---
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Objectives To provide novel quantification and advanced measurements of surface temperatures (Ts) in playgrounds, employing multiple scales of data, and provide insight into hot-hazard mitigation techniques and designs for improved environmental and public health. Methods We conduct an analysis of Ts in two Metro-Phoenix playgrounds at three scales: neighborhood (1 km resolution), microscale (6.8 m resolution), and touch-scale (1 cm resolution). Data were derived from two sources: airborne remote sensing (neighborhood and microscale) and in situ (playground site) infrared Ts (touch-scale). Metrics of surface-to-air temperature deltas (ΔTs–a) and scale offsets (errors) are introduced. Results Select in situ Ts in direct sunlight are shown to approach or surpass values likely to result in burns to children at touch-scales much finer than Ts resolved by airborne remote sensing. Scale offsets based on neighbourhood and microscale ground observations are 3.8 ̊C and 7.3 ̊C less than the ΔTs–a at the 1 cm touch-scale, respectively, and 6.6 ̊C and 10.1 ̊C lower than touch-scale playground equipment Ts, respectively. Hence, the coarser scales underestimate high Ts within playgrounds. Both natural (tree) and artificial (shade sail) shade types are associated with significant reductions in Ts. Conclusions A scale mismatch exists based on differing methods of urban Ts measurement. The sub-meter touch-scale is the spatial scale at which data must be collected and policies of urban landscape design and health must be executed in order to mitigate high Ts in high-contact environments such as playgrounds. Shade implementation is the most promising mitigation technique to reduce child burns, increase park usability, and mitigate urban heating.'
    Author: 'Vanos, Jennifer K.; Middel, Ariane; McKercher, Grant R.; Kuras, Evan R.; Ruddell, Benjamin L.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.10.007
    Date: 2//
    ISSN: 0169-2046
    Journal: Landscape and Urban Planning
    Keywords: climate change; urban; health
    Pages: 29-42
    Title: "Hot playgrounds and children's health: A multiscale analysis of surface temperatures in Arizona, USA"
    Volume: 146
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22871
    _uuid: 25f43b4b-e8eb-4daa-8c9b-cf0991f72c6d
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.10.007
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  uri: /reference/25f43b4b-e8eb-4daa-8c9b-cf0991f72c6d
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 9
    Author: USGCRP
    DOI: 10.7930/J0R49NQX
    Number of Pages: 312
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: 'The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment'
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 19368
    _uuid: f1e633d5-070a-4a7d-935b-a2281a0c9cb6
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016
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  identifier: f1e633d5-070a-4a7d-935b-a2281a0c9cb6
  uri: /reference/f1e633d5-070a-4a7d-935b-a2281a0c9cb6