--- - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Gamble, Janet L.; Balbus, John; Berger, Martha; Bouye, Karen; Campbell, Vince; Chief, Karletta; Conlon, Kathryn; Crimmins, Allison; Flanagan, Barry; Gonzalez-Maddux, Cristina; Hallisey, Elaine; Hutchins, Sonja; Jantarasami, Lesley; Khoury, Samar; Kiefer, Max; Kolling, Jessica; Lynn, Kathy; Manangan, Arie; McDonald, Marian; Morello-Frosch, Rachel; Redsteer, Margaret Hiza; Sheffield, Perry; Thigpen Tart, Kimberly; Watson, Joanna; Whyte, Kyle Powys; Wolkin, Amy Funk' Book Title: 'The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment' DOI: 10.7930/J0Q81B0T Pages: 247–286 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Title: 'Ch. 9: Populations of concern' Year: 2016 _record_number: 19381 _uuid: c76d7935-9da3-4c4b-9186-86dc658bcc74 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/populations-of-concern href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c76d7935-9da3-4c4b-9186-86dc658bcc74.yaml identifier: c76d7935-9da3-4c4b-9186-86dc658bcc74 uri: /reference/c76d7935-9da3-4c4b-9186-86dc658bcc74 - attrs: Author: 'West, J. Jason; Smith, Steven J.; Silva, Raquel A.; Naik, Vaishali; Zhang, Yuqiang; Adelman, Zachariah; Fry, Meridith M.; Anenberg, Susan; Horowitz, Larry W.; Lamarque, Jean-Francois' DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2009 Date: 10//print ISSN: 1758-678X Issue: 10 Journal: Nature Climate Change Pages: 885-889 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Title: Co-benefits of mitigating global greenhouse gas emissions for future air quality and human health Type of Article: Letter Volume: 3 Year: 2013 _record_number: 21695 _uuid: c826f3cd-fcd9-46b1-b781-f33ff27d0680 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nclimate2009 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c826f3cd-fcd9-46b1-b781-f33ff27d0680.yaml identifier: c826f3cd-fcd9-46b1-b781-f33ff27d0680 uri: /reference/c826f3cd-fcd9-46b1-b781-f33ff27d0680 - attrs: Author: 'Upperman, Crystal Romeo; Parker, Jennifer D.; Akinbami, Lara J.; Jiang, Chengsheng; He, Xin; Murtugudde, Raghuram; Curriero, Frank C.; Ziska, Lewis; Sapkota, Amir' DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.09.016 Date: 2017/03/01/ ISSN: 2213-2198 Issue: 2 Journal: 'Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice' Keywords: Allergy; Allergic rhinitis; Climate change; Extreme heat events; Extreme weather events; Hay fever Pages: 435-441.e2 Title: 'Exposure to extreme heat events is associated with increased hay fever prevalence among nationally representative sample of US adults: 1997-2013' Volume: 5 Year: 2017 _record_number: 24232 _uuid: c9c2ea5f-223f-4594-b182-40b473c6e665 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.09.016 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c9c2ea5f-223f-4594-b182-40b473c6e665.yaml identifier: c9c2ea5f-223f-4594-b182-40b473c6e665 uri: /reference/c9c2ea5f-223f-4594-b182-40b473c6e665 - attrs: Author: 'Kollanus, Virpi; Tiittanen, Pekka; Niemi, Jarkko V.; Lanki, Timo' DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.003 Date: 2016/11/01/ ISSN: 0013-9351 Journal: Environmental Research Keywords: Vegetation fire; Air pollution; Particulate matter; Mortality; Hospital admissions Pages: 351-358 Title: 'Effects of long-range transported air pollution from vegetation fires on daily mortality and hospital admissions in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland' Volume: 151 Year: 2016 _record_number: 24258 _uuid: c9fee542-f364-4c10-b94a-99ac83e96749 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.003 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c9fee542-f364-4c10-b94a-99ac83e96749.yaml identifier: c9fee542-f364-4c10-b94a-99ac83e96749 uri: /reference/c9fee542-f364-4c10-b94a-99ac83e96749 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'EPA,' Institution: 'U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards' Pages: various Place Published: 'Research Triangle Park, NC' Report Number: EPA-452/R-15-007 Title: Regulatory Impact Analysis of the Final Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ground-Level Ozone URL: https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OAR-2013-0169-0057 Year: 2015 _record_number: 25901 _uuid: cc280915-3053-42d1-ba1a-9cc1a24558a1 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/regulatory-impact-analysis-final-revisions-national-ambient-air-quality-standards-ground-level-ozone href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cc280915-3053-42d1-ba1a-9cc1a24558a1.yaml identifier: cc280915-3053-42d1-ba1a-9cc1a24558a1 uri: /reference/cc280915-3053-42d1-ba1a-9cc1a24558a1 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Fisk, William J.' DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.12.024 ISSN: 0360-1323 Journal: Building and Environment Keywords: Building; Climate change; Health; Indoor air quality; Indoor environmental quality; Mitigation Pages: 70-80 Title: Review of some effects of climate change on indoor environmental quality and health and associated no-regrets mitigation measures Volume: 86 Year: 2015 _record_number: 18473 _uuid: cc7159e1-bdd7-450e-b4c6-a943fc153351 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.12.024 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cc7159e1-bdd7-450e-b4c6-a943fc153351.yaml identifier: cc7159e1-bdd7-450e-b4c6-a943fc153351 uri: /reference/cc7159e1-bdd7-450e-b4c6-a943fc153351 - attrs: Author: 'Abel, David; Holloway, Tracey; Kladar, Ryan M.; Meier, Paul; Ahl, Doug; Harkey, Monica; Patz, Jonathan' DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06201 Date: 2017/05/16 ISSN: 0013-936X Issue: 10 Journal: Environmental Science & Technology Pages: 5838-5846 Publisher: American Chemical Society Title: Response of power plant emissions to ambient temperature in the eastern United States Volume: 51 Year: 2017 _record_number: 24279 _uuid: ccd5ec24-c9a9-4e7d-9ae4-b51314ef0e03 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1021/acs.est.6b06201 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/ccd5ec24-c9a9-4e7d-9ae4-b51314ef0e03.yaml identifier: ccd5ec24-c9a9-4e7d-9ae4-b51314ef0e03 uri: /reference/ccd5ec24-c9a9-4e7d-9ae4-b51314ef0e03 - attrs: Abstract: 'Climate change is expected to alter the distribution of ambient ozone levels and temperatures which, in turn, may impact public health. Much research has focused on the effect of short-term ozone exposures on mortality and morbidity while controlling for temperature as a confounder, but less is known about the joint effects of ozone and temperature. The extent of the health effects of changing ozone levels and temperatures will depend on whether these effects are additive or synergistic. In this paper we propose a spatial, semi-parametric model to estimate the joint ozone-temperature risk surfaces in 95 US urban areas. Our methodology restricts the ozone-temperature risk surfaces to be monotone in ozone and allows for both nonadditive and nonlinear effects of ozone and temperature. We use data from the National Mortality and Morbidity Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS) and show that the proposed model fits the data better than additive linear and nonlinear models. We then examine the synergistic effect of ozone and temperature both nationally and locally and find evidence of a nonlinear ozone effect and an ozone-temperature interaction at higher temperatures and ozone concentrations.' Author: 'Wilson, Ander; Rappold, Ana G.; Neas, Lucas M.; Reich, Brian J.' DOI: 10.1214/14-AOAS754 Date: 2014/09 ISSN: 1932-6157 Issue: 3 Journal: Annals of Applied Statistics Keywords: Air pollution; monotone regression; mortality; ozone-temperature interaction; semi-parametric regression; spatial modeling Language: en Pages: 1728-1749 Publisher: The Institute of Mathematical Statistics Title: Modeling the effect of temperature on ozone-related mortality Volume: 8 Year: 2014 _record_number: 24223 _uuid: ce66dd8b-5138-4f60-93d8-7b2e23a8b715 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1214/14-AOAS754 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/ce66dd8b-5138-4f60-93d8-7b2e23a8b715.yaml identifier: ce66dd8b-5138-4f60-93d8-7b2e23a8b715 uri: /reference/ce66dd8b-5138-4f60-93d8-7b2e23a8b715 - attrs: Author: 'Turner, A. J.; Fiore, A. M.; Horowitz, L. W.; Bauer, M.' DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-565-2013 ISSN: 1680-7324 Issue: 2 Journal: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Notes: ACP Pages: 565-578 Publisher: Copernicus Publications Title: 'Summertime cyclones over the Great Lakes Storm Track from 1860–2100: Variability, trends, and association with ozone pollution' Volume: 13 Year: 2013 _record_number: 24233 _uuid: cef909e2-e454-43ad-b271-e96fe19a5276 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.5194/acp-13-565-2013 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cef909e2-e454-43ad-b271-e96fe19a5276.yaml identifier: cef909e2-e454-43ad-b271-e96fe19a5276 uri: /reference/cef909e2-e454-43ad-b271-e96fe19a5276 - attrs: Abstract: 'Rationale: Identification of the minimal ozone (O3) concentration and/or dose that induces measurable lung function decrements in humans is considered in the risk assessment leading to establishing an appropriate National Ambient Air Quality Standard for O3 that protects public health.Objectives: To identify and/or predict the minimal mean O3 concentration that produces a decrement in FEV1 and symptoms in healthy individuals completing 6.6-hour exposure protocols.Methods: Pulmonary function and subjective symptoms were measured in 31 healthy adults (18–25 yr, male and female, nonsmokers) who completed five 6.6-hour chamber exposures: filtered air and four variable hourly patterns with mean O3 concentrations of 60, 70, 80, and 87 parts per billion (ppb).Measurements and Main Results: Compared with filtered air, statistically significant decrements in FEV1 and increases in total subjective symptoms scores (P < 0.05) were measured after exposure to mean concentrations of 70, 80, and 87 ppb O3. The mean percent change in FEV1 (±standard error) at the end of each protocol was 0.80 ± 0.90, −2.72 ± 1.48, −5.34 ± 1.42, −7.02 ± 1.60, and −11.42 ± 2.20% for exposure to filtered air and 60, 70, 80, and 87 ppb O3, respectively.Conclusions: Inhalation of 70 ppb O3 for 6.6 hours, a concentration below the current 8-hour National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 75 ppb, is sufficient to induce statistically significant decrements in FEV1 in healthy young adults.' Author: 'Schelegle, Edward S.; Christopher A. Morales; William F. Walby; Susan Marion; Roblee P. Allen' DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200809-1484OC Issue: 3 Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Keywords: 'ozone,clinical study,exposure assessment,human' Pages: 265-272 Title: 6.6-hour inhalation of ozone concentrations from 60 to 87 parts per billion in healthy humans Volume: 180 Year: 2009 _record_number: 24242 _uuid: d3f82686-12ef-4e1e-9a15-cf89236a53a8 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1164/rccm.200809-1484OC href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d3f82686-12ef-4e1e-9a15-cf89236a53a8.yaml identifier: d3f82686-12ef-4e1e-9a15-cf89236a53a8 uri: /reference/d3f82686-12ef-4e1e-9a15-cf89236a53a8 - attrs: Author: 'Gao, Jinghong; Kovats, Sari; Vardoulakis, Sotiris; Wilkinson, Paul; Woodward, Alistair; Li, Jing; Gu, Shaohua; Liu, Xiaobo; Wu, Haixia; Wang, Jun; Song, Xiaoqin; Zhai, Yunkai; Zhao, Jie; Liu, Qiyong' DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.193 Date: 2018/06/15/ ISSN: 0048-9697 Journal: Science of The Total Environment Keywords: Air pollution; Climate change; Greenhouse gas emissions; Health co-benefits; Mitigation; Uncertainty Pages: 388-402 Title: 'Public health co-benefits of greenhouse gas emissions reduction: A systematic review' Volume: 627 Year: 2018 _record_number: 25134 _uuid: d4eed57d-04b4-4b05-a4aa-352bf223951f reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.193 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d4eed57d-04b4-4b05-a4aa-352bf223951f.yaml identifier: d4eed57d-04b4-4b05-a4aa-352bf223951f uri: /reference/d4eed57d-04b4-4b05-a4aa-352bf223951f - attrs: Abstract: 'Very large-fires (VLFs) have widespread impacts on ecosystems, air quality, fire suppression resources, and in many regions account for a majority of total area burned. Empirical generalized linear models of the largest fires (>5000 ha) across the contiguous United States (US) were developed at ∼60 km spatial and weekly temporal resolutions using solely atmospheric predictors. Climate−fire relationships on interannual timescales were evident, with wetter conditions than normal in the previous growing season enhancing VLFs probability in rangeland systems and with concurrent long-term drought enhancing VLFs probability in forested systems. Information at sub-seasonal timescales further refined these relationships, with short-term fire weather being a significant predictor in rangelands and fire danger indices linked to dead fuel moisture being a significant predictor in forested lands. Models demonstrated agreement in capturing the observed spatial and temporal variability including the interannual variability of VLF occurrences within most ecoregions. Furthermore the model captured the observed increase in VLF occurrences across parts of the southwestern and southeastern US from 1984 to 2010 suggesting that, irrespective of changes in fuels and land management, climatic factors have become more favorable for VLF occurrence over the past three decades in some regions. Our modeling framework provides a basis for simulations of future VLF occurrences from climate projections.' Author: 'Barbero, R.; J. T. Abatzoglou; E. A. Steel; Narasimhan K. Larkin' DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/9/12/124009 ISSN: 1748-9326 Issue: 12 Journal: Environmental Research Letters Pages: 124009 Title: Modeling very large-fire occurrences over the continental United States from weather and climate forcing Volume: 9 Year: 2014 _record_number: 24275 _uuid: d96a729a-a5db-4318-8f52-78f6031b42fd reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1088/1748-9326/9/12/124009 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d96a729a-a5db-4318-8f52-78f6031b42fd.yaml identifier: d96a729a-a5db-4318-8f52-78f6031b42fd uri: /reference/d96a729a-a5db-4318-8f52-78f6031b42fd - attrs: Author: 'Lam, Y. F.; Fu, J. S.; Wu, S.; Mickley, L. J.' DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-4789-2011 ISSN: 1680-7324 Issue: 10 Journal: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Notes: ACP Pages: 4789-4806 Publisher: Copernicus Publications Title: Impacts of future climate change and effects of biogenic emissions on surface ozone and particulate matter concentrations in the United States Volume: 11 Year: 2011 _record_number: 24255 _uuid: da337e51-3cba-4587-8958-1c991952349c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.5194/acp-11-4789-2011 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/da337e51-3cba-4587-8958-1c991952349c.yaml identifier: da337e51-3cba-4587-8958-1c991952349c uri: /reference/da337e51-3cba-4587-8958-1c991952349c - attrs: Abstract: 'Heat waves and air pollution episodes pose a serious threat to human health and may worsen under future climate change. In this paper, we use 15 years (1999–2013) of commensurately gridded (1° x 1°) surface observations of extended summer (April–September) surface ozone (O3), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and maximum temperature (TX) over the eastern United States and Canada to construct a climatology of the coincidence, overlap, and lag in space and time of their extremes. Extremes of each quantity are defined climatologically at each grid cell as the 50 d with the highest values in three 5-y windows (∼95th percentile). Any two extremes occur on the same day in the same grid cell more than 50% of the time in the northeastern United States, but on a domain average, co-occurrence is approximately 30%. Although not exactly co-occurring, many of these extremes show connectedness with consistent offsets in space and in time, which often defy traditional mechanistic explanations. All three extremes occur primarily in large-scale, multiday, spatially connected episodes with scales of >1,000 km and clearly coincide with large-scale meteorological features. The largest, longest-lived episodes have the highest incidence of co-occurrence and contain extreme values well above their local 95th percentile threshold, by +7 ppb for O3, +6 µg m−3 for PM2.5, and +1.7 °C for TX. Our results demonstrate the need to evaluate these extremes as synergistic costressors to accurately quantify their impacts on human health.' Author: 'Schnell, Jordan L.; Prather, Michael J.' DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614453114 Date: 'March 14, 2017' Issue: 11 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Pages: 2854-2859 Title: 'Co-occurrence of extremes in surface ozone, particulate matter, and temperature over eastern North America' Volume: 114 Year: 2017 _record_number: 24241 _uuid: dd3e0e92-583c-44d5-9bb8-03e1057e605f reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1614453114 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/dd3e0e92-583c-44d5-9bb8-03e1057e605f.yaml identifier: dd3e0e92-583c-44d5-9bb8-03e1057e605f uri: /reference/dd3e0e92-583c-44d5-9bb8-03e1057e605f - attrs: .reference_type: 0 .text_styles: '' Author: "Wolf, J.\rO’Neill, N.R.\nRogers, C.A.\rMuilenberg, M.L.\rZiska, L.H." DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901867 Issue: 9 Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives Pages: 1223-1228 Title: Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations amplify Alternaria alternata sporulation and total antigen production Volume: 118 Year: 2010 _chapter: '["Ch. 9: Human Health FINAL","Overview"]' _record_number: 3456 _uuid: dd4ad6ad-d135-4c25-9fe0-e462253fcf01 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1289/ehp.0901867 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/dd4ad6ad-d135-4c25-9fe0-e462253fcf01.yaml identifier: dd4ad6ad-d135-4c25-9fe0-e462253fcf01 uri: /reference/dd4ad6ad-d135-4c25-9fe0-e462253fcf01 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Increased forest fire activity across the western continental United States (US) in recent decades has likely been enabled by a number of factors, including the legacy of fire suppression and human settlement, natural climate variability, and human-caused climate change. We use modeled climate projections to estimate the contribution of anthropogenic climate change to observed increases in eight fuel aridity metrics and forest fire area across the western United States. Anthropogenic increases in temperature and vapor pressure deficit significantly enhanced fuel aridity across western US forests over the past several decades and, during 2000–2015, contributed to 75% more forested area experiencing high (>1 σ) fire-season fuel aridity and an average of nine additional days per year of high fire potential. Anthropogenic climate change accounted for ∼55% of observed increases in fuel aridity from 1979 to 2015 across western US forests, highlighting both anthropogenic climate change and natural climate variability as important contributors to increased wildfire potential in recent decades. We estimate that human-caused climate change contributed to an additional 4.2 million ha of forest fire area during 1984–2015, nearly doubling the forest fire area expected in its absence. Natural climate variability will continue to alternate between modulating and compounding anthropogenic increases in fuel aridity, but anthropogenic climate change has emerged as a driver of increased forest fire activity and should continue to do so while fuels are not limiting.' Author: 'Abatzoglou, John T.; Williams, A. Park' DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607171113 Date: 'October 18, 2016' Issue: 42 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Pages: 11770-11775 Title: Impact of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire across western US forests Volume: 113 Year: 2016 _record_number: 20416 _uuid: de4a77df-03ba-4319-a13f-7fdefbb353a5 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1607171113 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/de4a77df-03ba-4319-a13f-7fdefbb353a5.yaml identifier: de4a77df-03ba-4319-a13f-7fdefbb353a5 uri: /reference/de4a77df-03ba-4319-a13f-7fdefbb353a5 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: EPA Pages: 1251 Place Published: 'Research Triangle Park, NC' Publisher: 'U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development' Report Number: EPA 600/R-10/076F Title: Integrated Science Assessment for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants URL: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/isa/recordisplay.cfm?deid=247492 Year: 2013 _record_number: 18813 _uuid: e00fb4e2-6406-40be-90f8-071dfc43cca3 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/epa-600-r-10-076f href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e00fb4e2-6406-40be-90f8-071dfc43cca3.yaml identifier: e00fb4e2-6406-40be-90f8-071dfc43cca3 uri: /reference/e00fb4e2-6406-40be-90f8-071dfc43cca3 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Western United States forest wildfire activity is widely thought to have increased in recent decades, yet neither the extent of recent changes nor the degree to which climate may be driving regional changes in wildfire has been systematically documented. Much of the public and scientific discussion of changes in western United States wildfire has focused instead on the effects of 19th- and 20th-century land-use history. We compiled a comprehensive database of large wildfires in western United States forests since 1970 and compared it with hydroclimatic and land-surface data. Here, we show that large wildfire activity increased suddenly and markedly in the mid-1980s, with higher large-wildfire frequency, longer wildfire durations, and longer wildfire seasons. The greatest increases occurred in mid-elevation, Northern Rockies forests, where land-use histories have relatively little effect on fire risks and are strongly associated with increased spring and summer temperatures and an earlier spring snowmelt.' Accession Number: '294, 458' Author: "Westerling, A.L.\rHidalgo, H.G.\rCayan, D.R.\rSwetnam, T.W." Author Address: 'Westerling, AL (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA; Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA; Univ Calif, Merced, CA 95344 USA; US Geol Survey, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA; Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA' DOI: 10.1126/science.1128834 Date: AUG 18 2006 ISSN: 0036-8075 Issue: 5789 Journal: Science Keywords: PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS; UNITED-STATES; VEGETATION DISTRIBUTION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; FIRE REGIMES; VARIABILITY; PERSPECTIVE; ECOSYSTEMS; ENSO Language: English Pages: 940-943 Title: Warming and earlier spring increase western U.S. forest wildfire activity Volume: 313 Year: 2006 _chapter: '["Ch. 20: Southwest FINAL","Ch. 9: Human Health FINAL","RG 9 Rural","Ch. 14: Rural Communities FINAL","Ch. 13: Land Use and Land Cover Change FINAL","RF 10","Ch. 8: Ecosystems FINAL","Overview","RG 5 Southwest","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL","Ch. 21: Northwest FINAL"]' _record_number: 3397 _uuid: e1e1f3a0-9fea-4ad2-a3af-575716f9849e reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.1128834 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e1e1f3a0-9fea-4ad2-a3af-575716f9849e.yaml identifier: e1e1f3a0-9fea-4ad2-a3af-575716f9849e uri: /reference/e1e1f3a0-9fea-4ad2-a3af-575716f9849e - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'EPA,' Institution: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Pages: various Place Published: 'Research Triangle Park, NC' Title: '2014 National Emissions Inventory, Version 1. Technical Support Document' URL: 'https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-12/documents/nei2014v1_tsd.pdf; ' Year: 2016 _record_number: 25900 _uuid: e92625ac-9348-4db7-ae87-b1f27ab954f6 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/2014-national-emissions-inventory-version-1-technical-support-document href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e92625ac-9348-4db7-ae87-b1f27ab954f6.yaml identifier: e92625ac-9348-4db7-ae87-b1f27ab954f6 uri: /reference/e92625ac-9348-4db7-ae87-b1f27ab954f6 - attrs: Abstract: 'The economic and ecological costs of wildfire in the United States have risen substantially in recent decades. Although climate change has likely enabled a portion of the increase in wildfire activity, the direct role of people in increasing wildfire activity has been largely overlooked. We evaluate over 1.5 million government records of wildfires that had to be extinguished or managed by state or federal agencies from 1992 to 2012, and examined geographic and seasonal extents of human-ignited wildfires relative to lightning-ignited wildfires. Humans have vastly expanded the spatial and seasonal “fire niche” in the coterminous United States, accounting for 84% of all wildfires and 44% of total area burned. During the 21-y time period, the human-caused fire season was three times longer than the lightning-caused fire season and added an average of 40,000 wildfires per year across the United States. Human-started wildfires disproportionally occurred where fuel moisture was higher than lightning-started fires, thereby helping expand the geographic and seasonal niche of wildfire. Human-started wildfires were dominant (>80% of ignitions) in over 5.1 million km2, the vast majority of the United States, whereas lightning-started fires were dominant in only 0.7 million km2, primarily in sparsely populated areas of the mountainous western United States. Ignitions caused by human activities are a substantial driver of overall fire risk to ecosystems and economies. Actions to raise awareness and increase management in regions prone to human-started wildfires should be a focus of United States policy to reduce fire risk and associated hazards.' Author: 'Balch, Jennifer K.; Bradley, Bethany A.; Abatzoglou, John T.; Nagy, R. Chelsea; Fusco, Emily J.; Mahood, Adam L.' DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617394114 Date: 'March 14, 2017' Issue: 11 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Pages: 2946-2951 Title: Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States Volume: 114 Year: 2017 _record_number: 22012 _uuid: ea8d831c-6b6b-4f8c-9b60-f17bab43660e reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1617394114 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/ea8d831c-6b6b-4f8c-9b60-f17bab43660e.yaml identifier: ea8d831c-6b6b-4f8c-9b60-f17bab43660e uri: /reference/ea8d831c-6b6b-4f8c-9b60-f17bab43660e - attrs: Author: 'Zhang, Yuqiang; Bowden, Jared H.; Adelman, Zachariah; Naik, Vaishali; Horowitz, Larry W.; Smith, Steven J.; West, Jason J.' DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-9533-2016 ISSN: 1680-7324 Issue: 15 Journal: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Notes: ACP Pages: 9533-9548 Publisher: Copernicus Publications Title: Co-benefits of global and regional greenhouse gas mitigation for US air quality in 2050 Volume: 16 Year: 2016 _record_number: 24218 _uuid: ebdc5b02-51f9-438e-aaf5-392da7e48283 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.5194/acp-16-9533-2016 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/ebdc5b02-51f9-438e-aaf5-392da7e48283.yaml identifier: ebdc5b02-51f9-438e-aaf5-392da7e48283 uri: /reference/ebdc5b02-51f9-438e-aaf5-392da7e48283 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: "Fire has a role in ecosystem services; naturally produced wildfires are important for the sustainability of many terrestrial biomes and fire is one of nature's primary carbon-cycling mechanisms. Under a warming climate, it is likely that fire frequency and severity will increase. There is some evidence that fire activity may already be increasing in Western U.S. forests and recent exceptionally intense fire events, such as the Australian Black Saturday fires in 2009 and Russian fires in 2010, highlight the devastation of fires associated with extreme weather. The impacts of emissions from fires on global atmospheric chemistry, and on the atmospheric burden of greenhouse gases and aerosols are recognized although gaps remain in our scientific understanding of the processes involved and the environmental consequences of fires. While significant uncertainty remains in the long-term impacts of forest fires on climate, new sophisticated tools have recently become available (observational and modeling). These tools provide insight into changing wildfires and intentional biomass burning activity in the Anthropocene era that is marked by humans’ impact on Earth. The understanding of the impact of wildfires and intentional biomass burning emissions on the present and future climate is reviewed. Presently, fires and their emissions are controlled under fire management and emission reduction schemes. Under future climate conditions, significantly more effective controls on these fires seem necessary. Continued and improved monitoring to support and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the adopted measures, and further deepening of knowledge on the mechanistic and sociological factors that influence fires and their environmental impacts is highly needed. Wildfires and biomass burning are important for a range of international and domestic policies, including air pollution, climate, poverty, security, food supply, and biodiversity. Climate change will make the need to coherently address fires based on scientifically sound measurements and modeling even more pertinent" Author: 'Keywood, Melita; Kanakidou, Maria; Stohl, Andreas; Dentener, Frank; Grassi, Giacomo; Meyer, C. P.; Torseth, Kjetil; Edwards, David; Thompson, Anne M.; Lohmann, Ulrike; Burrows, John' DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2011.604248 ISSN: 1547-6537 Issue: 1 Journal: Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology Pages: 40-83 Title: 'Fire in the air: Biomass burning impacts in a changing climate' Volume: 43 Year: 2013 _record_number: 18904 _uuid: f4daa36c-4b3f-449a-8d03-94cdd39fe1eb reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1080/10643389.2011.604248 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f4daa36c-4b3f-449a-8d03-94cdd39fe1eb.yaml identifier: f4daa36c-4b3f-449a-8d03-94cdd39fe1eb uri: /reference/f4daa36c-4b3f-449a-8d03-94cdd39fe1eb - attrs: Author: 'Williams, A Park; Abatzoglou, John T' DOI: 10.1007/s40641-016-0031-0 ISSN: 2198-6061 Issue: 1 Journal: Current Climate Change Reports Pages: 1-14 Title: Recent advances and remaining uncertainties in resolving past and future climate effects on global fire activity Volume: 2 Year: 2016 _record_number: 22662 _uuid: f680e49e-d58f-45c2-8ad6-a7bc97c12ca0 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s40641-016-0031-0 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f680e49e-d58f-45c2-8ad6-a7bc97c12ca0.yaml identifier: f680e49e-d58f-45c2-8ad6-a7bc97c12ca0 uri: /reference/f680e49e-d58f-45c2-8ad6-a7bc97c12ca0 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: EPA Place Published: 'Research Triangle Park, NC' Publisher: 'National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency' Report Number: EPA/600/R-08/139F Title: Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter URL: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=216546 Year: 2009 _record_number: 18616 _uuid: f7ffc8dd-70ec-4779-817a-b2985c0779e7 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/epa-600-r-08-139f href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f7ffc8dd-70ec-4779-817a-b2985c0779e7.yaml identifier: f7ffc8dd-70ec-4779-817a-b2985c0779e7 uri: /reference/f7ffc8dd-70ec-4779-817a-b2985c0779e7