mountain glaciers have dominated global mean sea level (GMSL) rise over the last century, mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets is expected to exceed other contributions to GMSL rise under future warming. To better constrain polar ice-sheet response to warmer temperatures, we draw on evidence from interglacial periods in the geologic record that experienced warmer polar temperatures and higher GMSLs than present. Coastal records of sea level from these previous warm periods demonstrate geographic variability because of the influence of several geophysical processes that operate across a range of magnitudes and time scales. Inferring GMSL and ice-volume changes from these reconstructions is nontrivial and generally requires the use of geophysical models.ADVANCESInterdisciplinary studies of geologic archives have ushered in a new era of deciphering magnitudes, rates, and sources of sea-level rise. Advances in our understanding of polar ice-sheet response to warmer climates have been made through an increase in the number and geographic distribution of sea-level reconstructions, better ice-sheet constraints, and the recognition that several geophysical processes cause spatially complex patterns in sea level. In particular, accounting for glacial isostatic processes helps to decipher spatial variability in coastal sea-level records and has reconciled a number of site-specific sea-level reconstructions for warm periods that have occurred within the past several hundred thousand years. This enables us to infer that during recent interglacial periods, small increases in global mean temperature and just a few degrees of polar warming relative to the preindustrial period resulted in ≥6 m of GMSL rise. Mantle-driven dynamic topography introduces large uncertainties on longer time scales, affecting reconstructions for time periods such as the Pliocene (~3 million years ago), when atmospheric CO2 was ~400 parts per million (ppm), similar to that of the present. Both modeling and field evidence suggest that polar ice sheets were smaller during this time period, but because dynamic topography can cause tens of meters of vertical displacement at Earth’s surface on million-year time scales and uncertainty in model predictions of this signal are large, it is currently not possible to make a precise estimate of peak GMSL during the Pliocene.OUTLOOKOur present climate is warming to a level associated with significant polar ice-sheet loss in the past, but a number of challenges remain to further constrain ice-sheet sensitivity to climate change using paleo–sea level records. Improving our understanding of rates of GMSL rise due to polar ice-mass loss is perhaps the most societally relevant information the paleorecord can provide, yet robust estimates of rates of GMSL rise associated with polar ice-sheet retreat and/or collapse remain a weakness in existing sea-level reconstructions. Improving existing magnitudes, rates, and sources of GMSL rise will require a better (global) distribution of sea-level reconstructions with high temporal resolution and precise elevations and should include sites close to present and former ice sheets. Translating such sea-level data into a robust GMSL signal demands integration with geophysical models, which in turn can be tested through improved spatial and temporal sampling of co stal records.Further development is needed to refine estimates of past sea level from geochemical proxies. In particular, paired oxygen isotope and Mg/Ca data are currently unable to provide confident, quantitative estimates of peak sea level during these past warm periods. In some GMSL reconstructions, polar ice-sheet retreat is inferred from the total GMSL budget, but identifying the specific ice-sheet sources is currently hindered by limited field evidence at high latitudes. Given the paucity of such data, emerging geochemical and geophysical techniques show promise for identifying the sectors of the ice sheets that were most vulnerable to collapse in the past and perhaps will be again in the future.Peak global mean temperature, atmospheric CO2, maximum global mean sea level (GMSL), and source(s) of meltwater.Light blue shading indicates uncertainty of GMSL maximum. Red pie charts over Greenland and Antarctica denote fraction (not location) of ice retreat.Interdisciplinary studies of geologic archives have ushered in a new era of deciphering magnitudes, rates, and sources of sea-level rise from polar ice-sheet loss during past warm periods. Accounting for glacial isostatic processes helps to reconcile spatial variability in peak sea level during marine isotope stages 5e and 11, when the global mean reached 6 to 9 meters and 6 to 13 meters higher than present, respectively. Dynamic topography introduces large uncertainties on longer time scales, precluding robust sea-level estimates for intervals such as the Pliocene. Present climate is warming to a level associated with significant polar ice-sheet loss in the past. Here, we outline advances and challenges involved in constraining ice-sheet sensitivity to climate change with use of paleo–sea level records.%U ' Author: 'Dutton, A.; Carlson, A. E.; Long, A. J.; Milne, G. A.; Clark, P. U.; DeConto, R.; Horton, B. P.; Rahmstorf, S.; Raymo, M. E.' DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa4019 Issue: 6244 Journal: Science Pages: aaa4019 Title: Sea-level rise due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past warm periods Volume: 349 Year: 2015 _record_number: 19919 _uuid: c0bdfdf2-5012-4496-9d27-c8d540fd4d4b reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.aaa4019 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c0bdfdf2-5012-4496-9d27-c8d540fd4d4b.yaml identifier: c0bdfdf2-5012-4496-9d27-c8d540fd4d4b uri: /reference/c0bdfdf2-5012-4496-9d27-c8d540fd4d4b - attrs: .publisher: Nature Publishing Group .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Kirtland Turner, Sandra; Sexton, Philip F.; Charles, Christopher D.; Norris, Richard D.' DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2240 Date: 10//print ISSN: 1752-0894 Issue: 10 Journal: Nature Geoscience Pages: 748-751 Title: Persistence of carbon release events through the peak of early Eocene global warmth Volume: 7 Year: 2014 _record_number: 20600 _uuid: e236d370-b985-4c1f-9752-22830fa9e5c6 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/ngeo2240 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e236d370-b985-4c1f-9752-22830fa9e5c6.yaml identifier: e236d370-b985-4c1f-9752-22830fa9e5c6 uri: /reference/e236d370-b985-4c1f-9752-22830fa9e5c6 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Penman, Donald E.; Hönisch, Bärbel; Zeebe, Richard E.; Thomas, Ellen; Zachos, James C.' DOI: 10.1002/2014PA002621 ISSN: 1944-9186 Issue: 5 Journal: Paleoceanography Keywords: ocean acidification; PETM; boron isotopes; climate change; 1041 Stable isotope geochemistry; 1009 Geochemical modeling; 4806 Carbon cycling; 4948 Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum; 4901 Abrupt/rapid climate change Pages: 357-369 Title: Rapid and sustained surface ocean acidification during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum Volume: 29 Year: 2014 _record_number: 20595 _uuid: edd64878-de00-482f-9672-f187bf0e7c62 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/2014PA002621 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/edd64878-de00-482f-9672-f187bf0e7c62.yaml identifier: edd64878-de00-482f-9672-f187bf0e7c62 uri: /reference/edd64878-de00-482f-9672-f187bf0e7c62