uri,href,identifier,attrs.Abstract,attrs.Author,attrs.DOI,attrs.ISSN,attrs.Issue,attrs.Journal,attrs.Keywords,attrs.Pages,attrs.Title,attrs.Volume,attrs.Year,attrs._record_number,attrs._uuid,attrs.reftype,child_publication
/reference/35c90ff0-81c5-40f7-be34-8c7d832e69fc,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/35c90ff0-81c5-40f7-be34-8c7d832e69fc,35c90ff0-81c5-40f7-be34-8c7d832e69fc,"Biochar additions to soils can improve soil-water storage capability; however, there is sparse information identifying feedstocks and pyrolysis conditions that maximize this improvement. Nine biochars were pyrolyzed from five feedstocks at two temperatures, and their physical and chemical properties were characterized. Biochars were mixed at 2% wt wt−1 into a Norfolk loamy sand (Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kandiudult), a Declo silt loam (Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic xeric Haplocalcid), or a Warden silt loam (Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic xeric Haplocambid). Untreated soils served as controls. Soils were laboratory incubated in pots for 127 days and were leached about every 30 days with deionized water. Soil bulk densities were measured before each leaching event. For 6 days thereafter, pot-holding capacities (PHC) for water were determined gravimetrically and were used as a surrogate for soil-moisture contents. Water tension curves were also measured on the biochar-treated and untreated Norfolk soil. Biochar surface area, surface tension, ash, C, and Si contents, in general, increased when produced under higher pyrolytic temperatures (≥500°C). Both switchgrass biochars caused the most significant water PHC improvements in the Norfolk, Declo, and Warden soils compared with the controls. Norfolk soil-water tension results at 5 and 60 kPa corroborated that biochar from switchgrass caused the most significant moisture storage improvements. Significant correlation occurred between the PHC for water with soil bulk densities. In general, biochar amendments enhanced the moisture storage capacity of Ultisols and Aridisols, but the effect varied with feedstock selection and pyrolysis temperature.","Novak, Jeffrey M.; Busscher, Warren J.; Watts, Donald W.; Amonette, James E.; Ippolito, James A.; Lima, Isabel M.; Gaskin, Julia; Das, K. C.; Steiner, Christoph; Ahmedna, Mohamed; Rehrah, Djaafar; Schomberg, Harry",10.1097/SS.0b013e31824e5593,0038-075X,5,"Soil Science","Aridisol; biochar; GRACEnet; soil moisture; Ultisol",310-320,"Biochars impact on soil-moisture storage in an Ultisol and two Aridisols",177,2012,25544,35c90ff0-81c5-40f7-be34-8c7d832e69fc,"Journal Article",/article/10.1097/SS.0b013e31824e5593
/reference/3618ca51-690c-4dfe-8136-5c398ff2786f,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3618ca51-690c-4dfe-8136-5c398ff2786f,3618ca51-690c-4dfe-8136-5c398ff2786f,"This report addresses the development of dryland oilseed crops to provide feedstock for production of biofuels in semi-arid portions of the northwestern USA. Bioenergy feedstocks derived from Brassica oilseed crops have been considered for production of hydrotreated renewable jet fuel, but crop growth and yields in the northwestern region are limited by a lack of plant available water. Based on a review of the scientific literature, several areas were identified where research could be directed to provide improvements. The current agronomic limitations for oilseed production are mainly due to seedling establishment under extreme heat, dry seedbeds at optimum planting times, survival under extreme cold, and interspecific competition with weeds. To improve emergence and stand establishment, future work should focus on developing soil management and seeding techniques that optimize plant available water, reduce heat stress, and provide a competitive advantage against weeds that are customized for specific crops, soil types, and soil and environmental conditions. Spring and winter cultivars are needed that offer increased seedling vigor, drought resistance, and cold tolerance.","Long, D. S.; Young, F. L.; Schillinger, W. F.; Reardon, C. L.; Williams, J. D.; Allen, B. L.; Pan, W. L.; Wysocki, D. J.",10.1007/s12155-016-9719-1,1939-1242,2,"BioEnergy Research",,412-429,"Development of dryland oilseed production systems in northwestern region of the USA",9,2016,25549,3618ca51-690c-4dfe-8136-5c398ff2786f,"Journal Article",/article/10.1007/s12155-016-9719-1
/reference/3753670c-572d-4523-b503-f15a60454fcd,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3753670c-572d-4523-b503-f15a60454fcd,3753670c-572d-4523-b503-f15a60454fcd,,"FEMA,",,,,,,62,"The California Fires Coordination Group. A Report to the Secretary of Homeland Security",,2004,25570,3753670c-572d-4523-b503-f15a60454fcd,Report,/report/california-fires-coordination-group-report-secretary-homeland-security
/reference/37ed3902-a0a7-4e27-9ee3-d227ee4465ea,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/37ed3902-a0a7-4e27-9ee3-d227ee4465ea,37ed3902-a0a7-4e27-9ee3-d227ee4465ea,,"Mader, T. L.; Holt, S. M.; Hahn, G. L.; Davis, M. S.; Spiers, D. E.",10.2527/2002.8092373x,,9,"Journal of Animal Science",,2373-2382,"Feeding strategies for managing heat load in feedlot cattle",80,2002,23627,37ed3902-a0a7-4e27-9ee3-d227ee4465ea,"Journal Article",/article/10.2527/2002.8092373x
/reference/38649302-7d94-4d5d-89bb-e50bd9eb242b,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/38649302-7d94-4d5d-89bb-e50bd9eb242b,38649302-7d94-4d5d-89bb-e50bd9eb242b,,"Garbrecht, Jurgen D.; Steiner, Jean L.; Cox, Craig A.",10.1002/hyp.6853,,19,"Hydrological Processes",,2677-2679,"The times they are changing: Soil and water conservation in the 21st century",21,2007,26128,38649302-7d94-4d5d-89bb-e50bd9eb242b,"Journal Article",/article/10.1002/hyp.6853
/reference/38b0ec9f-8c00-428f-9ec9-6214f617515d,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/38b0ec9f-8c00-428f-9ec9-6214f617515d,38b0ec9f-8c00-428f-9ec9-6214f617515d,"A combination of climate events (e.g., low precipitation and high temperatures) may cause a significant impact on the ecosystem and society, although individual events involved may not be severe extremes themselves. Analyzing historical changes in concurrent climate extremes is critical to preparing for and mitigating the negative effects of climatic change and variability. This study focuses on the changes in concurrences of heatwaves and meteorological droughts from 1960 to 2010. Despite an apparent hiatus in rising temperature and no significant trend in droughts, we show a substantial increase in concurrent droughts and heatwaves across most parts of the United States, and a statistically significant shift in the distribution of concurrent extremes. Although commonly used trend analysis methods do not show any trend in concurrent droughts and heatwaves, a unique statistical approach discussed in this study exhibits a statistically significant change in the distribution of the data.","Mazdiyasni, Omid; AghaKouchak, Amir",10.1073/pnas.1422945112,,37,"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",,11484-11489,"Substantial increase in concurrent droughts and heatwaves in the United States",112,2015,20268,38b0ec9f-8c00-428f-9ec9-6214f617515d,"Journal Article",/article/10.1073/pnas.1422945112
/reference/38f2d0cb-3a39-4af2-9777-0072e5d0a30e,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/38f2d0cb-3a39-4af2-9777-0072e5d0a30e,38f2d0cb-3a39-4af2-9777-0072e5d0a30e,,"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation,",,,,,,50,"Reclamation: Managing Water in the West, Climate Change Adaptation Strategy",,2014,23644,38f2d0cb-3a39-4af2-9777-0072e5d0a30e,Report,/report/reclamation-managing-water-west-climate-change-adaptation-strategy
/reference/39a3c52b-f062-44c9-af55-5c028c68f5e6,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/39a3c52b-f062-44c9-af55-5c028c68f5e6,39a3c52b-f062-44c9-af55-5c028c68f5e6,,"Marshall, N. A.",10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.10.003,0959-3780,1,"Global Environmental Change","Climate change; Adaptive capacity; Adoption; Decision-making; Seasonal climate forecasts; Vulnerability",36-43,"Understanding social resilience to climate variability in primary enterprises and industries",20,2010,23559,39a3c52b-f062-44c9-af55-5c028c68f5e6,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.10.003
/reference/3a3fae72-1abc-4a9e-a816-02252ac7c6fe,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3a3fae72-1abc-4a9e-a816-02252ac7c6fe,3a3fae72-1abc-4a9e-a816-02252ac7c6fe,,"Novick, Kimberly A.; Ficklin, Darren L.; Stoy, Paul C.; Williams, Christopher A.; Bohrer, Gil; Oishi, A.  Christopher; Papuga, Shirley A.; Blanken, Peter D.; Noormets, Asko; Sulman, Benjamin N.; Scott, Russell L.; Wang, Lixin; Phillips, Richard P.",10.1038/nclimate3114,,,"Nature Climate Change",,1023-1027,"The increasing importance of atmospheric demand for ecosystem water and carbon fluxes",6,2016,23563,3a3fae72-1abc-4a9e-a816-02252ac7c6fe,"Journal Article",/article/10.1038/nclimate3114
/reference/3a41269d-cb34-4692-a6b1-deab04236368,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3a41269d-cb34-4692-a6b1-deab04236368,3a41269d-cb34-4692-a6b1-deab04236368,,"Amundson, J. L.; Mader, T. L.; Rasby, R. J.; Hu, Q. S.",10.2527/jas.2005-611,,12,"Journal of Animal Science",,3415-3420,"Environmental effects on pregnancy rate in beef cattle",84,2006,23494,3a41269d-cb34-4692-a6b1-deab04236368,"Journal Article",/article/10.2527/jas.2005-611
/reference/3b5d1cf3-abd2-4e80-aad6-3cafae04d060,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3b5d1cf3-abd2-4e80-aad6-3cafae04d060,3b5d1cf3-abd2-4e80-aad6-3cafae04d060,,"Scasta, John Derek; Lalman, David L.; Henderson, Leticia",10.1016/j.rala.2016.06.006,0190-0528,4,Rangelands,"beef; climate; efficiency; integrated management; rangeland; variability",204-210,"Drought mitigation for grazing operations: Matching the animal to the environment",38,2016,23576,3b5d1cf3-abd2-4e80-aad6-3cafae04d060,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.rala.2016.06.006
/reference/3b7eff1e-db02-49a9-9afc-75f9161c896a,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3b7eff1e-db02-49a9-9afc-75f9161c896a,3b7eff1e-db02-49a9-9afc-75f9161c896a,"Increasing severity of high temperature worldwide presents an alarming threat to the humankind. As evident by massive yield losses in various food crops, the escalating adverse impacts of heat stress (HS) are putting the global food as well as nutritional security at great risk. Intrinsically, plants respond to high temperature stress by triggering a cascade of events and adapt by switching on numerous stress‐responsive genes. However, the complex and poorly understood mechanism of heat tolerance (HT), limited access to the precise phenotyping techniques, and above all, the substantial G × E effects offer major bottlenecks to the progress of breeding for improving HT. Therefore, focus should be given to assess the crop diversity, and targeting the adaptive/morpho‐physiological traits while making selections. Equally important is the rapid and precise introgression of the HT‐related gene(s)/QTLs to the heat‐susceptible cultivars to recover the genotypes with enhanced HT. Therefore, the progressive tailoring of the heat‐tolerant genotypes demands a rational integration of molecular breeding, functional genomics and transgenic technologies reinforced with the next‐generation phenomics facilities.","Jha, Uday Chand; Bohra, Abhishek; Singh, Narendra Pratap",10.1111/pbr.12217,,6,"Plant Breeding",,679-701,"Heat stress in crop plants: Its nature, impacts and integrated breeding strategies to improve heat tolerance",133,2014,25558,3b7eff1e-db02-49a9-9afc-75f9161c896a,"Journal Article",/article/10.1111/pbr.12217
/reference/3b99e834-0057-481e-a10c-813718fd9ef3,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3b99e834-0057-481e-a10c-813718fd9ef3,3b99e834-0057-481e-a10c-813718fd9ef3,"Changes in several components of the hydrological cycle over the contiguous United States have been documented during the twentieth century: an increase of precipitation, especially heavy and very heavy precipitation, and a significant retreat in spring snow cover extent over western regions during the last few decades. These changes have affected streamflow, including the probability of high flow. In the eastern half of the United States a significant relationship is found between the frequency of heavy precipitation and high streamflow events both annually and during the months of maximum streamflow. Two factors contributed to finding such a relation: 1) the relatively small contribution of snowmelt to heavy runoff in the eastern United States (compared to the west), and 2) the presence of a sufficiently dense network of streamflow and precipitation gauges available for analysis. An increase of spring heavy precipitation events over the eastern United States indicates with high probability that during the twentieth century an increase of high streamflow conditions has also occurred. In the West, a statistically significant reduction of snow cover extent has complicated the relation between heavy precipitation and streamflow. Increases in peak stream flow have not been observed here, despite increases in heavy precipitation events, and less extensive snow cover is the likely cause.","Pavel Ya. Groisman; Richard W. Knight; Thomas R. Karl",10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0219:hpahsi>2.3.co;2,,2,"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society",,219-246,"Heavy precipitation and high streamflow in the contiguous United States: Trends in the twentieth century",82,2001,20922,3b99e834-0057-481e-a10c-813718fd9ef3,"Journal Article",/article/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082%3C0219:hpahsi%3E2.3.co;2
/reference/3bae2310-7572-47e2-99a4-9e4276764934,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3bae2310-7572-47e2-99a4-9e4276764934,3bae2310-7572-47e2-99a4-9e4276764934,,"Sweet, W.V.; R. Horton; R.E. Kopp; A.N. LeGrande; A. Romanou",10.7930/J0VM49F2,,,,,333-363,"Sea Level Rise",,2017,21570,3bae2310-7572-47e2-99a4-9e4276764934,"Book Section",/report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/sea-level-rise
/reference/3baf471f-751f-4d68-9227-4197fdbb6e5d,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3baf471f-751f-4d68-9227-4197fdbb6e5d,3baf471f-751f-4d68-9227-4197fdbb6e5d,,"Walthall, C.; Backlund, P.; Hatfield, J.; Lengnick, L.; Marshall, E.; Walsh, M.; Adkins, S.; Aillery, M.; Ainsworth, E.A.; Amman, C.; Anderson, C.J.; Bartomeus, I.; Baumgard, L.H.; Booker, F.; Bradley, B.; Blumenthal, D.M.; Bunce, J.; Burkey, K.; Dabney, S.M.; Delgado, J.A.; Dukes, J.; Funk, A.; Garrett, K.; Glenn, M.; Grantz, D.A.; Goodrich, D.; Hu, S.; Izaurralde, R.C.; Jones, R.A.C.; Kim, S-H.; Leaky, A.D.B.; Lewers, K.; Mader, T.L.; McClung, A.; Morgan, J.; Muth, D.J.; Nearing, M.; Oosterhuis, D.M.; Ort, D.; Parmesan, C.; Pettigrew, W.T.; Polley, W.; Rader, R.; Rice, C.; Rivington, M.; Rosskopf, E.; Salas, W.A.; Sollenberger, L.E.; Srygley, R.; Stockle, C.; Takle, E.S.; Timlin, D.; White, J.W.; Winfree, R.; Wright-Morton, L.; Ziska, L.H.",,,,,,186,"Climate Change and Agriculture in the United States: Effects and Adaptation",,2012,3329,3baf471f-751f-4d68-9227-4197fdbb6e5d,Report,/report/usda-techbul-1935
/reference/3d19f4a6-97fc-4217-ad50-ac4214e6191a,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3d19f4a6-97fc-4217-ad50-ac4214e6191a,3d19f4a6-97fc-4217-ad50-ac4214e6191a,,"Pelling, Mark",,,,,,,"Adaptation to Climate Change: From Resilience to Transformation",,2010,23634,3d19f4a6-97fc-4217-ad50-ac4214e6191a,Book,/book/adaptation-climate-change-resilience-transformation
/reference/3ee18cc7-c1bc-476a-a4a3-d58a41530ff7,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3ee18cc7-c1bc-476a-a4a3-d58a41530ff7,3ee18cc7-c1bc-476a-a4a3-d58a41530ff7,,"State of California,",,,,,,,"Groundwater Sustainability Plan Emergency Regulations",,2016,23639,3ee18cc7-c1bc-476a-a4a3-d58a41530ff7,"Web Page",/webpage/bf5b20c6-46da-477c-aca9-d0988af3dbf4
/reference/3f57831b-3c94-4ca9-863b-594a81f51b20,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3f57831b-3c94-4ca9-863b-594a81f51b20,3f57831b-3c94-4ca9-863b-594a81f51b20,,"Špitalar, Maruša; Gourley, Jonathan J.; Lutoff, Celine; Kirstetter, Pierre-Emmanuel; Brilly, Mitja; Carr, Nicholas",10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.07.004,0022-1694,,"Journal of Hydrology",,863-870,"Analysis of flash flood parameters and human impacts in the US from 2006 to 2012",519,2014,17805,3f57831b-3c94-4ca9-863b-594a81f51b20,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.07.004
/reference/3f959f26-3b66-4479-a100-1e788a0868b0,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3f959f26-3b66-4479-a100-1e788a0868b0,3f959f26-3b66-4479-a100-1e788a0868b0,,"Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Shaver, Tim M.; Lindquist, John L.; Shapiro, Charles A.; Elmore, Roger W.; Francis, Charles A.; Hergert, Gary W.",10.2134/agronj15.0086,,6,"Agronomy Journal",,2449-2474,"Cover crops and ecosystem services: Insights from studies in temperate soils",107,2015,23505,3f959f26-3b66-4479-a100-1e788a0868b0,"Journal Article",/article/10.2134/agronj15.0086
/reference/3fad3c04-c072-4c06-a0d8-08d29887cbc2,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3fad3c04-c072-4c06-a0d8-08d29887cbc2,3fad3c04-c072-4c06-a0d8-08d29887cbc2,,"Ruisi, Paolo; Saia, Sergio; Badagliacca, Giuseppe; Amato, Gaetano; Frenda, Alfonso Salvatore; Giambalvo, Dario; Di Miceli, Giuseppe",10.1016/j.fcr.2016.02.009,0378-4290,,"Field Crops Research","No tillage; Conventional tillage; NUE; NUpE; NUtE; N-fertilizer recovery; Mediterranean environment",51-58,"Long-term effects of no tillage treatment on soil N availability, N uptake, and 15N-fertilizer recovery of durum wheat differ in relation to crop sequence",189,2016,25537,3fad3c04-c072-4c06-a0d8-08d29887cbc2,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.02.009
/reference/3ffa3a19-6cc5-412d-a407-4db20a1d9a22,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3ffa3a19-6cc5-412d-a407-4db20a1d9a22,3ffa3a19-6cc5-412d-a407-4db20a1d9a22,,"Li, Xiaojie; Kang, Shaozhong; Zhang, Xiaotao; Li, Fusheng; Lu, Hongna",10.1016/j.agwat.2017.09.017,0378-3774,,"Agricultural Water Management","CO concentration; Deficit irrigation; Photosynthesis; Growth; Yield; Water productivity",71-83,"Deficit irrigation provokes more pronounced responses of maize photosynthesis and water productivity to elevated CO2",195,2018,25551,3ffa3a19-6cc5-412d-a407-4db20a1d9a22,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.09.017
/reference/40fd4927-7950-49c8-b022-31a8fbafa9d4,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/40fd4927-7950-49c8-b022-31a8fbafa9d4,40fd4927-7950-49c8-b022-31a8fbafa9d4,,"TRIP,",,,,,,43,"Rural Connections: Challenges and Opportunities in America's Heartland",,2015,23641,40fd4927-7950-49c8-b022-31a8fbafa9d4,Report,/report/rural-connections-challenges-opportunities-americas-heartland
/reference/415277c4-19d9-49a7-baed-31fa130e3617,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/415277c4-19d9-49a7-baed-31fa130e3617,415277c4-19d9-49a7-baed-31fa130e3617,,"Bracmort, Kelsi",,,,,,9,"Biochar: Examination of an Emerging Concept to Mitigate Climate Change",,2010,25585,415277c4-19d9-49a7-baed-31fa130e3617,Report,/report/biochar-examination-an-emerging-concept-mitigate-climate-change
/reference/430ab97c-0236-4d1e-8291-f3a2c1bce65a,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/430ab97c-0236-4d1e-8291-f3a2c1bce65a,430ab97c-0236-4d1e-8291-f3a2c1bce65a,,"Altieri, Andrew H.; Gedan, Keryn B.",10.1111/gcb.12754,1365-2486,4,"Global Change Biology","dissolved oxygen; ecosystem function; estuaries; eutrophication; hypoxia; ocean acidification; sea-level rise; temperature",1395-1406,"Climate change and dead zones",21,2015,20004,430ab97c-0236-4d1e-8291-f3a2c1bce65a,"Journal Article",/article/10.1111/gcb.12754
/reference/472c5e85-8a7d-47ed-bb31-5eb6ca7e3740,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/472c5e85-8a7d-47ed-bb31-5eb6ca7e3740,472c5e85-8a7d-47ed-bb31-5eb6ca7e3740,,"Dash, Soumya; Chakravarty, A. K.; Singh, Avtar; Upadhyay, Arpan; Singh, Manvendra; Yousuf Saleem",10.14202/vetworld.2016.235-244,,3,"Veterinary World",,235-244,"Effect of heat stress on reproductive performances of dairy cattle and buffaloes: A review",9,2016,23513,472c5e85-8a7d-47ed-bb31-5eb6ca7e3740,"Journal Article",/article/10.14202/vetworld.2016.235-244
/reference/476ae3ff-66e2-4cea-8e8f-6e9946356ed0,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/476ae3ff-66e2-4cea-8e8f-6e9946356ed0,476ae3ff-66e2-4cea-8e8f-6e9946356ed0,"How drought may change in the future are of great concern as global warming continues. In Part I of this study, we examine the uncertainties in estimating recent drought changes. Substantial uncertainties arise in the calculated Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) with Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiraiton (PDSI_pm) due to different choices of forcing data (especially for precipitation, solar radiation and wind speed) and the calibration period. After detailed analyses, we recommend using the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) or the Global Precipitation Climatology (GPCP) datasets over other existing land precipitation products due to poor data coverage in the other datasets since the 1990s. We also recommend not to include the years after 1980 in the PDSI calibration period to avoid including the anthropogenic climate change as part of the natural variability used for calibration. Consistent with reported declines in pan evaporation, our calculated potential evapotranspiration (PET) shows negative or small trends since 1950 over the United States, China, and other regions, and no global PET trends from 1950 to 1990. Updated precipitation and streamflow data and the self-calibrated PDSI_pm all show consistent drying during 1950–2012 over most Africa, East and South Asia, southern Europe, eastern Australia, and many parts of the Americas. While these regional drying trends resulted primarily from precipitation changes related to multi-decadal oscillations in Pacific sea surface temperatures, rapid surface warming and associated increases in surface vapor pressure deficit since the 1980s have become an increasingly important cause of widespread drying over land.","Dai, Aiguo; Zhao, Tianbao",10.1007/s10584-016-1705-2,1573-1480,3,"Climatic Change",,519-533,"Uncertainties in historical changes and future projections of drought. Part I: estimates of historical drought changes",144,2017,23512,476ae3ff-66e2-4cea-8e8f-6e9946356ed0,"Journal Article",/article/10.1007/s10584-016-1705-2
/reference/47bd7d77-45fb-4ebe-9ea6-a7b3ce8077e7,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/47bd7d77-45fb-4ebe-9ea6-a7b3ce8077e7,47bd7d77-45fb-4ebe-9ea6-a7b3ce8077e7,,"Wei, Xiaorong; Shao, Mingan; Gale, William; Li, Linhai",10.1038/srep04062,,,"Scientific Reports",,4062,"Global pattern of soil carbon losses due to the conversion of forests to agricultural land",4,2014,25532,47bd7d77-45fb-4ebe-9ea6-a7b3ce8077e7,"Journal Article",/article/10.1038/srep04062
/reference/483ba799-c3e0-4852-9fc0-85cf5632efd3,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/483ba799-c3e0-4852-9fc0-85cf5632efd3,483ba799-c3e0-4852-9fc0-85cf5632efd3,,"Franzluebbers, A. J.",10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00027-2,0167-1987,2,"Soil and Tillage Research","Bulk density; Conservation tillage; Macroaggregation; Mean-weight diameter; Soil organic carbon; Soil quality",197-205,"Water infiltration and soil structure related to organic matter and its stratification with depth",66,2002,23520,483ba799-c3e0-4852-9fc0-85cf5632efd3,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00027-2
/reference/490db94e-a36c-4f8c-8c6a-a006c2177aa1,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/490db94e-a36c-4f8c-8c6a-a006c2177aa1,490db94e-a36c-4f8c-8c6a-a006c2177aa1,,"Abberton, Michael; Batley, Jacqueline; Bentley, Alison; Bryant, John; Cai, Hongwei; Cockram, James; Costa de Oliveira, Antonio; Cseke, Leland J.; Dempewolf, Hannes; De Pace, Ciro; Edwards, David; Gepts, Paul; Greenland, Andy; Hall, Anthony E.; Henry, Robert; Hori, Kiyosumi; Howe, Glenn Thomas; Hughes, Stephen; Humphreys, Mike; Lightfoot, David; Marshall, Athole; Mayes, Sean; Nguyen, Henry T.; Ogbonnaya, Francis C.; Ortiz, Rodomiro; Paterson, Andrew H.; Tuberosa, Roberto; Valliyodan, Babu; Varshney, Rajeev K.; Yano, Masahiro",10.1111/pbi.12467,1467-7652,4,"Plant Biotechnology Journal","climate change; food security; sustainability",1095-1098,"Global agricultural intensification during climate change: A role for genomics",14,2016,23493,490db94e-a36c-4f8c-8c6a-a006c2177aa1,"Journal Article",/article/10.1111/pbi.12467
/reference/492b3c23-ec83-4247-8c2d-38aadea0a560,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/492b3c23-ec83-4247-8c2d-38aadea0a560,492b3c23-ec83-4247-8c2d-38aadea0a560,,"Rabalais, N. N.; Díaz, R. J.; Levin, L. A.; Turner, R. E.; Gilbert, D.; Zhang, J.",10.5194/bg-7-585-2010,1726-4189,2,Biogeosciences,,585-619,"Dynamics and distribution of natural and human-caused hypoxia",7,2010,20038,492b3c23-ec83-4247-8c2d-38aadea0a560,"Journal Article",/article/10.5194/bg-7-585-2010
/reference/49d89afb-f314-4386-8d38-213e66de8cad,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/49d89afb-f314-4386-8d38-213e66de8cad,49d89afb-f314-4386-8d38-213e66de8cad,"Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, higher temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and other climate change impacts have already begun to affect US agriculture and forestry, with impacts expected to become more substantial in the future. There have been numerous studies of climate change impacts on agriculture or forestry, but relatively little research examining the long-term net impacts of a stabilization scenario relative to a case with unabated climate change. We provide an analysis of the potential benefits of global climate change mitigation for US agriculture and forestry through 2100, accounting for landowner decisions regarding land use, crop mix, and management practices. The analytic approach involves a combination of climate models, a crop process model (EPIC), a dynamic vegetation model used for forests (MC1), and an economic model of the US forestry and agricultural sector (FASOM-GHG). We find substantial impacts on productivity, commodity markets, and consumer and producer welfare for the stabilization scenario relative to unabated climate change, though the magnitude and direction of impacts vary across regions and commodities. Although there is variability in welfare impacts across climate simulations, we find positive net benefits from stabilization in all cases, with cumulative impacts ranging from $32.7 billion to $54.5 billion over the period 2015–2100. Our estimates contribute to the literature on potential benefits of GHG mitigation and can help inform policy decisions weighing alternative mitigation and adaptation actions.","Beach, Robert H. ; Yongxia Cai; Allison Thomson; Xuesong Zhang; Russell Jones; Bruce A. McCarl; Allison Crimmins; Jeremy Martinich; Jefferson Cole; Sara Ohrel; Benjamin DeAngelo; James McFarland; Kenneth Strzepek; Brent Boehlert",10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/095004,1748-9326,9,"Environmental Research Letters",,095004,"Climate change impacts on US agriculture and forestry: Benefits of global climate stabilization",10,2015,23500,49d89afb-f314-4386-8d38-213e66de8cad,"Journal Article",/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/095004
/reference/4be8c268-ffd6-41a5-88f0-71431a6dc0a0,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4be8c268-ffd6-41a5-88f0-71431a6dc0a0,4be8c268-ffd6-41a5-88f0-71431a6dc0a0,,"Bianchi, T. S.; DiMarco, S. F.; Cowan, J. H.; Hetland, R. D.; Chapman, P.; Day, J. W.; Allison, M. A.",10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.047,0048-9697,7,"Science of The Total Environment","Hypoxia; Gulf of Mexico; Management policy",1471-1484,"The science of hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: A review",408,2010,25583,4be8c268-ffd6-41a5-88f0-71431a6dc0a0,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.047
/reference/4c23321e-bfed-4ea2-b451-1c73c0c5163f,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4c23321e-bfed-4ea2-b451-1c73c0c5163f,4c23321e-bfed-4ea2-b451-1c73c0c5163f,,"Malcolm, Scott; Elizabeth Marshall; Paul Heisey; Michael Livingston",,,February,,,,"Adaptation can help U.S. crop producers confront climate change",,2013,23628,4c23321e-bfed-4ea2-b451-1c73c0c5163f,"Electronic Article",/generic/6b404ea6-0db2-44eb-a185-45b0600e4824
/reference/4d4ae7e2-bd4f-429c-a696-e60e0156d95f,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4d4ae7e2-bd4f-429c-a696-e60e0156d95f,4d4ae7e2-bd4f-429c-a696-e60e0156d95f,"Seasonal transitions from winter to spring impact a wide variety of ecological and physical systems. While the effects of early springs across North America are widely documented, changes in their frequency and likelihood under the combined influences of climate change and natural variability are poorly understood. Extremely early springs, such as March 2012, can lead to severe economical losses and agricultural damage when these are followed by hard freeze events. Here we use the new Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble project and Extended Spring Indices to simulate historical and future spring onsets across the United States and in the particular the Great Lakes region. We found a marked increase in the frequency of March 2012-like springs by midcentury in addition to an overall trend towards earlier spring onsets, which nearly doubles that of observational records. However, changes in the date of last freeze do not occur at the same rate, therefore, causing a potential increase in the threat of plant tissue damage. Although large-scale climate modes, such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, have previously dominated decadal to multidecadal spring onset trends, our results indicate a decreased role in natural climate variability and hence a greater forced response by the end of the century for modulating trends. Without a major reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, our study suggests that years like 2012 in the US could become normal by mid-century.","Labe, Zachary; Ault, Toby; Zurita-Milla, Raul",10.1007/s00382-016-3313-2,1432-0894,11,"Climate Dynamics",,3949-3966,"Identifying anomalously early spring onsets in the CESM large ensemble project",48,2017,23401,4d4ae7e2-bd4f-429c-a696-e60e0156d95f,"Journal Article",/article/10.1007/s00382-016-3313-2
/reference/4f84b7cf-4ef4-4a89-a857-188f9dce48f5,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4f84b7cf-4ef4-4a89-a857-188f9dce48f5,4f84b7cf-4ef4-4a89-a857-188f9dce48f5,,"Wallander, Steven; Marcel Aillery; Daniel Hellerstein; Michael S. Hand",,,,,,68,"The Role of Conservation Programs in Drought Risk Adaptation",,2013,23646,4f84b7cf-4ef4-4a89-a857-188f9dce48f5,Report,/report/role-conservation-programs-drought-risk-adaptation
/reference/4fe32146-a968-4dde-8a2b-df2aa2eabdd4,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4fe32146-a968-4dde-8a2b-df2aa2eabdd4,4fe32146-a968-4dde-8a2b-df2aa2eabdd4,,"Smith, Adam B.; Katz, Richard W.",10.1007/s11069-013-0566-5,1573-0840,2,"Natural Hazards","Natural disasters; Losses; Statistics of extreme events; Data sources",387-410,"US billion-dollar weather and climate disasters: Data sources, trends, accuracy and biases",67,2013,19063,4fe32146-a968-4dde-8a2b-df2aa2eabdd4,"Journal Article",/article/10.1007/s11069-013-0566-5
/reference/50f5fa01-b559-4c5b-a9b1-4ab35d132a64,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/50f5fa01-b559-4c5b-a9b1-4ab35d132a64,50f5fa01-b559-4c5b-a9b1-4ab35d132a64,,"Brown, Joel R.; Herrick, Jeffrey E.",10.2489/jswc.71.3.55A,,3,"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation",,55A-60A,"Making soil health a part of rangeland management",71,2016,23506,50f5fa01-b559-4c5b-a9b1-4ab35d132a64,"Journal Article",/article/10.2489/jswc.71.3.55A
/reference/522099e6-74b9-4e20-9b34-c2cba812d955,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/522099e6-74b9-4e20-9b34-c2cba812d955,522099e6-74b9-4e20-9b34-c2cba812d955,,"Hatfield, Jerry; Christopher Swanston; Maria Janowiak ; Rachel F. Steele; Jon Hempel; Juliet Bochicchio; Wendy Hall; Marlene Cole; Sharon Hestvik; John Whitaker",,,,,,55,"USDA Midwest and Northern Forests Regional Climate Hub: Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies",,2015,23616,522099e6-74b9-4e20-9b34-c2cba812d955,Report,/report/usda-midwest-northern-forests-regional-climate-hub-assessment-climate-change-vulnerability-adaptation-mitigation-strategies
/reference/523e9ade-39f5-47f1-b89a-d2cde90af945,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/523e9ade-39f5-47f1-b89a-d2cde90af945,523e9ade-39f5-47f1-b89a-d2cde90af945,"The management of livestock breeds and threatened natural population share common challenges, including small effective population sizes, high risk of inbreeding, and the potential benefits and costs associated with mixing disparate gene pools. Here we consider what has been learnt about these issues, the ways in which the knowledge gained from one area might be applied to the other, and the potential of genomics to provide new insights. Although there are key differences stemming from the importance of artificial versus natural selection and the decreased level of environmental heterogeneity experienced by many livestock populations, we suspect that information from genetic rescue in natural populations could be usefully applied to livestock. This includes an increased emphasis on maintaining substantial population sizes at the expense of genetic uniqueness in ensuring future adaptability, and on emphasizing the way that environmental changes can influence the relative fitness of deleterious alleles and genotypes in small populations. We also suspect that information gained from cross-breeding and the maintenance of unique breeds will be increasingly important for the preservation of genetic variation in small natural populations. In particular, selected genes identified in domestic populations provide genetic markers for exploring adaptive evolution in threatened natural populations. Genomic technologies in the two disciplines will be important in the future in realizing genetic gains in livestock and maximizing adaptive capacity in wildlife, and particularly in understanding how parts of the genome may respond differently when exposed to population processes and selection.","Kristensen, Torsten N.; Hoffmann, Ary A.; Pertoldi, Cino; Stronen, Astrid V.",10.3389/fgene.2015.00038,1664-8021,38,"Frontiers in Genetics","effective population size,Inbreeding,Indigenous breeds,Genetic rescue,Genomics,selection",,"What can livestock breeders learn from conservation genetics and vice versa?",6,2015,23550,523e9ade-39f5-47f1-b89a-d2cde90af945,"Journal Article",/article/10.3389/fgene.2015.00038
/reference/52759313-cbc2-417d-9cfc-53500eb938fc,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/52759313-cbc2-417d-9cfc-53500eb938fc,52759313-cbc2-417d-9cfc-53500eb938fc,,"Moran, Tara; Cravens, Amanda",,,,,,30,"California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act of 2014: Recommendations for Preventing and Resolving Groundwater Conflicts",,2015,25593,52759313-cbc2-417d-9cfc-53500eb938fc,Report,/report/californias-sustainable-groundwater-management-act-2014-recommendations-preventing-resolving-groundwater-conflicts
/reference/53448a8f-22bd-4111-8212-b2204e4d4864,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/53448a8f-22bd-4111-8212-b2204e4d4864,53448a8f-22bd-4111-8212-b2204e4d4864,"The probability that summer temperatures in the future will exceed the hottest on record during 1920–2014 is projected to increase at all land locations with global warming. Within the BRACE project framework we investigate the sensitivity of this projected change in probability to the choice of emissions scenario using two large ensembles of simulations with the Community Earth System Model. The large ensemble size allows for a robust assessment of the probability of record-breaking temperatures. Globally, the probability that any summer during the period 2061–2081 will be warmer than the hottest on record is 80 % for RCP 8.5 and 41 % for RCP 4.5. Hence, mitigation can reduce the risk of record-breaking temperatures by 39 %. The potential for risk reduction is greatest for some of the most populated regions of the globe. In Europe, for example, a potential risk reduction of over 50 % is projected. Model biases and future changes in temperature variance have only minor effects on the results, as their contribution stays well below 10 % for almost all locations.","Lehner, Flavio; Deser, Clara; Sanderson, Benjamin M.",10.1007/s10584-016-1616-2,1573-1480,3-4,"Climatic Change",,363-375,"Future risk of record-breaking summer temperatures and its mitigation",146,2018,23553,53448a8f-22bd-4111-8212-b2204e4d4864,"Journal Article",/article/10.1007/s10584-016-1616-2
/reference/5425c454-7ae0-4546-8c7d-abb7d9678ba3,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5425c454-7ae0-4546-8c7d-abb7d9678ba3,5425c454-7ae0-4546-8c7d-abb7d9678ba3,"Summer fires frequently rage across Mediterranean Europe, often intensified by high temperatures and droughts. According to the state-of-the-art regional fire risk projections, in forthcoming decades climate effects are expected to become stronger and possibly overcome fire prevention efforts. However, significant uncertainties exist and the direct effect of climate change in regulating fuel moisture (e.g. warmer conditions increasing fuel dryness) could be counterbalanced by the indirect effects on fuel structure (e.g. warmer conditions limiting fuel amount), affecting the transition between climate-driven and fuel-limited fire regimes as temperatures increase. Here we analyse and model the impact of coincident drought and antecedent wet conditions (proxy for the climatic factor influencing total fuel and fine fuel structure) on the summer Burned Area (BA) across all eco-regions in Mediterranean Europe. This approach allows BA to be linked to the key drivers of fire in the region. We show a statistically significant relationship between fire and same-summer droughts in most regions, while antecedent climate conditions play a relatively minor role, except in few specific eco-regions. The presented models for individual eco-regions provide insights on the impacts of climate variability on BA, and appear to be promising for developing a seasonal forecast system supporting fire management strategies.","Turco, Marco; von Hardenberg, Jost; AghaKouchak, Amir; Llasat, Maria Carmen; Provenzale, Antonello; Trigo, Ricardo M.",10.1038/s41598-017-00116-9,2045-2322,1,"Scientific Reports",,81,"On the key role of droughts in the dynamics of summer fires in Mediterranean Europe",7,2017,23586,5425c454-7ae0-4546-8c7d-abb7d9678ba3,"Journal Article",/article/10.1038/s41598-017-00116-9
/reference/57258287-f6f5-4e6e-802b-19f62441ebea,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/57258287-f6f5-4e6e-802b-19f62441ebea,57258287-f6f5-4e6e-802b-19f62441ebea,,"USDA Forest Service,; DOI Office of Wildland Fire,",,,,,,79,"2014 Quadrennial Fire Review: Final Report",,2015,26124,57258287-f6f5-4e6e-802b-19f62441ebea,Report,/report/2014-quadrennial-fire-review-final-report
/reference/58255e99-079b-4fe7-a8cb-72a77e348daf,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/58255e99-079b-4fe7-a8cb-72a77e348daf,58255e99-079b-4fe7-a8cb-72a77e348daf,"In the United States, climate change is likely to increase average daily temperatures and the frequency of heat waves, which can reduce meat and milk production in animals. Methods that livestock producers use to mitigate thermal stress—including modifications to animal management or housing—tend to increase production costs. We use operation-level economic data coupled with finely-scaled climate data to estimate how the local thermal environment affects the technical efficiency of dairies across the United States. We then use this information to estimate the possible decline in milk production in 2030 resulting from climate change-induced heat stress under the simplifying assumptions that the production technology, location of production, and other factors are held constant. For four climate model scenarios, the results indicate modest heat-stress-related production declines by 2030, with the largest declines occurring in the southern states.","Key, Nigel; Sneeringer, Stacy",10.1093/ajae/aau002,0002-9092,4,"American Journal of Agricultural Economics",,1136-1156,"Potential effects of climate change on the productivity of U.S. dairies",96,2014,23547,58255e99-079b-4fe7-a8cb-72a77e348daf,"Journal Article",/article/10.1093/ajae/aau002
/reference/5a980b1c-524c-4a24-9c35-55974a05a0df,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5a980b1c-524c-4a24-9c35-55974a05a0df,5a980b1c-524c-4a24-9c35-55974a05a0df,,"ERS,",,,,,,6,"Rural Education At A Glance, 2017 Edition",,2017,23606,5a980b1c-524c-4a24-9c35-55974a05a0df,Report,/report/rural-education-at-glance-2017-edition
/reference/5aeba9d1-c405-45a2-b259-bd95dcf17a05,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5aeba9d1-c405-45a2-b259-bd95dcf17a05,5aeba9d1-c405-45a2-b259-bd95dcf17a05,,"Young, Stephen L.",10.1002/bes2.1315,2327-6096,2,"Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America",,165-172,"As climate shifts, so do pests: A national forum and assessment",98,2017,23592,5aeba9d1-c405-45a2-b259-bd95dcf17a05,"Journal Article",/article/10.1002/bes2.1315
/reference/5b49a288-92b6-4a89-85d3-8170c42a2a68,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5b49a288-92b6-4a89-85d3-8170c42a2a68,5b49a288-92b6-4a89-85d3-8170c42a2a68,,"Malcolm, Scott
Marshall, Elizabeth
Aillery, Marcel
Heisey, Paul
Livingston, Michael
Day-Rubenstein, Kelly ",10.2139/ssrn.2112045,,,,,,"Agricultural Adaptation to a Changing Climate: Economic and Environmental Implications Vary by U.S. Region. USDA-ERS Economic Research Report 136",,2012,1861,5b49a288-92b6-4a89-85d3-8170c42a2a68,Report,/report/ers-economicresreport-136
/reference/5cbf6744-fd90-4afb-8ba4-90979ee029ce,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5cbf6744-fd90-4afb-8ba4-90979ee029ce,5cbf6744-fd90-4afb-8ba4-90979ee029ce,"Climate variability and trends affect global crop yields and are characterized as highly dependent on location, crop type, and irrigation. U.S. Great Plains, due to its significance in national food production, evident climate variability, and extensive irrigation is an ideal region of investigation for climate impacts on food production. This paper evaluates climate impacts on maize, sorghum, and soybean yields and effect of irrigation for individual counties in this region by employing extensive crop yield and climate datasets from 1968–2013. Variability in crop yields was a quarter of the regional average yields, with a quarter of this variability explained by climate variability, and temperature and precipitation explained these in singularity or combination at different locations. Observed temperature trend was beneficial for maize yields, but detrimental for sorghum and soybean yields, whereas observed precipitation trend was beneficial for all three crops. Irrigated yields demonstrated increased robustness and an effective mitigation strategy against climate impacts than their non-irrigated counterparts by a considerable fraction. The information, data, and maps provided can serve as an assessment guide for planners, managers, and policy- and decision makers to prioritize agricultural resilience efforts and resource allocation or re-allocation in the regions that exhibit risk from climate variability.","Kukal, Meetpal S.; Irmak, Suat",10.1038/s41598-018-21848-2,2045-2322,1,"Scientific Reports",,3450,"Climate-driven crop yield and yield variability and climate change impacts on the U.S. Great Plains agricultural production",8,2018,25552,5cbf6744-fd90-4afb-8ba4-90979ee029ce,"Journal Article",/article/10.1038/s41598-018-21848-2
/reference/5d588782-6141-4367-a0ff-3874ef85b4b6,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5d588782-6141-4367-a0ff-3874ef85b4b6,5d588782-6141-4367-a0ff-3874ef85b4b6,"Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerdardii Vitman) are potential bioenergy feedstocks. Perennial grasses managed as bioenergy feedstock require nitrogenous inputs, which can cause N2O emission and, thereby, alter their effectiveness to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Few studies have measured N2O emission from perennial grasses managed as feedstock. The objectives of this study were to compare N2O flux and soil organic C (SOC) storage between (i) grasses with legume companion crops or with nitrogenous fertilizer, (ii) two grass harvest times (autumn and spring), and (iii) perennial systems and corn (Zea maize L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (C–S) rotation, all without tillage. Nitrous oxide flux was measured from May 2009 to May 2012, and SOC was measured in 2000, 2006, and 2011. Big bluestem–clover (Dalea) and switchgrass–clover treatments had dramatically reduced annual N2O emissions and yield-scaled emissions compared with the respective grasses with urea fertilizer. Cumulative N2O emission was 14 to 40% greater in the big bluestem-spring and switchgrass-spring treatments compared with respective autumn-harvested treatments. The average cumulative emission in fertilized big bluestem and switchgrass treatments (18.5 kg N2O-N ha-1) exceeded that of the C–S rotation (12.7 kg N2O-N ha-1). The emission factor (EF) for fertilized grasses averaged 2.5%, corn averaged 1.05%, and C–S rotation averaged 1.9%. The SOC storage by perennial grasses was limited to 0 to 5 cm and thus may not be adequate to offset N2O emission. Nitrogen management refinement is recommended for herbaceous perennials to optimize biomass production and minimize N2O emission.","Johnson, Jane M. F.; Barbour, Nancy W.",10.2136/sssaj2015.12.0436,,4,"Soil Science Society of America Journal",,1057-1070,"Nitrous oxide emission and soil carbon sequestration from herbaceous perennial biofuel feedstocks",80,2016,25556,5d588782-6141-4367-a0ff-3874ef85b4b6,"Journal Article",/article/10.2136/sssaj2015.12.0436
/reference/5d909426-fab3-4dc8-af56-e5fe414ca97a,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5d909426-fab3-4dc8-af56-e5fe414ca97a,5d909426-fab3-4dc8-af56-e5fe414ca97a,"In examining intense precipitation over the central United States, the authors consider only days with precipitation when the daily total is above 12.7 mm and focus only on these days and multiday events constructed from such consecutive precipitation days. Analyses show that over the central United States, a statistically significant redistribution in the spectra of intense precipitation days/events during the past decades has occurred. Moderately heavy precipitation events (within a 12.7–25.4 mm day−1 range) became less frequent compared to days and events with precipitation totals above 25.4 mm. During the past 31 yr (compared to the 1948–78 period), significant increases occurred in the frequency of “very heavy” (the daily rain events above 76.2 mm) and extreme precipitation events (defined as daily and multiday rain events with totals above 154.9 mm or 6 in.), with up to 40% increases in the frequency of days and multiday extreme rain events. Tropical cyclones associated with extreme precipitation do not significantly contribute to the changes reported in this study. With time, the internal precipitation structure (e.g., mean and maximum hourly precipitation rates within each preselected range of daily or multiday event totals) did not noticeably change. Several possible causes of observed changes in intense precipitation over the central United States are discussed and/or tested.","Groisman, P.Y.
Knight, R.W.
Karl, T.R.",10.1175/JHM-D-11-039.1,1525-755X,,"Journal of Hydrometeorology","North America, ; Hydrologic cycle, ; Extreme events, ; Precipitation, ; In situ observations",47-66,"Changes in intense precipitation over the central United States",13,2012,211,5d909426-fab3-4dc8-af56-e5fe414ca97a,"Journal Article",/article/10.1175/JHM-D-11-039.1