---
- attrs:
    Author: 'Garner, J. B.; Douglas, M. L.; Williams, S. R. O.; Wales, W. J.; Marett, L. C.; Nguyen, T. T. T.; Reich, C. M.; Hayes, B. J.'
    DOI: 10.1038/srep34114
    Date: 09/29/online
    Journal: Scientific Reports
    Pages: 34114
    Publisher: The Author(s)
    Title: Genomic selection improves heat tolerance in dairy cattle
    Type of Article: Article
    Volume: 6
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 23521
    _uuid: 8745c974-334a-45d8-add8-31d2424d1dd2
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1038/srep34114
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8745c974-334a-45d8-add8-31d2424d1dd2.yaml
  identifier: 8745c974-334a-45d8-add8-31d2424d1dd2
  uri: /reference/8745c974-334a-45d8-add8-31d2424d1dd2
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Dedicated energy crops and crop residues will meet herbaceous feedstock demands for the new bioeconomy in the Central and Eastern USA. Perennial warm-season grasses and corn stover are well-suited to the eastern half of the USA and provide opportunities for expanding agricultural operations in the region. A suite of warm-season grasses and associated management practices have been developed by researchers from the Agricultural Research Service of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and collaborators associated with USDA Regional Biomass Research Centers. Second generation biofuel feedstocks provide an opportunity to increase the production of transportation fuels from recently fixed plant carbon rather than from fossil fuels. Although there is no “one-size-fits-all” bioenergy feedstock, crop residues like corn (Zea mays L.) stover are the most readily available bioenergy feedstocks. However, on marginally productive cropland, perennial grasses provide a feedstock supply while enhancing ecosystem services. Twenty-five years of research has demonstrated that perennial grasses like switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) are profitable and environmentally sustainable on marginally productive cropland in the western Corn Belt and Southeastern USA.'
    Author: 'Mitchell, R. B.; Schmer, M. R.; Anderson, W. F.; Jin, V.; Balkcom, K. S.; Kiniry, J.; Coffin, A.; White, P.'
    DOI: 10.1007/s12155-016-9734-2
    Date: June 01
    ISSN: 1939-1242
    Issue: 2
    Journal: BioEnergy Research
    Pages: 384-398
    Title: Dedicated energy crops and crop residues for bioenergy feedstocks in the central and eastern USA
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 9
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 25546
    _uuid: 89491e17-4e39-4437-a489-e2020c2411bd
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s12155-016-9734-2
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/89491e17-4e39-4437-a489-e2020c2411bd.yaml
  identifier: 89491e17-4e39-4437-a489-e2020c2411bd
  uri: /reference/89491e17-4e39-4437-a489-e2020c2411bd
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'California is currently in the midst of a record-setting drought. The drought began in 2012 and now includes the lowest calendar-year and 12-mo precipitation, the highest annual temperature, and the most extreme drought indicators on record. The extremely warm and dry conditions have led to acute water shortages, groundwater overdraft, critically low streamflow, and enhanced wildfire risk. Analyzing historical climate observations from California, we find that precipitation deficits in California were more than twice as likely to yield drought years if they occurred when conditions were warm. We find that although there has not been a substantial change in the probability of either negative or moderately negative precipitation anomalies in recent decades, the occurrence of drought years has been greater in the past two decades than in the preceding century. In addition, the probability that precipitation deficits co-occur with warm conditions and the probability that precipitation deficits produce drought have both increased. Climate model experiments with and without anthropogenic forcings reveal that human activities have increased the probability that dry precipitation years are also warm. Further, a large ensemble of climate model realizations reveals that additional global warming over the next few decades is very likely to create ∼100% probability that any annual-scale dry period is also extremely warm. We therefore conclude that anthropogenic warming is increasing the probability of co-occurring warm–dry conditions like those that have created the acute human and ecosystem impacts associated with the “exceptional” 2012–2014 drought in California.'
    Author: 'Diffenbaugh, Noah S.; Swain, Daniel L.; Touma, Danielle'
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422385112
    Date: 'March 31, 2015'
    Issue: 13
    Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    Pages: 3931-3936
    Title: Anthropogenic warming has increased drought risk in California
    Volume: 112
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 19545
    _uuid: 89e08a41-6091-45fa-a92e-6168a90a8151
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1422385112
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/89e08a41-6091-45fa-a92e-6168a90a8151.yaml
  identifier: 89e08a41-6091-45fa-a92e-6168a90a8151
  uri: /reference/89e08a41-6091-45fa-a92e-6168a90a8151
- attrs:
    Author: 'Araya, A.; Kisekka, I.; Lin, X.; Vara Prasad, P. V.; Gowda, P. H.; Rice, C.; Andales, A.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2017.08.001
    Date: 2017/01/01/
    ISSN: 2212-0963
    Journal: Climate Risk Management
    Keywords: Maize; Irrigation; RCP; GCM; DSSAT-CSM; Climate change
    Pages: 139-154
    Title: Evaluating the impact of future climate change on irrigated maize production in Kansas
    Volume: 17
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 23496
    _uuid: 89e6d677-42f9-4661-b33c-3f6235ef6f1a
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.crm.2017.08.001
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/89e6d677-42f9-4661-b33c-3f6235ef6f1a.yaml
  identifier: 89e6d677-42f9-4661-b33c-3f6235ef6f1a
  uri: /reference/89e6d677-42f9-4661-b33c-3f6235ef6f1a
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Six Bos taurus (Hereford) steers (body weight 324 ± 22 kg) were used in a 45-day study with a replicated 3 × 3 Latin-square design. Three treatments [ad libitum feeding (ADLIB); limit feeding, 85% of ad libitum (LIMIT); bunk management feeding where steers were only given access to feed from 1600 to 0800 hours the following day (BUNK)] were imposed over 3 periods, with 2 steers assigned to each treatment in each period. Cattle were managed in a temperature-controlled metabolism unit and were exposed to both thermoneutral (17.7°C–26.1°C) and hot (16.7°C–32.9°C) environmental conditions. By design, during the thermoneutral period, the ADLIB cattle displayed greater intake (P < 0.05) than the LIMIT group, with the BUNK group being intermediate. However, during the hot period, both the LIMIT and BUNK treatment groups increased feed intake 4–5%, whereas feed intake of the ADLIB treatment group declined nearly 2%. During both periods respiration rate (RR, breath/min) followed the same pattern that was observed for feed intake, with the greatest (P < 0.05) RR found in the ADLIB treatment group (81.09 and 109.55, thermoneutral and hot, respectively) and lowest (P < 0.05) RR in the LIMIT treatment group (74.47 and 102.76, thermoneutral and hot, respectively). Rectal temperature (RT) did not differ among treatments during the thermoneutral period or the first hot day, although during the thermoneutral period the ADLIB treatment group did tend to display a lower RT, possibly as a result of other physiological processes (pulse rate and RR) aiding to keep RT lower. During the hot period, differences in RT were found on Day 5, with the LIMIT cattle having lower (P < 0.10) RT (38.92°C) than the ADLIB (39.18°C) cattle, with BUNK cattle RT (39.14°C) being intermediate. However, when hourly data were examined, the ADLIB cattle had greater (P < 0.05) RT than the BUNK and LIMIT at 1800 hours and greater RT (P < 0.05) than the LIMIT group at 1400, 1500, and 1600 hours. Clearly, a change in diurnal RT pattern was obtained by using the LIMIT and BUNK feeding regimen. Both of these groups displayed a peak RT during the hot conditions, between 2100 and 2200 hours, whereas the ADLIB group displayed a peak RT between 1400 and 1500 hours, a time very close to when peak climatic stress occurs.Based on these results it is apparent that feedlot managers could alleviate the effects of adverse hot weather on cattle by utilising either a limit-feeding regimen or altering bunk management practices to prevent feed from being consumed several hours prior to the hottest portion of the day.'
    Author: 'Holt, Simone M.; Gaughan, John. B.; Mader, Terry L.'
    DOI: 10.1071/AR03261
    Issue: 7
    Journal: Australian Journal of Agricultural Research
    Keywords: 'beef cattle, heat stress, feedlot, feeding regimen.'
    Pages: 719-725
    Title: Feeding strategies for grain-fed cattle in a hot environment
    Volume: 55
    Year: 2004
    _record_number: 23533
    _uuid: 8ae42581-294f-4427-b071-37ddaf97e41a
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1071/AR03261
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8ae42581-294f-4427-b071-37ddaf97e41a.yaml
  identifier: 8ae42581-294f-4427-b071-37ddaf97e41a
  uri: /reference/8ae42581-294f-4427-b071-37ddaf97e41a
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Heat stress has a significant impact on all livestock and poultry species causing economic losses and animal well-being concerns. Providing shade is one heat-abatement strategy that has been studied for years. Material selected to provide shade for animals greatly influences the overall stress reduction provided by shade. A study was conducted to quantify both the environment and animal response, when cattle had no shade access during summertime exposure or were given access to shade provided by three different materials. A total of 32 Black Angus heifers were assigned to one of the four treatment pens according to weight (eight animals per pen). Each pen was assigned a shade treatment: No Shade, Snow Fence, 60% Aluminet Shade Cloth and 100% Shade Cloth. In the shaded treatment pens, the shade structure covered ~40% of the pen (7.5 m2/animal). Animals were moved to a different treatment every 2 weeks in a 4×4 Latin square design to ensure each treatment was applied to each group of animals. Both environmental parameters and physiological responses were measured during the experiment. Environmental parameters included dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, black globe temperature (BGT), solar radiation (SR) and feedlot surface temperature. Animal response measurements included manual respiration rate (RRm), electronic respiration rate (RRe), vaginal temperature (body temperature (BT)), complete blood count (CBC) and plasma cortisol. The environmental data demonstrated changes proportional to the quality of shade offered. However, the animal responses did not follow this same trend. Some of the data suggest that any amount of shade was beneficial to the animals. However, Snow Fence may not offer adequate protection to reduce BT. For some of the parameters (BT, CBC and cortisol), 60% Aluminet and 100% Shade Cloth offers similar protection. The 60% Aluminet lowered RRe the most during extreme conditions. When considering all parameters, environmental and physiological, 60% Aluminet Shade Cloth offered reductions of BGT, SR, feedlot surface temperature and the best (or equal to the best) overall protection for the animals (RRe, RRm, BT, blood parameters).'
    Author: 'Brown-Brandl, T. M.; Chitko-McKown, C. G.; Eigenberg, R. A.; Mayer, J. J.; Welsh, T. H.; Davis, J. D.; Purswell, J. L.'
    DOI: 10.1017/S1751731116002664
    Database Provider: Cambridge University Press
    EPub Date: 12/23
    ISSN: 1751-7311
    Issue: 8
    Journal: Animal
    Keywords: body temperature; cattle; heat stress; respiration rate; shade
    Name of Database: Cambridge Core
    Pages: 1344-1353
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press
    Title: Physiological responses of feedlot heifers provided access to different levels of shade
    Volume: 11
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 23507
    _uuid: 8df33787-ee0c-42f1-aec2-b095f3895bf3
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1017/S1751731116002664
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8df33787-ee0c-42f1-aec2-b095f3895bf3.yaml
  identifier: 8df33787-ee0c-42f1-aec2-b095f3895bf3
  uri: /reference/8df33787-ee0c-42f1-aec2-b095f3895bf3
- attrs:
    Author: 'Mader, Terry L.; Griffin, Dee'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.03.006
    ISSN: 0749-0720
    Issue: 2
    Journal: 'Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice'
    Pages: 247-258
    Publisher: Elsevier
    Title: Management of cattle exposed to adverse environmental conditions
    Volume: 31
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 23556
    _uuid: 8e18ab12-1505-4f37-83fd-6da142422a43
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.03.006
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8e18ab12-1505-4f37-83fd-6da142422a43.yaml
  identifier: 8e18ab12-1505-4f37-83fd-6da142422a43
  uri: /reference/8e18ab12-1505-4f37-83fd-6da142422a43
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Extreme heat is a significant public health challenge in urban environments that disproportionally impacts vulnerable members of society. In this research, demographic, economic and climate projections are brought together with a statistical approach linking extreme heat and mortality in Houston, Texas. The sensitivity of heat-related non-accidental mortality to future changes of demographics, income and climate is explored. We compare climate change outcomes associated with two different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, which describe alternate future scenarios for greenhouse gas emissions and concentrations. For each RCP, we explore demographic and economic scenarios for two plausible Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), SSP3 and SSP5. Our findings suggest that non-accidental mortality in 2061–2080 may increase for all combinations of RCP and SSP scenarios compared to a historical reference period spanning 1991–2010. Notably, increased heat-related non-accidental mortality is associated with changes in the size and age of the population, but the degree of sensitivity is highly uncertain given the breadth of plausible socioeconomic scenarios. Beyond socioeconomic changes, climate change is also important. For each socioeconomic scenario, non-accidental mortality associated with the lower emissions RCP4.5 scenario is projected to be 50 % less than mortality projected under the higher emissions RCP8.5 scenario.'
    Author: 'Marsha, A.; Sain, S. R.; Heaton, M. J.; Monaghan, A. J.; Wilhelmi, O.V.'
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-016-1775-1
    Date: August 30
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Journal: Climatic Change
    Title: 'Influences of climatic and population changes on heat-related mortality in Houston, Texas, USA'
    Type of Article: journal article
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 23558
    _uuid: 8e30bef3-ce8e-4df4-879b-21f809b02998
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-016-1775-1
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8e30bef3-ce8e-4df4-879b-21f809b02998.yaml
  identifier: 8e30bef3-ce8e-4df4-879b-21f809b02998
  uri: /reference/8e30bef3-ce8e-4df4-879b-21f809b02998
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'The Great Plains region of the United States is an agricultural production center for the global market and, as such, an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This article uses historical agricultural census data and ecosystem models to estimate the magnitude of annual GHG fluxes from all agricultural sources (e.g., cropping, livestock raising, irrigation, fertilizer production, tractor use) in the Great Plains from 1870 to 2000. Here, we show that carbon (C) released during the plow-out of native grasslands was the largest source of GHG emissions before 1930, whereas livestock production, direct energy use, and soil nitrous oxide emissions are currently the largest sources. Climatic factors mediate these emissions, with cool and wet weather promoting C sequestration and hot and dry weather increasing GHG release. This analysis demonstrates the long-term ecosystem consequences of both historical and current agricultural activities, but also indicates that adoption of available alternative management practices could substantially mitigate agricultural GHG fluxes, ranging from a 34% reduction with a 25% adoption rate to as much as complete elimination with possible net sequestration of C when a greater proportion of farmers adopt new agricultural practices.'
    Author: 'Parton, William J.; Gutmann, Myron P.; Merchant, Emily R.; Hartman, Melannie D.; Adler, Paul R.; McNeal, Frederick M.; Lutz, Susan M.'
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1416499112
    Date: 'August 25, 2015'
    Issue: 34
    Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    Pages: E4681-E4688
    Title: 'Measuring and mitigating agricultural greenhouse gas production in the US Great Plains, 1870–2000'
    Volume: 112
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 23566
    _uuid: 8e77c2a4-9af8-428f-b5fd-67bf2ece89cb
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1416499112
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8e77c2a4-9af8-428f-b5fd-67bf2ece89cb.yaml
  identifier: 8e77c2a4-9af8-428f-b5fd-67bf2ece89cb
  uri: /reference/8e77c2a4-9af8-428f-b5fd-67bf2ece89cb
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Miscanthus represents a key candidate energy crop for use in biomass‐to‐liquid fuel‐conversion processes and biorefineries to produce a range of liquid fuels and chemicals; it has recently attracted considerable attention. Its yield, elemental composition, carbohydrate and lignin content and composition are of high importance to be reviewed for future biofuel production and development. Starting from Miscanthus, various pre‐treatment technologies have recently been developed in the literature to break down the lignin structure, disrupt the crystalline structure of cellulose, and enhance its enzyme digestibility. These technologies included chemical, physicochemical, and biological pre‐treatments. Due to its significantly lower concentrations of moisture and ash, Miscanthus also represents a key candidate crop for use in biomass‐to‐liquid conversion processes to produce a range of liquid fuels and chemicals by thermochemical conversion. The goal of this paper is to review the current status of the technology for biofuel production from this crop within a biorefinery context.'
    Author: 'Brosse, Nicolas; Dufour, Anthony; Meng, Xianzhi; Sun, Qining; Ragauskas, Arthur'
    DOI: 10.1002/bbb.1353
    Issue: 5
    Journal: 'Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining'
    Pages: 580-598
    Title: 'Miscanthus: A fast‐growing crop for biofuels and chemicals production'
    Volume: 6
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 25587
    _uuid: 8ee0df47-ffba-46a4-a233-7942a996792c
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1002/bbb.1353
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8ee0df47-ffba-46a4-a233-7942a996792c.yaml
  identifier: 8ee0df47-ffba-46a4-a233-7942a996792c
  uri: /reference/8ee0df47-ffba-46a4-a233-7942a996792c
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Observations show global sea level is rising due to climate change, with the highest rates in the tropical Pacific Ocean where many of the world’s low-lying atolls are located. Sea-level rise is particularly critical for low-lying carbonate reef-lined atoll islands; these islands have limited land and water available for human habitation, water and food sources, and ecosystems that are vulnerable to inundation from sea-level rise. Here we demonstrate that sea-level rise will result in larger waves and higher wave-driven water levels along atoll islands’ shorelines than at present. Numerical model results reveal waves will synergistically interact with sea-level rise, causing twice as much land forecast to be flooded for a given value of sea-level rise than currently predicted by current models that do not take wave-driven water levels into account. Atolls with islands close to the shallow reef crest are more likely to be subjected to greater wave-induced run-up and flooding due to sea-level rise than those with deeper reef crests farther from the islands’ shorelines. It appears that many atoll islands will be flooded annually, salinizing the limited freshwater resources and thus likely forcing inhabitants to abandon their islands in decades, not centuries, as previously thought.'
    Author: 'Storlazzi, Curt D.; Elias, Edwin P. L.; Berkowitz, Paul'
    DOI: 10.1038/srep14546
    Database Provider: PubMed Central
    Date: 2015/09/25/
    ISSN: 2045-2322
    Journal: Scientific Reports
    Keywords: Sea level; coastal inundation; impact; atolls; migration; wind and waves; coastal effects
    Pages: 14546
    Title: Many atolls may be uninhabitable within decades due to climate change
    Volume: 5
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 22521
    _uuid: 8fd88741-58fd-4753-ae35-af3a2ed38915
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1038/srep14546
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8fd88741-58fd-4753-ae35-af3a2ed38915.yaml
  identifier: 8fd88741-58fd-4753-ae35-af3a2ed38915
  uri: /reference/8fd88741-58fd-4753-ae35-af3a2ed38915
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'EPA,'
    Publisher: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
    Title: 'Climate Change Indicators: Heavy Precipitation'
    URL: https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heavy-precipitation
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 23645
    _uuid: 909a0b17-06fc-4995-a5b2-d837cabc4b6d
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/c46ca30e-8070-4226-aa7c-9546d6990ebf
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  identifier: 909a0b17-06fc-4995-a5b2-d837cabc4b6d
  uri: /reference/909a0b17-06fc-4995-a5b2-d837cabc4b6d
- attrs:
    Author: 'Maresch, Wayne; Walbridge, Mark R.; Kugler, Daniel'
    DOI: 10.2489/jswc.63.6.198A
    Date: 'November 1, 2008'
    Issue: 6
    Journal: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
    Pages: 198A-203A
    Title: 'Enhancing conservation on agricultural landscapes: A new direction for the Conservation Effects Assessment Project'
    Volume: 63
    Year: 2008
    _record_number: 26127
    _uuid: 90c9d28c-4d1c-403c-8418-483c0fd939e8
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.2489/jswc.63.6.198A
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/90c9d28c-4d1c-403c-8418-483c0fd939e8.yaml
  identifier: 90c9d28c-4d1c-403c-8418-483c0fd939e8
  uri: /reference/90c9d28c-4d1c-403c-8418-483c0fd939e8
- attrs:
    Author: 'Blanc, Elodie; Caron, Justin; Fant, Charles; Monier, Erwan'
    DOI: 10.1002/2016EF000473
    ISSN: 2328-4277
    Issue: 8
    Journal: Earth's Future
    Keywords: Crop yields; irrigation; climate change; Mitigation policy; 0402 Agricultural systems; 1627 Coupled models of the climate system; 1630 Impacts of global change; 1842 Irrigation
    Pages: 877-892
    Publisher: 'Wiley Periodicals, Inc.'
    Title: 'Is current irrigation sustainable in the United States? An integrated assessment of climate change impact on water resources and irrigated crop yields'
    Volume: 5
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21470
    _uuid: 9183bef5-0e8c-4126-859c-15075554448a
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1002/2016EF000473
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9183bef5-0e8c-4126-859c-15075554448a.yaml
  identifier: 9183bef5-0e8c-4126-859c-15075554448a
  uri: /reference/9183bef5-0e8c-4126-859c-15075554448a
- attrs:
    Author: 'Lobell, D.B.; Schlenker, W.; Costa-Roberts, J.'
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1204531
    ISSN: 0036-8075
    Issue: 6042
    Journal: Science
    NIHMSID: ' NCA'
    Pages: 616-620
    Title: Climate trends and global crop production since 1980
    Volume: 333
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 14290
    _uuid: 9282485a-e4e4-42d8-b8c5-2cd00eecb3fd
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.1204531
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9282485a-e4e4-42d8-b8c5-2cd00eecb3fd.yaml
  identifier: 9282485a-e4e4-42d8-b8c5-2cd00eecb3fd
  uri: /reference/9282485a-e4e4-42d8-b8c5-2cd00eecb3fd
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Cover crops have long been touted for their ability to reduce erosion, fix atmospheric nitrogen, reduce nitrogen leaching, and improve soil health. In recent decades, there has been resurgence in cover crop adoption that is synchronous with a heightened awareness of climate change. Climate change mitigation and adaptation may be additional, important ecosystem services provided by cover crops, but they lie outside of the traditional list of cover cropping benefits. Here, we review the potential for cover crops to mitigate climate change by tallying all of the positive and negative impacts of cover crops on the net global warming potential of agricultural fields. Then, we use lessons learned from two contrasting regions to evaluate how cover crops affect adaptive management for precipitation and temperature change. Three key outcomes from this synthesis are (1) Cover crop effects on greenhouse gas fluxes typically mitigate warming by ~100 to 150 g CO2 e/m2/year, which is higher than mitigation from transitioning to no-till. The most important terms in the budget are soil carbon sequestration and reduced fertilizer use after legume cover crops. (2) The surface albedo change due to cover cropping, calculated for the first time here using case study sites in central Spain and Pennsylvania, USA, may mitigate 12 to 46 g CO2 e/m2/year over a 100-year time horizon. And (3) Cover crop management can also enable climate change adaptation at these case study sites, especially through reduced vulnerability to erosion from extreme rain events, increased soil water management options during droughts or periods of soil saturation, and retention of nitrogen mineralized due to warming. Overall, we found very few tradeoffs between cover cropping and climate change mitigation and adaptation, suggesting that ecosystem services that are traditionally expected from cover cropping can be promoted synergistically with services related to climate change.'
    Author: 'Kaye, Jason P.; Quemada, Miguel'
    DOI: 10.1007/s13593-016-0410-x
    Date: January 19
    ISSN: 1773-0155
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Agronomy for Sustainable Development
    Pages: 4
    Title: Using cover crops to mitigate and adapt to climate change. A review
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 37
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 23545
    _uuid: 94c2d912-8ac9-4c32-958c-6918f5cc079a
    reftype: Journal Article
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- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Frank, Dorothea; Reichstein, Markus; Bahn, Michael; Thonicke, Kirsten; Frank, David; Mahecha, Miguel D.; Smith, Pete; van der Velde, Marijn; Vicca, Sara; Babst, Flurin; Beer, Christian; Buchmann, Nina; Canadell, Josep G.; Ciais, Philippe; Cramer, Wolfgang; Ibrom, Andreas; Miglietta, Franco; Poulter, Ben; Rammig, Anja; Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Walz, Ariane; Wattenbach, Martin; Zavala, Miguel A.; Zscheischler, Jakob'
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12916
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Issue: 8
    Journal: Global Change Biology
    Keywords: carbon cycle; climate change; climate extremes; climate variability; disturbance; terrestrial ecosystems
    Pages: 2861-2880
    Title: 'Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: Concepts, processes and potential future impacts'
    Volume: 21
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 19777
    _uuid: 95a21b96-f699-4b5c-8281-e1d6e2c8398f
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1111/gcb.12916
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/95a21b96-f699-4b5c-8281-e1d6e2c8398f.yaml
  identifier: 95a21b96-f699-4b5c-8281-e1d6e2c8398f
  uri: /reference/95a21b96-f699-4b5c-8281-e1d6e2c8398f
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'U.S. Federal Government,'
    Keywords: added by ERG
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: United States Global Change Research Program
    Title: 'U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit: Coastal Erosion [web page]'
    URL: https://toolkit.climate.gov/topics/coastal-flood-risk/coastal-erosion
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 26126
    _uuid: 95ab23a5-e563-4867-b5e6-de459c24ffa5
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/2ac7b155-1ee1-4c12-98f7-efa90aee0917
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/95ab23a5-e563-4867-b5e6-de459c24ffa5.yaml
  identifier: 95ab23a5-e563-4867-b5e6-de459c24ffa5
  uri: /reference/95ab23a5-e563-4867-b5e6-de459c24ffa5
- attrs:
    Author: 'Fournel, Sébastien; Ouellet, Véronique; Charbonneau, Édith'
    DOI: 10.3390/ani7050037
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    Issue: 5
    Journal: Animals
    Pages: 37
    Title: 'Practices for alleviating heat stress of dairy cows in humid continental climates: A literature review'
    Volume: 7
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 23612
    _uuid: 960c1d15-f397-45d3-b5e2-abba191aeed7
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.3390/ani7050037
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/960c1d15-f397-45d3-b5e2-abba191aeed7.yaml
  identifier: 960c1d15-f397-45d3-b5e2-abba191aeed7
  uri: /reference/960c1d15-f397-45d3-b5e2-abba191aeed7
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'ERS,'
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: USDA Economic Research Service (ERS)
    Title: 'U.S. Agricultural Trade at a Glance [web site]'
    URL: https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/international-markets-us-trade/us-agricultural-trade/us-agricultural-trade-at-a-glance/
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 26133
    _uuid: 975a48e2-8df7-4ad7-9278-2c8940e7a91a
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/f099385d-0800-4c2b-bc2e-a919a61ebe98
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/975a48e2-8df7-4ad7-9278-2c8940e7a91a.yaml
  identifier: 975a48e2-8df7-4ad7-9278-2c8940e7a91a
  uri: /reference/975a48e2-8df7-4ad7-9278-2c8940e7a91a
- attrs:
    Author: 'Davies, Jess'
    DOI: 10.1038/543309a
    Journal: Nature
    Pages: 309-311
    Title: The business case for soil
    Volume: 543
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 23514
    _uuid: 9b37a44d-d7d9-4720-988f-99e726feef94
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1038/543309a
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9b37a44d-d7d9-4720-988f-99e726feef94.yaml
  identifier: 9b37a44d-d7d9-4720-988f-99e726feef94
  uri: /reference/9b37a44d-d7d9-4720-988f-99e726feef94
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Ratcliffe, Susan; Matthew Baur; Hugh Beckie; Loren Giesler; Norman Leppla; Jill Schroeder'
    Institution: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST)
    Pages: 20
    Place Published: 'Ames, IA'
    Series Volume: CAST Issue Paper 58
    Title: Crop Protection Contributions Toward Agricultural Productivity. A Paper in the Series on The Need for Agricultural Innovation to Sustainably Feed the World by 2050
    URL: http://www.cast-science.org/publications/?crop_protection_contributions_toward_agricultural_productivity&show=product&productID=284599
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 23603
    _uuid: 9be3da44-0c39-418f-8dbb-1aca0400d6f7
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/crop-protection-contributions-toward-agricultural-productivity-paper-series-on-need-agricultural-innovation-sustainably-feed-world-by-2050
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9be3da44-0c39-418f-8dbb-1aca0400d6f7.yaml
  identifier: 9be3da44-0c39-418f-8dbb-1aca0400d6f7
  uri: /reference/9be3da44-0c39-418f-8dbb-1aca0400d6f7
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'The Anthropocene is characterized by a worldwide spread of hypoxia, among other manifestations, which threatens aquatic ecosystem functions, services, and biodiversity. The primary cause of hypoxia onset in recent decades is human‐triggered eutrophication. Global warming has also been demonstrated to contribute to the increase of hypoxic conditions. However, the precise role of both environmental forcings on hypoxia dynamics over the long term remains mainly unknown due to a lack of historical monitoring. In this study, we used an innovative paleolimnological approach on three large European lakes to quantify past hypoxia dynamics and to hierarchies the contributions of climate and nutrients. Even for lake ecosystems that have been well oxygenated over a millennia‐long period, and regardless of past climatic fluctuations, a shift to hypoxic conditions occurred in the 1950s in response to an unprecedented rise in total phosphorus concentrations above 10 ± 5 µg P L−1. Following this shift, hypoxia never disappeared despite the fact that environmental policies succeeded in drastically reducing lake phosphorus concentrations. During that period, decadal fluctuations in hypoxic volume were great, ranging between 0.5 and 8% of the total lake volumes. We demonstrate, through statistical modeling, that these fluctuations were essentially driven by climatic factors, such as river discharge and air temperature. In lakes Geneva and Bourget, which are fed by large river systems, fluctuations in hypoxic volume were negatively correlated with river discharge. In contrast, the expansion of hypoxia has been related only to warmer air temperatures at Annecy, which is fed by small river systems. Hence, we outline a theoretical framework assuming that restored lake ecosystems have inherited hypoxia from the eutrophication period and have shifted to a new stable state with new key controls of water and ecosystem quality. We suggest that controlling river discharge may be a complementary strategy for local management of lakes fed by large river systems.'
    Author: 'Jenny, Jean‐Philippe; Arnaud, Fabien; Alric, Benjamin; Dorioz, Jean‐Marcel; Sabatier, Pierre; Meybeck, Michel; Perga, Marie‐Elodie'
    DOI: 10.1002/2014GB004932
    Issue: 12
    Journal: Global Biogeochemical Cycles
    Pages: 1413-1423
    Title: 'Inherited hypoxia: A new challenge for reoligotrophicated lakes under global warming'
    Volume: 28
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 25559
    _uuid: 9d253a75-6b9e-4c25-8c5c-b410c84d9c96
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1002/2014GB004932
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9d253a75-6b9e-4c25-8c5c-b410c84d9c96.yaml
  identifier: 9d253a75-6b9e-4c25-8c5c-b410c84d9c96
  uri: /reference/9d253a75-6b9e-4c25-8c5c-b410c84d9c96
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Variability of heat stress illness (HSI) by urbanicity and climate region has rarely been considered in previous HSI studies. We investigated temporal and geographic trends in HSI emergency department (ED) visits in CDC Environmental Public Health Tracking Network (Tracking) states for 2005–2010. We obtained county-level HSI ED visit data for 14 Tracking states. We used the National Center for Health Statistics Urban–Rural Classification Scheme to categorize counties by urbanicity as (1) large central metropolitan (LCM), (2) large fringe metropolitan, (3) small–medium metropolitan, or (4) nonmetropolitan (NM). We also assigned counties to one of six US climate regions. Negative binomial regression was used to examine trends in HSI ED visits over time across all counties and by urbanicity for each climate region, adjusting for pertinent variables. During 2005–2010, there were 98,462 HSI ED visits in the 14 states. ED visits for HSI decreased 3.0 % (p < 0.01) per year. Age-adjusted incidence rates of HSI ED visits increased from most urban to most rural. Overall, ED visits were significantly higher for NM areas (IRR = 1.41, p < 0.01) than for LCM areas. The same pattern was observed in all six climate regions; compared with LCM, NM areas had from 14 to 90 % more ED visits for HSI. These findings of significantly increased HSI ED visit rates in more rural settings suggest a need to consider HSI ED visit variability by county urbanicity and climate region when designing and implementing local HSI preventive measures and interventions.'
    Author: 'Fechter-Leggett, Ethan D.; Vaidyanathan, Ambarish; Choudhary, Ekta'
    DOI: 10.1007/s10900-015-0064-7
    Date: February 01
    ISSN: 1573-3610
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Journal of Community Health
    Pages: 57-69
    Title: 'Heat stress illness emergency department visits in national environmental public health tracking states, 2005–2010'
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 41
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 23607
    _uuid: 9d4b4e3f-1739-4e8f-ab0b-610dd5276da3
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10900-015-0064-7
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9d4b4e3f-1739-4e8f-ab0b-610dd5276da3.yaml
  identifier: 9d4b4e3f-1739-4e8f-ab0b-610dd5276da3
  uri: /reference/9d4b4e3f-1739-4e8f-ab0b-610dd5276da3
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Heat kills more people than any other weather-related event in the USA, resulting in hundreds of fatalities each year. In North Carolina, heat-related illness accounts for over 2,000 yearly emergency department admissions. In this study, data on emergency department (ED) visits for heat-related illness (HRI) were obtained from the North Carolina Disease Event Tracking and Epidemiologic Collection Tool to identify spatiotemporal relationships between temperature and morbidity across six warm seasons (May–September) from 2007 to 2012. Spatiotemporal relationships are explored across different regions (e.g., coastal plain, rural) and demographics (e.g., gender, age) to determine the differential impact of heat stress on populations. This research reveals that most cases of HRI occur on days with climatologically normal temperatures (e.g., 31 to 35 °C); however, HRI rates increase substantially on days with abnormally high daily maximum temperatures (e.g., 31 to 38 °C). HRI ED visits decreased on days with extreme heat (e.g., greater than 38 °C), suggesting that populations are taking preventative measures during extreme heat and therefore mitigating heat-related illness.'
    Author: 'Sugg, Margaret M.; Konrad, Charles E.; Fuhrmann, Christopher M.'
    DOI: 10.1007/s00484-015-1060-4
    Date: May 01
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Issue: 5
    Journal: International Journal of Biometeorology
    Pages: 663-675
    Title: 'Relationships between maximum temperature and heat-related illness across North Carolina, USA'
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 60
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 23581
    _uuid: a0403ee4-f787-4078-bcba-64cdd6cc9cb1
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00484-015-1060-4
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a0403ee4-f787-4078-bcba-64cdd6cc9cb1.yaml
  identifier: a0403ee4-f787-4078-bcba-64cdd6cc9cb1
  uri: /reference/a0403ee4-f787-4078-bcba-64cdd6cc9cb1
- attrs:
    Author: 'Slater, Louise J.; Villarini, Gabriele'
    DOI: 10.1002/2016GL071199
    ISSN: 1944-8007
    Issue: 24
    Journal: Geophysical Research Letters
    Keywords: flood; stage; precipitation; water storage; basin wetness; risk; 1821 Floods; 1833 Hydroclimatology; 1854 Precipitation; 4313 Extreme events; 4328 Risk; 8488 Volcanic hazards and risks
    Pages: '12,428-12,436'
    Title: Recent trends in U.S. flood risk
    Volume: 43
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 23578
    _uuid: a0905615-ac31-42ba-a70f-592a5729fdf7
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1002/2016GL071199
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a0905615-ac31-42ba-a70f-592a5729fdf7.yaml
  identifier: a0905615-ac31-42ba-a70f-592a5729fdf7
  uri: /reference/a0905615-ac31-42ba-a70f-592a5729fdf7
- attrs:
    Author: 'Hallström, E.; Carlsson-Kanyama, A.; Börjesson, P.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.008
    Date: 2015/03/15/
    ISSN: 0959-6526
    Journal: Journal of Cleaner Production
    Keywords: Review; LCA; Diet; Scenario; Climate; Land use
    Pages: 1-11
    Title: 'Environmental impact of dietary change: A systematic review'
    Volume: 91
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 25565
    _uuid: a135e44f-ac84-4613-9c06-e2457e7083ca
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.008
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a135e44f-ac84-4613-9c06-e2457e7083ca.yaml
  identifier: a135e44f-ac84-4613-9c06-e2457e7083ca
  uri: /reference/a135e44f-ac84-4613-9c06-e2457e7083ca
- attrs:
    Author: 'Pimentel, David; Burgess, Michael'
    DOI: 10.3390/agriculture3030443
    ISSN: 2077-0472
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Agriculture
    Pages: 443-463
    Title: Soil erosion threatens food production
    Volume: 3
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 23569
    _uuid: a1a77335-94af-4990-86b9-57f5764448f8
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.3390/agriculture3030443
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a1a77335-94af-4990-86b9-57f5764448f8.yaml
  identifier: a1a77335-94af-4990-86b9-57f5764448f8
  uri: /reference/a1a77335-94af-4990-86b9-57f5764448f8
- attrs:
    Author: 'Thornton, P.K.'
    DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0134
    ISSN: 0962-8436
    Issue: 1554
    Journal: 'Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'
    NIHMSID: ' NCA'
    Pages: 2853-2867
    Title: 'Livestock production: Recent trends, future prospects'
    Volume: 365
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 15622
    _uuid: a1b71240-d505-46e0-9db7-9147b8855af6
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1098/rstb.2010.0134
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a1b71240-d505-46e0-9db7-9147b8855af6.yaml
  identifier: a1b71240-d505-46e0-9db7-9147b8855af6
  uri: /reference/a1b71240-d505-46e0-9db7-9147b8855af6
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'Changes in temperature, CO(2), and precipitation under the scenarios of climate change for the next 30 yr present a challenge to crop production. This review focuses on the impact of temperature, CO(2), and ozone on agronomic crops and the implications for crop production. Understanding these implications for agricultural crops is critical for developing cropping systems resilient to stresses induced by climate change. There is variation among crops in their response to CO(2), temperature, and precipitation changes and, with the regional differences in predicted climate, a situation is created in which the responses will be further complicated. For example, the temperature effects on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] could potentially cause yield reductions of 2.4% in the South but an increase of 1.7% in the Midwest. The frequency of years when temperatures exceed thresholds for damage during critical growth stages is likely to increase for some crops and regions. The increase in CO(2) contributes significantly to enhanced plant growth and improved water use efficiency (WUE); however, there may be a downscaling of these positive impacts due to higher temperatures plants will experience during their growth cycle. A challenge is to understand the interactions of the changing climatic parameters because of the interactions among temperature, CO(2), and precipitation on plant growth and development and also on the biotic stresses of weeds, insects, and diseases. Agronomists will have to consider the variations in temperature and precipitation as part of the production system if they are to ensure the food security required by an ever increasing population.'
    Alternate Journal: Agron J
    Author: "Hatfield, J. L.\rBoote, K. J.\rKimball, B. A.\rZiska, L. H.\rIzaurralde, R. C.\rOrt, D.\rThomson, A. M.\rWolfe, D."
    Author Address: 'Hatfield, JL; Natl Lab Agr & Environm, Ames, IA 50011 USA; Natl Lab Agr & Environm, Ames, IA 50011 USA; Natl Lab Agr & Environm, Ames, IA 50011 USA; Univ Florida, Agron Dep, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA; USDA ARS, US Arid Land Agr Res Ctr, Maricopa, AZ 85138 USA; USDA, Crop Syst & Global Change Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA; Univ Maryland, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Joint Global Change Res Inst, College Pk, MD 20740 USA; Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA; Cornell Univ, Dep Hort, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA'
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj2010.0303
    Date: Mar-Apr
    ISSN: 1435-0645
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Agronomy Journal
    Keywords: air co2 enrichment; atmospheric carbon-dioxide; water-use efficiency; phaseolus-vulgaris l.; solanum-tuberosum l.; rottboellia-cochinchinensis interference; endosperm cell-division; high-temperature stress; soybean glycine-max; long-term exposure
    Language: English
    Notes: 740XZ; Times Cited:5; Cited References Count:225
    Pages: 351-370
    Title: 'Climate impacts on agriculture: Implications for crop production'
    Volume: 103
    Year: 2011
    _chapter: '["Ch. 16: Northeast FINAL","Ch. 6: Agriculture FINAL","RG 3 Midwest","Ch. 18: Midwest FINAL","Ch. 21: Northwest FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 361
    _uuid: a2704ef3-5be4-41ee-8dfa-4c82e416a292
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.2134/agronj2010.0303
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  identifier: a2704ef3-5be4-41ee-8dfa-4c82e416a292
  uri: /reference/a2704ef3-5be4-41ee-8dfa-4c82e416a292
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Wehner, M.F.; J.R. Arnold; T. Knutson; K.E. Kunkel; A.N. LeGrande'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0CJ8BNN
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 231-256
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: 'Droughts, Floods, and Wildfires'
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21566
    _uuid: a29b612b-8c28-4c93-9c18-19314babce89
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/drought-floods-hydrology
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a29b612b-8c28-4c93-9c18-19314babce89.yaml
  identifier: a29b612b-8c28-4c93-9c18-19314babce89
  uri: /reference/a29b612b-8c28-4c93-9c18-19314babce89
- attrs:
    Author: 'Farrigan, Tracey; Parker, Timothy'
    Issue: December
    Periodical Title: Amber Waves
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: USDA Economic Research Service
    Title: The concentration of poverty is a growing rural problem
    URL: https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2012/december/concentration-of-poverty
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 23609
    _uuid: a2a02512-dacf-46f0-8f9f-9cb51892a884
    reftype: Electronic Article
  child_publication: /generic/83d540f2-7603-4be1-8d22-81ebafc6a270
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a2a02512-dacf-46f0-8f9f-9cb51892a884.yaml
  identifier: a2a02512-dacf-46f0-8f9f-9cb51892a884
  uri: /reference/a2a02512-dacf-46f0-8f9f-9cb51892a884
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) addresses the challenge of meeting the growing demand for food, fibre and fuel, despite the changing climate and fewer opportunities for agricultural expansion on additional lands. CSA focuses on contributing to economic development, poverty reduction and food security; maintaining and enhancing the productivity and resilience of natural and agricultural ecosystem functions, thus building natural capital; and reducing trade-offs involved in meeting these goals. Current gaps in knowledge, work within CSA, and agendas for interdisciplinary research and science-based actions identified at the 2013 Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture (Davis, CA, USA) are described here within three themes: (1) farm and food systems, (2) landscape and regional issues and (3) institutional and policy aspects. The first two themes comprise crop physiology and genetics, mitigation and adaptation for livestock and agriculture, barriers to adoption of CSA practices, climate risk management and energy and biofuels (theme 1); and modelling adaptation and uncertainty, achieving multifunctionality, food and fishery systems, forest biodiversity and ecosystem services, rural migration from climate change and metrics (theme 2). Theme 3 comprises designing research that bridges disciplines, integrating stakeholder input to directly link science, action and governance.'
    Author: 'Steenwerth, Kerri L.; Hodson, Amanda K.; Bloom, Arnold J.; Carter, Michael R.; Cattaneo, Andrea; Chartres, Colin J.; Hatfield, Jerry L.; Henry, Kevin; Hopmans, Jan W.; Horwath, William R.; Jenkins, Bryan M.; Kebreab, Ermias; Leemans, Rik; Lipper, Leslie; Lubell, Mark N.; Msangi, Siwa; Prabhu, Ravi; Reynolds, Matthew P.; Sandoval Solis, Samuel; Sischo, William M.; Springborn, Michael; Tittonell, Pablo; Wheeler, Stephen M.; Vermeulen, Sonja J.; Wollenberg, Eva K.; Jarvis, Lovell S.; Jackson, Louise E.'
    DOI: 10.1186/2048-7010-3-11
    Date: August 26
    ISSN: 2048-7010
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Agriculture & Food Security
    Pages: 11
    Title: 'Climate-smart agriculture global research agenda: Scientific basis for action'
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 3
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 23580
    _uuid: a2b2aa19-07d5-4feb-9f29-b3cfd32d2ef8
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1186/2048-7010-3-11
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a2b2aa19-07d5-4feb-9f29-b3cfd32d2ef8.yaml
  identifier: a2b2aa19-07d5-4feb-9f29-b3cfd32d2ef8
  uri: /reference/a2b2aa19-07d5-4feb-9f29-b3cfd32d2ef8
- attrs:
    Author: 'Pragna, Prathap; P.R. Archana; Joy Aleena; Veerasamy Sejian; Govindan Krishnan; Madiajagan Bagath; A. Manimaran; V. Beena; E.K. Kurien; Girish Varma; Raghavendra Bhatta'
    DOI: 10.3923/ijds.2017.1.11
    Issue: 1
    Journal: International Journal of Dairy Science
    Pages: 1-11
    Title: 'Heat stress and dairy cow: Impact on both milk yield and composition'
    Volume: 12
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 23570
    _uuid: a2ccdea7-17d6-459b-b908-f48df4eccd0c
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.3923/ijds.2017.1.11
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a2ccdea7-17d6-459b-b908-f48df4eccd0c.yaml
  identifier: a2ccdea7-17d6-459b-b908-f48df4eccd0c
  uri: /reference/a2ccdea7-17d6-459b-b908-f48df4eccd0c
- attrs:
    Author: 'O’Shaughnessy, Susan A.; Colaizzi, Paul D.'
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy7040068
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Agronomy
    Pages: 68
    Title: Performance of precision mobile drip irrigation in the Texas High Plains region
    Volume: 7
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 25542
    _uuid: a3db13d8-8d86-4e23-86fc-e82355c496cb
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.3390/agronomy7040068
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a3db13d8-8d86-4e23-86fc-e82355c496cb.yaml
  identifier: a3db13d8-8d86-4e23-86fc-e82355c496cb
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- attrs:
    Abstract: "Despite many challenges faced by animal producers, including environmental problems, diseases, economic pressure, and feed availability, it is still predicted that animal production in developing countries will continue to sustain the future growth of the world's meat production. In these areas, livestock performance is generally lower than those obtained in Western Europe and North America. Although many factors can be involved, climatic factors are among the first and crucial limiting factors of the development of animal production in warm regions. In addition, global warming will further accentuate heat stress-related problems. The objective of this paper was to review the effective strategies to alleviate heat stress in the context of tropical livestock production systems. These strategies can be classified into three groups: those increasing feed intake or decreasing metabolic heat production, those enhancing heat-loss capacities, and those involving genetic selection for heat tolerance. Under heat stress, improved production should be possible through modifications of diet composition that either promotes a higher intake or compensates the low feed consumption. In addition, altering feeding management such as a change in feeding time and/or frequency, are efficient tools to avoid excessive heat load and improve survival rate, especially in poultry. Methods to enhance heat exchange between the environment and the animal and those changing the environment to prevent or limit heat stress can be used to improve performance under hot climatic conditions. Although differences in thermal tolerance exist between livestock species (ruminants > monogastrics), there are also large differences between breeds of a species and within each breed. Consequently, the opportunity may exist to improve thermal tolerance of the animals using genetic tools. However, further research is required to quantify the genetic antagonism between adaptation and production traits to evaluate the potential selection response. With the development of molecular biotechnologies, new opportunities are available to characterize gene expression and identify key cellular responses to heat stress. These new tools will enable scientists to improve the accuracy and the efficiency of selection for heat tolerance. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression and thermal imprinting of the genome could also be an efficient method to improve thermal tolerance. Such techniques (e.g. perinatal heat acclimation) are currently being experimented in chicken."
    Author: 'Renaudeau, D.; Collin, A.; Yahav, S.; de Basilio, V.; Gourdine, J. L.; Collier, R. J.'
    DOI: 10.1017/S1751731111002448
    Database Provider: Cambridge University Press
    EPub Date: 12/08
    ISSN: 1751-7311
    Issue: 5
    Journal: Animal
    Keywords: livestock animals; heat stress; nutrition; cooling; genetic
    Name of Database: Cambridge Core
    Pages: 707-728
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press
    Title: Adaptation to hot climate and strategies to alleviate heat stress in livestock production
    Volume: 6
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 23573
    _uuid: a4383ca4-be00-434c-a0d9-78e7bec564f7
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1017/S1751731111002448
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a4383ca4-be00-434c-a0d9-78e7bec564f7.yaml
  identifier: a4383ca4-be00-434c-a0d9-78e7bec564f7
  uri: /reference/a4383ca4-be00-434c-a0d9-78e7bec564f7
- attrs:
    Author: 'Zhao, Jin; Xue, Qingwu; Jessup, Kirk E.; Hao, Baozhen; Hou, Xiaobo; Marek, Thomas H.; Xu, Wenwei; Evett, Steven R.; O’Shaughnessy, Susan A.; Brauer, David K.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2017.11.001
    Date: 2018/02/01/
    ISSN: 0378-4290
    Journal: Field Crops Research
    Keywords: Drought-tolerant hybrid; Soil water extraction; Deficit irrigation; Evapotranspiration
    Pages: 1-9
    Title: Yield and water use of drought-tolerant maize hybrids in a semiarid environment
    Volume: 216
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 25529
    _uuid: a4c2aa51-8e45-47c2-a948-2e6988a06dcd
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.11.001
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  identifier: a4c2aa51-8e45-47c2-a948-2e6988a06dcd
  uri: /reference/a4c2aa51-8e45-47c2-a948-2e6988a06dcd
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Climate change will pose risks for the world’s food supply in the coming decades; this comes at a time when the global demand for food is expected to soar based on 2050 world population estimates. It is important to recognize that climate change will necessitate temporal and geographical shifts in food production, but will most likely not result in the collapse of our food systems. However, because of differences in the severity of how climate change will affect agriculture, regional and temporal changes in production and harvest-time will challenge the existing and sometimes outdated agricultural infrastructure with respect to collection, storage, transportation, and distribution of food. Increasing regional and global urbanization will further perturb these systems. Adaptation to climate change with respect to crop and food animal production will have to occur at multiple temporal, seasonal, and geospatial levels. Other major adaptation measures will have to occur with respect to crop selection, genetics, CO2 and temperature sensitivity, and resilience of crops and food animals, water resources, and mitigation of invasive species. Technology, including sophisticated Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based modeling, coupled with publically available soil and weather data that help farmers optimize production and conservation will be essential toward adaptation. Communication of this type of localized technical information to agricultural stakeholders by national, federal, and state entities is beginning to occur in order to help farmers adapt and prepare for extreme events associated with climate change. As the largest agricultural state in the USA, California has developed a robust mitigation and adaptation strategy that may be useful for other nation-states.'
    Author: 'Pitesky, Maurice; Gunasekara, Amrith; Cook, Carolyn; Mitloehner, Frank'
    DOI: 10.1007/s40518-014-0006-5
    Date: June 01
    ISSN: 2196-3010
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports
    Pages: 43-50
    Title: Adaptation of agricultural and food systems to a changing climate and increasing urbanization
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 1
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 23568
    _uuid: a4d81109-2631-4662-a567-950e485cb33c
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s40518-014-0006-5
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a4d81109-2631-4662-a567-950e485cb33c.yaml
  identifier: a4d81109-2631-4662-a567-950e485cb33c
  uri: /reference/a4d81109-2631-4662-a567-950e485cb33c
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Wildfire is increasingly a concern in the USA, where 10 million acres burned in 2015. Climate is a primary driver of wildfire, and understanding fire-climate relationships is crucial for informing fire management and modeling the effects of climate change on fire. In the southwestern USA, fire-climate relationships have been informed by tree-ring data that extend centuries prior to the onset of fire exclusion in the late 1800s. Variability in cool-season precipitation has been linked to fire occurrence, but the effects of the summer North American monsoon on fire are less understood, as are the effects of climate on fire seasonality. We use a new set of reconstructions for cool-season (October–April) and monsoon-season (July–August) moisture conditions along with a large new fire scar dataset to examine relationships between multi-seasonal climate variability, fire extent, and fire seasonality in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico (1599–1899 CE). Results suggest that large fires burning in all seasons are strongly influenced by the current year cool-season moisture, but fires burning mid-summer to fall are also influenced by monsoon moisture. Wet conditions several years prior to the fire year during the cool season, and to a lesser extent during the monsoon season, are also important for spring through late-summer fires. Persistent cool-season drought longer than 3 years may inhibit fires due to the lack of moisture to replenish surface fuels. This suggests that fuels may become increasingly limiting for fire occurrence in semi-arid regions that are projected to become drier with climate change.'
    Author: 'Margolis, E. Q.; Woodhouse, C. A.; Swetnam, T. W.'
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-017-1958-4
    Date: June 01
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Climatic Change
    Pages: 433-446
    Title: 'Drought, multi-seasonal climate, and wildfire in northern New Mexico'
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 142
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 23557
    _uuid: a5604aed-9a6f-468e-acf4-f4a0bb574d3e
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-017-1958-4
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a5604aed-9a6f-468e-acf4-f4a0bb574d3e.yaml
  identifier: a5604aed-9a6f-468e-acf4-f4a0bb574d3e
  uri: /reference/a5604aed-9a6f-468e-acf4-f4a0bb574d3e
- attrs:
    Abstract: ". Maximizing the net benefits of irrigated plant production through appropriately designed agricultural water management programs is of growing importance in Nebraska, and other western and Midwestern states, because many areas are involved in management and policy changes to conserve irrigation water. In Nebraska, farmers are being challenged to practice conservation methods and use water resources more efficiently while meeting plant water requirements and maintaining high yields. Another challenge Nebraska experiences in it's approximately 3.5-million-ha irrigated lands is limited adoption of newer technologies/tools to help farmers better manage irrigation, conserve water and energy, and increase plant water use efficiency. In 2005, the Nebraska Agricultural Water Management Demonstration Network (NAWMDN or Network) was formed from an interdisciplinary team of partners including the Natural Resources Districts (NRD); USDA-NRCS; farmers from south central, northeast, west central, and western Nebraska; crop consultants; and University of Nebraska-Lincoln faculty. The main goal of the Network is to enable the transfer of high quality research-based information to Nebraskans through a series of demonstration projects established in farmers' fields and implement newer tools and technologies to address and enhance plant water use efficiency, water conservation, and reduce energy consumption for irrigation. The demonstration projects are supported by the scientifically-based field research and evaluation projects conducted at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, South Central Agricultural Laboratory located near Clay Center, Nebraska. The Network was formed with only 15 farmers as collaborators in only one of the 23 NRDs in 2005. As of late 2009, the number of active collaborators has increased to over 300 in 12 NRDs and 35 of 93 counties. The Network is impacting both water and energy conservation due to farmers adopting information and newer technologies for irrigation management. The NAWMDN is helping participants to improve irrigation management and efficiency by monitoring plant growth stages and development, soil moisture, and crop evapotranspiration. As a result, they are reducing irrigation water application amounts and associated energy savings is leading to greater profitability to participating farmers. For example, surveys of 300 NAWMDN participants in 2008 estimated water conservation at an average of 66 mm for maize and 55 mm for soybean on 114,000 ha (58,000 ha of maize and about 56,000 ha of soybean). With 2008 diesel fuel prices, this water conservation was an equivalent of $2,814,000 and $2,270,000 for maize and soybean, respectively, in energy costs saved for the land area represented. Since the beginning of the NAWMDN, over 8,650 producers, crop consultants, and agricultural industry personnel have been reached and educated at over 231 meetings. This article describes the goals and objectives of the Network, technical and educational components, operational functions, and procedures used in the NAWMDN. The quantitative impacts in terms of water and energy conservation are reported."
    Author: 'Irmak, Suat; Rees, Jennifer M.; Zoubek, Gary L.; van DeWalle, Brandy S.; Rathje, William R.; DeBuhr, Rodney; Leininger, Dan; Siekman, Darrel D.; Schneider, James W.; Christiansen, Andrew P.'
    DOI: 10.13031/2013.32066
    ISSN: 0883-8542
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Applied Engineering in Agriculture
    Keywords: Water conservation; Irrigation management; Reference evapotranspiration; Crop evapotranspiration; Soil moisture
    Pages: 599-613
    Place Published: 'St. Joseph, MI'
    Publisher: ASABE
    Title: 'Nebraska Agricultural Water Management Demonstration Network (NAWMDN): Integrating research and extension/outreach'
    Volume: 26
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 23538
    _uuid: a56403f7-94cd-4e15-bcb4-267da7214768
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.13031/2013.32066
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a56403f7-94cd-4e15-bcb4-267da7214768.yaml
  identifier: a56403f7-94cd-4e15-bcb4-267da7214768
  uri: /reference/a56403f7-94cd-4e15-bcb4-267da7214768
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Previous studies examining future changes in heat/cold waves using climate model ensembles have been limited to grid cell-average quantities. Here, we make use of an urban parameterization in the Community Earth System Model (CESM) that represents the urban heat island effect, which can exacerbate extreme heat but may ameliorate extreme cold in urban relative to rural areas. Heat/cold wave characteristics are derived for U.S. regions from a bias-corrected CESM 30-member ensemble for climate outcomes driven by the RCP8.5 forcing scenario and a 15-member ensemble driven by RCP4.5. Significant differences are found between urban and grid cell-average heat/cold wave characteristics. Most notably, urban heat waves for 1981–2005 are more intense than grid cell-average by 2.1 °C (southeast) to 4.6 °C (southwest), while cold waves are less intense. We assess the avoided climate impacts of urban heat/cold waves in 2061–2080 when following the lower forcing scenario. Urban heat wave days per year increase from 6 in 1981–2005 to up to 92 (southeast) in RCP8.5. Following RCP4.5 reduces heat wave days by about 50 %. Large avoided impacts are demonstrated for individual communities; e.g., the longest heat wave for Houston in RCP4.5 is 38 days while in RCP8.5 there is one heat wave per year that is longer than a month with some lasting the entire summer. Heat waves also start later in the season in RCP4.5 (earliest are in early May) than RCP8.5 (mid-April), compared to 1981–2005 (late May). In some communities, cold wave events decrease from 2 per year for 1981–2005 to one-in-five year events in RCP4.5 and one-in-ten year events in RCP8.5.'
    Author: 'Oleson, K. W.; Anderson, G. B.; Jones, B.; McGinnis, S. A.; Sanderson, B.'
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-015-1504-1
    Date: September 23
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Journal: Climatic Change
    Title: Avoided climate impacts of urban and rural heat and cold waves over the U.S. using large climate model ensembles for RCP8.5 and RCP4.5
    Type of Article: journal article
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 23564
    _uuid: a5d430bc-5756-42d1-924f-3dbc927e69c4
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-015-1504-1
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  identifier: a5d430bc-5756-42d1-924f-3dbc927e69c4
  uri: /reference/a5d430bc-5756-42d1-924f-3dbc927e69c4
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: "Anderson, G.B.\rBell, M.L."
    DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002313
    ISSN: 1552-9924
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives
    Pages: 210-218
    Title: 'Heat waves in the United States: Mortality risk during heat waves and effect modification by heat wave characteristics in 43 U.S. communities'
    Volume: 119
    Year: 2011
    _chapter: '["Ch. 9: Human Health FINAL","Ch. 18: Midwest FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 837
    _uuid: a6714dce-b324-4324-a88e-d31d31fa2d95
    reftype: Journal Article
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  uri: /reference/a6714dce-b324-4324-a88e-d31d31fa2d95
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Mann, Michael E.; Gleick, Peter H.'
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503667112
    Date: 'March 31, 2015'
    Issue: 13
    Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    Pages: 3858-3859
    Title: Climate change and California drought in the 21st century
    Volume: 112
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 19784
    _uuid: a6768848-84dd-4d43-b3fd-83a4ea5e8c2c
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1503667112
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  identifier: a6768848-84dd-4d43-b3fd-83a4ea5e8c2c
  uri: /reference/a6768848-84dd-4d43-b3fd-83a4ea5e8c2c
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: "Walsh, John\rWuebbles, Donald\rHayhoe, Katharine\rKossin, James\rKunkel, Kenneth\rStephens, Graeme\rThorne, Peter\rVose, Russell\rWehner, Michael\rWillis, Josh\rAnderson, David\rDoney, Scott\rFeely, Richard\rHennon, Paula\rKharin, Viatcheslav\rKnutson, Thomas\rLanderer, Felix\rLenton, Tim\rKennedy, John\rSomerville, Richard"
    Book Title: 'Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0KW5CXT
    Editor: 'Melillo, Jerry M.; Richmond, Terese (T.C.); Yohe, Gary W.'
    Pages: 19-67
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Reviewer: a6a312ba-6fd1-4006-9a60-45112db52190
    Title: 'Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate'
    URL: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/introduction
    Year: 2014
    _chapter: '["Ch. 0: About this Report FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 4713
    _uuid: a6a312ba-6fd1-4006-9a60-45112db52190
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/nca3/chapter/our-changing-climate
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- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Kassel, Kathleen; Alex Melton; Rosanna Mentzer Morrison'
    Institution: USDA Economic Research Service
    Pages: 27
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Report Number: AP-078
    Title: 'Selected charts from Ag and Food Statistics: Charting the Essentials'
    URL: https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/85463/ap-078.pdf?v=43025
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 25555
    _uuid: a72ad8b0-77de-44f6-94f6-430dacc1bd69
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/selected-charts-ag-food-statistics-charting-essentials
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a72ad8b0-77de-44f6-94f6-430dacc1bd69.yaml
  identifier: a72ad8b0-77de-44f6-94f6-430dacc1bd69
  uri: /reference/a72ad8b0-77de-44f6-94f6-430dacc1bd69
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'State of California,'
    Place Published: 'Sacramento, CA'
    Publisher: California Department of Water Resources
    Title: Sustainable Groundwater Management
    URL: http://www.water.ca.gov/groundwater/sgm/
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 23638
    _uuid: a7f65acb-6a76-40fc-8d42-e90119259f42
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/29115a9a-6f59-45ec-88d4-8e6a812f7522
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a7f65acb-6a76-40fc-8d42-e90119259f42.yaml
  identifier: a7f65acb-6a76-40fc-8d42-e90119259f42
  uri: /reference/a7f65acb-6a76-40fc-8d42-e90119259f42
- attrs:
    Author: 'Díaz, Robert J.; Rosenberg, Rutger'
    DOI: 10.1080/07900627.2010.531379
    Date: 2011/03/01
    ISSN: 0790-0627
    Issue: 1
    Journal: International Journal of Water Resources Development
    Pages: 71-82
    Publisher: Routledge
    Title: Introduction to environmental and economic consequences of hypoxia
    Volume: 27
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 25574
    _uuid: a9708eb3-aa48-4434-919d-ccac9f56ee34
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1080/07900627.2010.531379
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a9708eb3-aa48-4434-919d-ccac9f56ee34.yaml
  identifier: a9708eb3-aa48-4434-919d-ccac9f56ee34
  uri: /reference/a9708eb3-aa48-4434-919d-ccac9f56ee34
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Baenziger, P. Stephen ; Rita Mumm; Rex Bernardo; E. Charles Brummer; Peter Langridge; Philipp Simon; Stephen Smith'
    Institution: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST)
    Pages: 24
    Place Published: 'Ames, IA'
    Series Volume: CAST Issue Paper 57
    Title: Plant Breeding and Genetics. A Paper in the Series on The Need for Agricultural Innovation to Sustainably Feed the World by 2050
    URL: http://www.cast-science.org/publications/?plant_breeding_and_genetics&show=product&productID=284583
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 23602
    _uuid: aa176a1e-7be0-4a50-9099-3656f2bb7d42
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/plant-breeding-genetics-paper-series-on-need-agricultural-innovation-sustainably-feed-world-by-2050
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/aa176a1e-7be0-4a50-9099-3656f2bb7d42.yaml
  identifier: aa176a1e-7be0-4a50-9099-3656f2bb7d42
  uri: /reference/aa176a1e-7be0-4a50-9099-3656f2bb7d42
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'The standard US diet contributes to greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) from both the food system, and from the health system through its contribution to non-communicable diseases. To estimate the potential for diet change to reduce GHGE and improve public health, we analyzed the effect of adopting healthier model diets in the USA on the risk of disease, health care costs, and GHGE. We found that adoption of healthier diets reduced the relative risk of coronary heart disease, colorectal cancer, and type 2 diabetes by 20–45%, US health care costs by US$B 77–93 per year, and direct GHGE by 222–826 kg CO2e capita−1 year−1 (69–84 kg from the health care system, 153–742 kg from the food system). Emission reductions were equivalent to 6–23% of the US Climate Action Plan’s target of a 17% reduction in 2005 GHGE by 2020, and 24–134% of California’s target of 1990 GHGE levels by 2020. However, there is potential for investment of health care savings to result in rebound up to and greater than 100%, which would increase net GHGE. Given the urgency of improving public health and of mitigating GHGE over the short term, the potential contribution of diet change, and the options for reducing rebound, deserve more research in support of policy.'
    Author: 'Hallström, Elinor; Gee, Quentin; Scarborough, Peter; Cleveland, David A.'
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-017-1912-5
    Date: May 01
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Climatic Change
    Pages: 199-212
    Title: A healthier US diet could reduce greenhouse gas emissions from both the food and health care systems
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 142
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 23526
    _uuid: aa5c6ab0-74a3-40c4-83a3-0093480b9603
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-017-1912-5
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  uri: /reference/aa5c6ab0-74a3-40c4-83a3-0093480b9603
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Key, Nigel; Stacy Sneeringer; David Marquardt'
    Institution: USDA Economic Research Service
    Pages: 45
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Series Volume: Economic Research Report No. ERR-175
    Title: 'Climate Change, Heat Stress, and U.S. Dairy Production'
    URL: https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=45282
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 23623
    _uuid: aa7e61cd-e4b5-47d8-96eb-6ef0dfc4e2ae
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/climate-change-heat-stress-us-dairy-production
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  identifier: aa7e61cd-e4b5-47d8-96eb-6ef0dfc4e2ae
  uri: /reference/aa7e61cd-e4b5-47d8-96eb-6ef0dfc4e2ae