--- - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'This paper describes an improved edition of the climate division dataset for the conterminous United States (i.e., version 2). The first improvement is to the input data, which now include additional station networks, quality assurance reviews, and temperature bias adjustments. The second improvement is to the suite of climatic elements, which now includes both maximum and minimum temperatures. The third improvement is to the computational approach, which now employs climatologically aided interpolation to address topographic and network variability. Version 2 exhibits substantial differences from version 1 over the period 1895-2012. For example, divisional averages in version 2 tend to be cooler and wetter, particularly in mountainous areas of the western United States. Division-level trends in temperature and precipitation display greater spatial consistency in version 2. National-scale temperature trends in version 2 are comparable to those in the U.S. Historical Climatology Network whereas version 1 exhibits less warming as a result of historical changes in observing practices. Divisional errors in version 2 are likely less than 0.5C for temperature and 20 mm for precipitation at the start of the record, falling rapidly thereafter. Overall, these results indicate that version 2 can supersede version 1 in both operational climate monitoring and applied climatic research.' Author: 'Vose, R. S.; Applequist, S.; Squires, M.; Durre, I.; Menne, M. J.; Williams, C. N.; Fenimore, C.; Gleason, K.; Arndt, D.' ISSN: 1558-8432 Issue: 5 Journal: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Keywords: 'Climate change, Climatology, Surface observations, Interpolation schemes' Pages: 1232-1251 Title: Improved Historical Temperature and Precipitation Time Series for U.S. Climate Divisions Type of Article: Article Volume: 53 Year: 2014 _uuid: 3d9da69e-293a-4492-a418-682590c676c7 doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0248.1 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0248.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3d9da69e-293a-4492-a418-682590c676c7.yaml identifier: 3d9da69e-293a-4492-a418-682590c676c7 uri: /reference/3d9da69e-293a-4492-a418-682590c676c7 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Menne, M. J.; Williams, C. N.; Vose, R. S.' ISSN: 1520-0477 Issue: 7 Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Pages: 993-1007 Title: 'The U.S. Historical Climatology Network Monthly Temperature Data, Version 2' Type of Article: Article Volume: 90 Year: 2009 _uuid: 52956661-9e17-480a-98ef-aafba0928b52 doi: 10.1175/2008BAMS2613.1 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/2008BAMS2613.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/52956661-9e17-480a-98ef-aafba0928b52.yaml identifier: 52956661-9e17-480a-98ef-aafba0928b52 uri: /reference/52956661-9e17-480a-98ef-aafba0928b52 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Publisher: 'National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center' Title: nClimDiv Maximum and Minimum Temperature Data URL: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/maps/us-climate-divisions.php Year: 2014 _uuid: 8c727beb-3c32-498e-b9b4-7a7106b2758e reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/nclimdiv-maximum-and-minimum-temperature-data href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8c727beb-3c32-498e-b9b4-7a7106b2758e.yaml identifier: 8c727beb-3c32-498e-b9b4-7a7106b2758e uri: /reference/8c727beb-3c32-498e-b9b4-7a7106b2758e - attrs: .reference_type: 9 DOI: 10.7930/J0Z31WJ2 Editor: "Melillo, Jerry M.\rTerese (T.C.) Richmond,\rYohe, Gary W." Number of Pages: 829 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Title: 'Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment' Year: 2014 _uuid: 8df59d1f-65c9-4a63-8d72-0c8716231e81 reftype: Edited Book child_publication: /report/nca3 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8df59d1f-65c9-4a63-8d72-0c8716231e81.yaml identifier: 8df59d1f-65c9-4a63-8d72-0c8716231e81 uri: /reference/8df59d1f-65c9-4a63-8d72-0c8716231e81 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Institution: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Publication: EPA 430-R-14-004 Title: 'Climate Change Indicators in the United States, 2014, Third Edition' URL: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/ Year: 2014 _uuid: dd319433-4517-49be-aa3f-d1c42e242dbe reftype: Report child_publication: /report/epa-430-r-14-004 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/dd319433-4517-49be-aa3f-d1c42e242dbe.yaml identifier: dd319433-4517-49be-aa3f-d1c42e242dbe uri: /reference/dd319433-4517-49be-aa3f-d1c42e242dbe - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Williams, C. N.; Menne, M. J.; Thorne, P. W.' ISSN: 2169-8996 Issue: D5 Journal: 'Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres' Number of Pages: 16 Title: Benchmarking the performance of pairwise homogenization of surface temperatures in the United States Type of Article: Article Volume: 117 Year: 2012 _uuid: dfbaf613-f639-405b-bfc9-a76accb0aa65 doi: 10.1029/2011JD016761 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2011JD016761 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/dfbaf613-f639-405b-bfc9-a76accb0aa65.yaml identifier: dfbaf613-f639-405b-bfc9-a76accb0aa65 uri: /reference/dfbaf613-f639-405b-bfc9-a76accb0aa65 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Hansen, J.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Imhoff, M.; Lawrence, W.; Easterling, D.; Peterson, T.; Karl, T.' ISSN: 2169-8996 Issue: D20 Journal: 'Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres' Pages: 23947-23963 Title: A closer look at United States and global surface temperature change Type of Article: Article Volume: 106 Year: 2001 _uuid: ec56eb9b-3d68-4c2e-808f-dd5a73b49865 doi: 10.1029/2001JD000354 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2001JD000354 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/ec56eb9b-3d68-4c2e-808f-dd5a73b49865.yaml identifier: ec56eb9b-3d68-4c2e-808f-dd5a73b49865 uri: /reference/ec56eb9b-3d68-4c2e-808f-dd5a73b49865 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Herring, S. C.; Hoerling, M. P.; Peterson, T. C.; Stott, P. A.' ISSN: 1520-0477 Issue: 9 Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Pages: S1-S104 Title: Explaining Extreme Events of 2013 from a Climate Perspective Type of Article: Article Volume: 95 Year: 2014 _uuid: f9bf15bb-d213-4d74-821e-6abe9e614a71 doi: 10.1175/1520-0477-95.9.S1.1 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /report/bams-explaining-extreme-events-2013-climate-perspective href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f9bf15bb-d213-4d74-821e-6abe9e614a71.yaml identifier: f9bf15bb-d213-4d74-821e-6abe9e614a71 uri: /reference/f9bf15bb-d213-4d74-821e-6abe9e614a71 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Blunden, J.; Arndt, D. S.' ISSN: 1520-0477 Issue: 7 Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Pages: S1-S279 Title: State of the Climate in 2013 Type of Article: Article Volume: 95 Year: 2014 _uuid: fc3e6947-d63b-4565-8c69-a08f6b0fa4a2 doi: 10.1175/2014BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /report/bams-state-of-the-climate-2013 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/fc3e6947-d63b-4565-8c69-a08f6b0fa4a2.yaml identifier: fc3e6947-d63b-4565-8c69-a08f6b0fa4a2 uri: /reference/fc3e6947-d63b-4565-8c69-a08f6b0fa4a2