uri,href,identifier,attrs.Abstract,attrs.Author,attrs.DOI,attrs.Date,attrs.ISSN,attrs.Journal,attrs.Keywords,attrs.Pages,attrs.Title,attrs.Volume,attrs.Year,attrs._record_number,attrs._uuid,attrs.reftype,child_publication
/reference/9dbe259c-7b0d-4bbb-b0bc-2e24cc3d106f,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9dbe259c-7b0d-4bbb-b0bc-2e24cc3d106f,9dbe259c-7b0d-4bbb-b0bc-2e24cc3d106f,"Urban areas are increasingly seen as having distinct need for climate adaptation. Further, as resources are limited, it is essential to prioritize adaptation actions. At the municipal scale, we suggest that priorities be placed where there is a gap between adaption need and existing adaptation effort. Taking Seattle, USA, as an example, we present this gap in terms of four categories of adaptation options (no-regret, primary, secondary, and tertiary) for the three primary urban hazards—flooding, heat wave, and drought. To do so, we first establish current adaptation need by identifying and categorizing adaptation options. Next, we consider for each option the number of hazards addressed and benefit to and beyond climate adaptation, the projected magnitude of the hazards addressed, the projection’s uncertainty, and the required scale and irreversibility of investment. Third, we assessed Seattle’s current adaptation efforts by reviewing adaptation plans and related materials. Finally, we identify the distance or “gap” as the proportion of adaptation options not identified by existing adaptation plans. For Seattle, we categorized seven options as no-regret adaptation, five as primary, two as secondary, and three as tertiary. Each level’s adaptation gap highlights significant opportunities to take steps to reduce climate risks in key areas.","Chen, Chen; Doherty, Meghan; Coffee, Joyce; Wong, Theodore; Hellmann, Jessica",10.1016/j.envsci.2016.05.007,12//,1462-9011,"Environmental Science & Policy","NEW; adaptation; cities",403-419,"Measuring the adaptation gap: A framework for evaluating climate hazards and opportunities in urban areas",66,2016,22717,9dbe259c-7b0d-4bbb-b0bc-2e24cc3d106f,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.05.007
/reference/9ec5956c-c78a-4fef-86be-4fed318bf303,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9ec5956c-c78a-4fef-86be-4fed318bf303,9ec5956c-c78a-4fef-86be-4fed318bf303,"Many inhabitants of cities throughout the world suffer from health problems and discomfort that are caused by overheating of urban areas, and there is compelling evidence that these problems will be exacerbated by global climate change. Most cities are not designed to ameliorate these effects although it is well-known that this is possible, especially through evidence-based climate-responsive design of urban open spaces. Urban parks and green spaces have the potential to provide thermally comfortable environments and help reduce vulnerability to heat stress. However, in order for them to provide this function, parks must be designed within the context of the prevailing climate and predicted future climates. To analyze the effects of elements that alter microclimate in parks, we used human energy budget simulations. We modelled the outdoor human energy budget in a range of warm to hot climate zones and interpreted the results in terms of thermal comfort and health vulnerability. Reduction of solar radiant input with trees had the greatest effect in all test cities. Reduction in air temperature was the second-most important component, and in some climates was nearly as important as incorporating shade. We then conducted similar modelling using predicted climates for the middle of the century, emphasizing the importance of city-level efforts for park design to assist in minimizing future climate-related urban health risks. These simulations suggested that heat waves in many climates will produce outdoor environments where people will be in extreme danger of heat stress, but that appropriately designed parks can reduce the threat.","Brown, Robert D.; Vanos, Jennifer; Kenny, Natasha; Lenzholzer, Sanda",10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.006,6//,0169-2046,"Landscape and Urban Planning","urban; heat; urban forest; climate change",118-131,"Designing urban parks that ameliorate the effects of climate change",138,2015,22704,9ec5956c-c78a-4fef-86be-4fed318bf303,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.006
/reference/b0952748-e532-4d7c-ace8-66786863734d,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/b0952748-e532-4d7c-ace8-66786863734d,b0952748-e532-4d7c-ace8-66786863734d,,"Kettle, Nathan P.; Dow, Kirstin; Tuler, Seth; Webler, Thomas; Whitehead, Jessica; Miller, Karly M.",10.1016/j.crm.2014.07.001,2014/01/01/,2212-0963,"Climate Risk Management","Barrier island; South Carolina; Climate adaptation; Mediated modeling; Risk management",17-31,"Integrating scientific and local knowledge to inform risk-based management approaches for climate adaptation",4-5,2014,23046,b0952748-e532-4d7c-ace8-66786863734d,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.crm.2014.07.001
/reference/b17b3711-69f8-4b4e-853b-9264efb971f1,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/b17b3711-69f8-4b4e-853b-9264efb971f1,b17b3711-69f8-4b4e-853b-9264efb971f1,,"Nowak, David J.; Appleton, Nathaniel; Ellis, Alexis; Greenfield, Eric",10.1016/j.ufug.2016.12.004,2017/01/01/,1618-8667,"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","Air quality; Ecosystem services; Energy use; Pollutant emissions; Urban forestry",158-165,"Residential building energy conservation and avoided power plant emissions by urban and community trees in the United States",21,2017,23185,b17b3711-69f8-4b4e-853b-9264efb971f1,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.12.004
/reference/b75bf8c7-f76f-4fd9-98d4-fd8fa08341f2,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/b75bf8c7-f76f-4fd9-98d4-fd8fa08341f2,b75bf8c7-f76f-4fd9-98d4-fd8fa08341f2,,"Revi, A.; Satterthwaite, D. E.; Aragón-Durand, F.; Corfee-Morlot, J.; Kiunsi, R. B. R.; Pelling, M.; Roberts, D. C.; Solecki, W.",,,,,,535-612,"Urban areas",,2014,17700,b75bf8c7-f76f-4fd9-98d4-fd8fa08341f2,"Book Section",/report/ipcc-ar5-wg2-parta/chapter/wg2-ar5-chap8-final
/reference/bc596c87-23de-4edf-9351-ff2fe74ba4c7,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/bc596c87-23de-4edf-9351-ff2fe74ba4c7,bc596c87-23de-4edf-9351-ff2fe74ba4c7,,"Stratus Consulting and Denver Water,",,,,,,various,"Embracing uncertainty: A case study examination of how climate change is shifting water utility planning. Prepared for the Water Utility Climate Alliance (WUCA), the American Water Works Association (AWWA), the Water Research Foundation (WRF), and the Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies (AMWA) by Stratus Consulting Inc., Boulder, CO (Karen Raucher and Robert Raucher) and Denver Water, Denver, CO (Laurna Kaatz)",,2015,25408,bc596c87-23de-4edf-9351-ff2fe74ba4c7,Report,/report/embracing-uncertainty-case-study-examination-how-climate-change-is-shifting-water-utility-planning-prepared-water-utility-climate-alliance-wuca-american-water-works-association-awwa-water-research-foundation-wrf-association-metropolitan-water-agencies-amwa-by-stratus-consulting-inc-boulder-co-karen-raucher-robert-raucher-denver-water-denver-co-laurna-kaatz
/reference/c649aa60-e3b5-47a4-8a40-0d7ef5cf98d8,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c649aa60-e3b5-47a4-8a40-0d7ef5cf98d8,c649aa60-e3b5-47a4-8a40-0d7ef5cf98d8,"Independent lines of research on urbanization, urban areas, and carbon have advanced our understanding of some of the processes through which energy and land uses affect carbon. This synthesis integrates some of these diverse viewpoints as a first step toward a coproduced, integrated framework for understanding urbanization, urban areas, and their relationships to carbon. It suggests the need for approaches that complement and combine the plethora of existing insights into interdisciplinary explorations of how different urbanization processes, and socio-ecological and technological components of urban areas, affect the spatial and temporal patterns of carbon emissions, differentially over time and within and across cities. It also calls for a more holistic approach to examining the carbon implications of urbanization and urban areas, based not only on demographics or income but also on other interconnected features of urban development pathways such as urban form, economic function, economic-growth policies, and other governance arrangements. It points to a wide array of uncertainties around the urbanization processes, their interactions with urban socio-institutional and built environment systems, and how these impact the exchange of carbon flows within and outside urban areas. We must also understand in turn how carbon feedbacks, including carbon impacts and potential impacts of climate change, can affect urbanization processes. Finally, the paper explores options, barriers, and limits to transitioning cities to low-carbon trajectories, and suggests the development of an end-to-end, coproduced and integrated scientific understanding that can more effectively inform the navigation of transitional journeys and the avoidance of obstacles along the way.","Romero-Lankao, P.; Gurney, K. R.; Seto, K. C.; Chester, M.; Duren, R. M.; Hughes, S.; Hutyra, L. R.; Marcotullio, P.; Baker, L.; Grimm, N. B.; Kennedy, C.; Larson, E.; Pincetl, S.; Runfola, D.; Sanchez, L.; Shrestha, G.; Feddema, J.; Sarzynski, A.; Sperling, J.; Stokes, E.",10.1002/2014ef000258,Oct,2328-4277,"Earth's Future","Urban; carbon cycle; Urbanization; Mitigation",515-532,"A critical knowledge pathway to low-carbon, sustainable futures: Integrated understanding of urbanization, urban areas, and carbon",2,2014,22829,c649aa60-e3b5-47a4-8a40-0d7ef5cf98d8,"Journal Article",/article/10.1002/2014ef000258
/reference/cb667add-afc5-472b-a8bc-6c688712b9c8,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cb667add-afc5-472b-a8bc-6c688712b9c8,cb667add-afc5-472b-a8bc-6c688712b9c8,,"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,",10.17226/21852,,,,"added by ERG",,"Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change",,2016,22915,cb667add-afc5-472b-a8bc-6c688712b9c8,Book,/report/nas-attribution-extreme-weather-2016
/reference/d3a3ca44-1e49-41ee-9063-dc1be22dec3c,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d3a3ca44-1e49-41ee-9063-dc1be22dec3c,d3a3ca44-1e49-41ee-9063-dc1be22dec3c,,"Stone, Brian Jr.; Vargo, Jason; Liu, Peng; Habeeb, Dana; DeLucia, Anthony; Trail, Marcus; Hu, Yongtao; Russell, Armistead",10.1371/journal.pone.0100852,,1932-6203,"PLoS ONE",,e100852,"Avoided heat-related mortality through climate adaptation strategies in three US cities",9,2014,19132,d3a3ca44-1e49-41ee-9063-dc1be22dec3c,"Journal Article",/article/10.1371/journal.pone.0100852
/reference/e092ae8f-d7ed-4879-8773-ea442b9fd12d,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e092ae8f-d7ed-4879-8773-ea442b9fd12d,e092ae8f-d7ed-4879-8773-ea442b9fd12d,"The concentration of people, infrastructure, and ecosystem services in urban areas make them prime sites for climate change adaptation. While advances have been made in the development of frameworks for adaptation planning and in identifying both real and potential barriers to action, empirical work evaluating urban adaptation planning processes has been relatively piecemeal. Existing assessments of current experience with urban adaptation provide necessarily broad generalizations based on the available peer-reviewed literature. This paper uses a meta-analysis of U.S. cities’ current experience with urban adaptation planning drawing from 54 sources that include peer-reviewed literature, government reports, white papers, and reports published by non-governmental organizations. The analysis specifically evaluates the institutional support structures being developed for urban climate change adaptation. The results demonstrate that adaptation planning is driven by a desire to reduce vulnerability and often catalyzes new collaborations and coordination mechanisms in urban governance. As a result, building capacity for urban climate change adaptation planning requires a focus not only on city governments themselves but also on the complex horizontal and vertical networks that have arisen around such efforts. Existing adaptation planning often lacks attention to equity issues, social vulnerability, and the influence of non-climatic factors on vulnerability. Engaging city governments and communities in adaptation planning – whether to initiate or expand such efforts – may require that adaptation planning is framed to capitalize on their motivation to protect assets and reduce vulnerability.","Hughes, Sara",10.1016/j.uclim.2015.06.003,12//,2212-0955,"Urban Climate","urban; Adaptation; climate change",17-29,"A meta-analysis of urban climate change adaptation planning in the U.S","14, Part 1",2015,22752,e092ae8f-d7ed-4879-8773-ea442b9fd12d,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.uclim.2015.06.003
/reference/e40c4470-2588-4c8c-8fbe-b95317579882,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e40c4470-2588-4c8c-8fbe-b95317579882,e40c4470-2588-4c8c-8fbe-b95317579882,,"Gaffin, Stuart R.; Rosenzweig, Cynthia; Kong, Angela Y. Y.",10.1038/nclimate1685,09/27/online,,"Nature Climate Change",,704,"Adapting to climate change through urban green infrastructure",2,2012,23194,e40c4470-2588-4c8c-8fbe-b95317579882,"Journal Article",/article/10.1038/nclimate1685
/reference/e904b5f2-2c5e-4e55-8365-2ba748291939,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e904b5f2-2c5e-4e55-8365-2ba748291939,e904b5f2-2c5e-4e55-8365-2ba748291939,,"Estrada, Francisco; Botzen, W. J. Wouter; Tol, Richard S. J.",10.1038/nclimate3301,06//print,1758-678X,"Nature Climate Change",,403-406,"A global economic assessment of city policies to reduce climate change impacts",7,2017,21835,e904b5f2-2c5e-4e55-8365-2ba748291939,"Journal Article",/article/10.1038/nclimate3301
/reference/f1f67e52-3ceb-47c9-8961-a6640d15a618,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f1f67e52-3ceb-47c9-8961-a6640d15a618,f1f67e52-3ceb-47c9-8961-a6640d15a618,,"UN-Habitat,",,,,,,247,"Urbanization and Development: Emerging Futures. World Cities report 2016",,2016,23182,f1f67e52-3ceb-47c9-8961-a6640d15a618,Report,/report/urbanization-development-emerging-futures-world-cities-report-2016