--- - attrs: Author: 'Aerts, Jeroen C. J. H.; Botzen, W. J. Wouter; Emanuel, Kerry; Lin, Ning; de Moel, Hans; Michel-Kerjan, Erwann O.' DOI: 10.1126/science.1248222 Issue: 6183 Journal: Science Keywords: urban; climate change; flooding; resilience; NE; Projection Pages: 473-475 Title: Evaluating flood resilience strategies for coastal megacities Volume: 344 Year: 2014 _record_number: 22688 _uuid: 993dacc4-2fe3-4fdb-a822-70538be4da25 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.1248222 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/993dacc4-2fe3-4fdb-a822-70538be4da25.yaml identifier: 993dacc4-2fe3-4fdb-a822-70538be4da25 uri: /reference/993dacc4-2fe3-4fdb-a822-70538be4da25 - attrs: Abstract: 'Urban areas are increasingly seen as having distinct need for climate adaptation. Further, as resources are limited, it is essential to prioritize adaptation actions. At the municipal scale, we suggest that priorities be placed where there is a gap between adaption need and existing adaptation effort. Taking Seattle, USA, as an example, we present this gap in terms of four categories of adaptation options (no-regret, primary, secondary, and tertiary) for the three primary urban hazards—flooding, heat wave, and drought. To do so, we first establish current adaptation need by identifying and categorizing adaptation options. Next, we consider for each option the number of hazards addressed and benefit to and beyond climate adaptation, the projected magnitude of the hazards addressed, the projection’s uncertainty, and the required scale and irreversibility of investment. Third, we assessed Seattle’s current adaptation efforts by reviewing adaptation plans and related materials. Finally, we identify the distance or “gap” as the proportion of adaptation options not identified by existing adaptation plans. For Seattle, we categorized seven options as no-regret adaptation, five as primary, two as secondary, and three as tertiary. Each level’s adaptation gap highlights significant opportunities to take steps to reduce climate risks in key areas.' Author: 'Chen, Chen; Doherty, Meghan; Coffee, Joyce; Wong, Theodore; Hellmann, Jessica' DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2016.05.007 Date: 12// ISSN: 1462-9011 Journal: Environmental Science & Policy Keywords: NEW; adaptation; cities Pages: 403-419 Title: 'Measuring the adaptation gap: A framework for evaluating climate hazards and opportunities in urban areas' Volume: 66 Year: 2016 _record_number: 22717 _uuid: 9dbe259c-7b0d-4bbb-b0bc-2e24cc3d106f reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.05.007 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9dbe259c-7b0d-4bbb-b0bc-2e24cc3d106f.yaml identifier: 9dbe259c-7b0d-4bbb-b0bc-2e24cc3d106f uri: /reference/9dbe259c-7b0d-4bbb-b0bc-2e24cc3d106f - attrs: Abstract: 'Many inhabitants of cities throughout the world suffer from health problems and discomfort that are caused by overheating of urban areas, and there is compelling evidence that these problems will be exacerbated by global climate change. Most cities are not designed to ameliorate these effects although it is well-known that this is possible, especially through evidence-based climate-responsive design of urban open spaces. Urban parks and green spaces have the potential to provide thermally comfortable environments and help reduce vulnerability to heat stress. However, in order for them to provide this function, parks must be designed within the context of the prevailing climate and predicted future climates. To analyze the effects of elements that alter microclimate in parks, we used human energy budget simulations. We modelled the outdoor human energy budget in a range of warm to hot climate zones and interpreted the results in terms of thermal comfort and health vulnerability. Reduction of solar radiant input with trees had the greatest effect in all test cities. Reduction in air temperature was the second-most important component, and in some climates was nearly as important as incorporating shade. We then conducted similar modelling using predicted climates for the middle of the century, emphasizing the importance of city-level efforts for park design to assist in minimizing future climate-related urban health risks. These simulations suggested that heat waves in many climates will produce outdoor environments where people will be in extreme danger of heat stress, but that appropriately designed parks can reduce the threat.' Author: 'Brown, Robert D.; Vanos, Jennifer; Kenny, Natasha; Lenzholzer, Sanda' DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.006 Date: 6// ISSN: 0169-2046 Journal: Landscape and Urban Planning Keywords: urban; heat; urban forest; climate change Pages: 118-131 Title: Designing urban parks that ameliorate the effects of climate change Volume: 138 Year: 2015 _record_number: 22704 _uuid: 9ec5956c-c78a-4fef-86be-4fed318bf303 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.006 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9ec5956c-c78a-4fef-86be-4fed318bf303.yaml identifier: 9ec5956c-c78a-4fef-86be-4fed318bf303 uri: /reference/9ec5956c-c78a-4fef-86be-4fed318bf303 - attrs: Author: 'Kettle, Nathan P.; Dow, Kirstin; Tuler, Seth; Webler, Thomas; Whitehead, Jessica; Miller, Karly M.' DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2014.07.001 Date: 2014/01/01/ ISSN: 2212-0963 Journal: Climate Risk Management Keywords: Barrier island; South Carolina; Climate adaptation; Mediated modeling; Risk management Pages: 17-31 Title: Integrating scientific and local knowledge to inform risk-based management approaches for climate adaptation Volume: 4-5 Year: 2014 _record_number: 23046 _uuid: b0952748-e532-4d7c-ace8-66786863734d reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.crm.2014.07.001 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/b0952748-e532-4d7c-ace8-66786863734d.yaml identifier: b0952748-e532-4d7c-ace8-66786863734d uri: /reference/b0952748-e532-4d7c-ace8-66786863734d - attrs: Author: 'Nowak, David J.; Appleton, Nathaniel; Ellis, Alexis; Greenfield, Eric' DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2016.12.004 Date: 2017/01/01/ ISSN: 1618-8667 Journal: Urban Forestry & Urban Greening Keywords: Air quality; Ecosystem services; Energy use; Pollutant emissions; Urban forestry Pages: 158-165 Title: Residential building energy conservation and avoided power plant emissions by urban and community trees in the United States Volume: 21 Year: 2017 _record_number: 23185 _uuid: b17b3711-69f8-4b4e-853b-9264efb971f1 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.12.004 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/b17b3711-69f8-4b4e-853b-9264efb971f1.yaml identifier: b17b3711-69f8-4b4e-853b-9264efb971f1 uri: /reference/b17b3711-69f8-4b4e-853b-9264efb971f1 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Revi, A.; Satterthwaite, D. E.; Aragón-Durand, F.; Corfee-Morlot, J.; Kiunsi, R. B. R.; Pelling, M.; Roberts, D. C.; Solecki, W.' Book Title: 'Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change' Editor: 'Field, C. B.; Barros, V. R.; Dokken, D. J.; Mach, K. J.; Mastrandrea, M. D.; Bilir, T. E.; Chatterjee, M.; Ebi, K. L.; Estrada, Y. O.; Genova, R. C.; Girma, B.; Kissel, E. S.; Levy, A. N.; MacCracken, S.; Mastrandrea, P. R.; White, L. L.' Pages: 535-612 Place Published: 'Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA' Publisher: Cambridge University Press Short Title: Urban areas Title: Urban areas Year: 2014 _record_number: 17700 _uuid: b75bf8c7-f76f-4fd9-98d4-fd8fa08341f2 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar5-wg2-parta/chapter/wg2-ar5-chap8-final href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/b75bf8c7-f76f-4fd9-98d4-fd8fa08341f2.yaml identifier: b75bf8c7-f76f-4fd9-98d4-fd8fa08341f2 uri: /reference/b75bf8c7-f76f-4fd9-98d4-fd8fa08341f2 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Stratus Consulting and Denver Water,' Institution: Stratus Consulting Pages: various Place Published: 'Boulder, CO' Title: 'Embracing uncertainty: A case study examination of how climate change is shifting water utility planning. Prepared for the Water Utility Climate Alliance (WUCA), the American Water Works Association (AWWA), the Water Research Foundation (WRF), and the Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies (AMWA) by Stratus Consulting Inc., Boulder, CO (Karen Raucher and Robert Raucher) and Denver Water, Denver, CO (Laurna Kaatz)' URL: https://www.wucaonline.org/assets/pdf/pubs-uncertainty.pdf Year: 2015 _record_number: 25408 _uuid: bc596c87-23de-4edf-9351-ff2fe74ba4c7 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/embracing-uncertainty-case-study-examination-how-climate-change-is-shifting-water-utility-planning-prepared-water-utility-climate-alliance-wuca-american-water-works-association-awwa-water-research-foundation-wrf-association-metropolitan-water-agencies-amwa-by-stratus-consulting-inc-boulder-co-karen-raucher-robert-raucher-denver-water-denver-co-laurna-kaatz href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/bc596c87-23de-4edf-9351-ff2fe74ba4c7.yaml identifier: bc596c87-23de-4edf-9351-ff2fe74ba4c7 uri: /reference/bc596c87-23de-4edf-9351-ff2fe74ba4c7 - attrs: Abstract: 'Independent lines of research on urbanization, urban areas, and carbon have advanced our understanding of some of the processes through which energy and land uses affect carbon. This synthesis integrates some of these diverse viewpoints as a first step toward a coproduced, integrated framework for understanding urbanization, urban areas, and their relationships to carbon. It suggests the need for approaches that complement and combine the plethora of existing insights into interdisciplinary explorations of how different urbanization processes, and socio-ecological and technological components of urban areas, affect the spatial and temporal patterns of carbon emissions, differentially over time and within and across cities. It also calls for a more holistic approach to examining the carbon implications of urbanization and urban areas, based not only on demographics or income but also on other interconnected features of urban development pathways such as urban form, economic function, economic-growth policies, and other governance arrangements. It points to a wide array of uncertainties around the urbanization processes, their interactions with urban socio-institutional and built environment systems, and how these impact the exchange of carbon flows within and outside urban areas. We must also understand in turn how carbon feedbacks, including carbon impacts and potential impacts of climate change, can affect urbanization processes. Finally, the paper explores options, barriers, and limits to transitioning cities to low-carbon trajectories, and suggests the development of an end-to-end, coproduced and integrated scientific understanding that can more effectively inform the navigation of transitional journeys and the avoidance of obstacles along the way.' Author: 'Romero-Lankao, P.; Gurney, K. R.; Seto, K. C.; Chester, M.; Duren, R. M.; Hughes, S.; Hutyra, L. R.; Marcotullio, P.; Baker, L.; Grimm, N. B.; Kennedy, C.; Larson, E.; Pincetl, S.; Runfola, D.; Sanchez, L.; Shrestha, G.; Feddema, J.; Sarzynski, A.; Sperling, J.; Stokes, E.' DOI: 10.1002/2014ef000258 Date: Oct ISSN: 2328-4277 Issue: 10 Journal: Earth's Future Keywords: Urban; carbon cycle; Urbanization; Mitigation Pages: 515-532 Title: 'A critical knowledge pathway to low-carbon, sustainable futures: Integrated understanding of urbanization, urban areas, and carbon' Volume: 2 Year: 2014 _record_number: 22829 _uuid: c649aa60-e3b5-47a4-8a40-0d7ef5cf98d8 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/2014ef000258 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c649aa60-e3b5-47a4-8a40-0d7ef5cf98d8.yaml identifier: c649aa60-e3b5-47a4-8a40-0d7ef5cf98d8 uri: /reference/c649aa60-e3b5-47a4-8a40-0d7ef5cf98d8 - attrs: .reference_type: 9 Author: 'National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,' DOI: 10.17226/21852 Keywords: added by ERG Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Publisher: National Academies Press Title: Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change Year: 2016 _record_number: 22915 _uuid: cb667add-afc5-472b-a8bc-6c688712b9c8 reftype: Book child_publication: /report/nas-attribution-extreme-weather-2016 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cb667add-afc5-472b-a8bc-6c688712b9c8.yaml identifier: cb667add-afc5-472b-a8bc-6c688712b9c8 uri: /reference/cb667add-afc5-472b-a8bc-6c688712b9c8 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Stone, Brian Jr.; Vargo, Jason; Liu, Peng; Habeeb, Dana; DeLucia, Anthony; Trail, Marcus; Hu, Yongtao; Russell, Armistead' DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100852 ISSN: 1932-6203 Issue: 6 Journal: PLoS ONE Pages: e100852 Title: Avoided heat-related mortality through climate adaptation strategies in three US cities Volume: 9 Year: 2014 _chapter: Ch2 _record_number: 19132 _uuid: d3a3ca44-1e49-41ee-9063-dc1be22dec3c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1371/journal.pone.0100852 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d3a3ca44-1e49-41ee-9063-dc1be22dec3c.yaml identifier: d3a3ca44-1e49-41ee-9063-dc1be22dec3c uri: /reference/d3a3ca44-1e49-41ee-9063-dc1be22dec3c - attrs: Abstract: 'The concentration of people, infrastructure, and ecosystem services in urban areas make them prime sites for climate change adaptation. While advances have been made in the development of frameworks for adaptation planning and in identifying both real and potential barriers to action, empirical work evaluating urban adaptation planning processes has been relatively piecemeal. Existing assessments of current experience with urban adaptation provide necessarily broad generalizations based on the available peer-reviewed literature. This paper uses a meta-analysis of U.S. cities’ current experience with urban adaptation planning drawing from 54 sources that include peer-reviewed literature, government reports, white papers, and reports published by non-governmental organizations. The analysis specifically evaluates the institutional support structures being developed for urban climate change adaptation. The results demonstrate that adaptation planning is driven by a desire to reduce vulnerability and often catalyzes new collaborations and coordination mechanisms in urban governance. As a result, building capacity for urban climate change adaptation planning requires a focus not only on city governments themselves but also on the complex horizontal and vertical networks that have arisen around such efforts. Existing adaptation planning often lacks attention to equity issues, social vulnerability, and the influence of non-climatic factors on vulnerability. Engaging city governments and communities in adaptation planning – whether to initiate or expand such efforts – may require that adaptation planning is framed to capitalize on their motivation to protect assets and reduce vulnerability.' Author: 'Hughes, Sara' DOI: 10.1016/j.uclim.2015.06.003 Date: 12// ISSN: 2212-0955 Journal: Urban Climate Keywords: urban; Adaptation; climate change Pages: 17-29 Title: A meta-analysis of urban climate change adaptation planning in the U.S Volume: '14, Part 1' Year: 2015 _record_number: 22752 _uuid: e092ae8f-d7ed-4879-8773-ea442b9fd12d reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.uclim.2015.06.003 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e092ae8f-d7ed-4879-8773-ea442b9fd12d.yaml identifier: e092ae8f-d7ed-4879-8773-ea442b9fd12d uri: /reference/e092ae8f-d7ed-4879-8773-ea442b9fd12d - attrs: Author: 'Gaffin, Stuart R.; Rosenzweig, Cynthia; Kong, Angela Y. Y.' DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1685 Date: 09/27/online Journal: Nature Climate Change Pages: 704 Publisher: 'Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.' Title: Adapting to climate change through urban green infrastructure Type of Article: Correspondence Volume: 2 Year: 2012 _record_number: 23194 _uuid: e40c4470-2588-4c8c-8fbe-b95317579882 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nclimate1685 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e40c4470-2588-4c8c-8fbe-b95317579882.yaml identifier: e40c4470-2588-4c8c-8fbe-b95317579882 uri: /reference/e40c4470-2588-4c8c-8fbe-b95317579882 - attrs: Author: 'Estrada, Francisco; Botzen, W. J. Wouter; Tol, Richard S. J.' DOI: 10.1038/nclimate3301 Date: 06//print ISSN: 1758-678X Issue: 6 Journal: Nature Climate Change Pages: 403-406 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Title: A global economic assessment of city policies to reduce climate change impacts Type of Article: Letter Volume: 7 Year: 2017 _record_number: 21835 _uuid: e904b5f2-2c5e-4e55-8365-2ba748291939 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nclimate3301 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e904b5f2-2c5e-4e55-8365-2ba748291939.yaml identifier: e904b5f2-2c5e-4e55-8365-2ba748291939 uri: /reference/e904b5f2-2c5e-4e55-8365-2ba748291939 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'UN-Habitat,' Institution: 'United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) ' Notes: 'ISBN: 978-92-1-132708-3 ' Pages: 247 Place Published: 'Nairobi, Kenya' Series Volume: HS/038/16E Title: 'Urbanization and Development: Emerging Futures. World Cities report 2016' URL: http://wcr.unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2016/05/WCR-%20Full-Report-2016.pdf Year: 2016 _record_number: 23182 _uuid: f1f67e52-3ceb-47c9-8961-a6640d15a618 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/urbanization-development-emerging-futures-world-cities-report-2016 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f1f67e52-3ceb-47c9-8961-a6640d15a618.yaml identifier: f1f67e52-3ceb-47c9-8961-a6640d15a618 uri: /reference/f1f67e52-3ceb-47c9-8961-a6640d15a618