uri,href,identifier,attrs.Abstract,attrs.Author,attrs.DOI,attrs.Date,attrs.ISSN,attrs.Journal,attrs.Title,"attrs.Type of Article",attrs.Year,attrs._record_number,attrs._uuid,attrs.reftype,child_publication
/reference/0006123e-10a3-4501-a89c-95a7921a9c3d,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0006123e-10a3-4501-a89c-95a7921a9c3d,0006123e-10a3-4501-a89c-95a7921a9c3d,"Understanding how impacts may differ across alternative levels of future climate change is necessary to inform mitigation and adaptation measures. The Benefits of Reduced Anthropogenic Climate changE (BRACE) project assesses the differences in impacts between two specific climate futures: a higher emissions future with global average temperature increasing about 3.7 °C above pre-industrial levels toward the end of the century and a moderate emissions future with global average warming of about 2.5 °C. BRACE studies in this special issue quantify avoided impacts on physical, managed, and societal systems in terms of extreme events, health, agriculture, and tropical cyclones. Here we describe the conceptual framework and design of BRACE and synthesize its results. Methodologically, the project combines climate modeling, statistical analysis, and impact assessment and draws heavily on large ensembles using the Community Earth System Model. It addresses uncertainty in future societal change by employing two pathways for future socioeconomic development. Results show that the benefits of reduced climate change within this framework vary substantially across types of impacts. In many cases, especially related to extreme heat events, there are substantial benefits to mitigation. The benefits for some heat extremes are statistically significant in some regions as early as the 2020s and are widespread by mid-century. Benefits are more modest for agriculture and exposure to some health risks. Benefits are negative for agriculture when CO2 fertilization is incorporated. For several societal impacts, the effect on outcomes of alternative future societal development pathways is substantially larger than the effect of the two climate scenarios.","O’Neill, Brian C.; M. Done, James; Gettelman, Andrew; Lawrence, Peter; Lehner, Flavio; Lamarque, Jean-Francois; Lin, Lei; J. Monaghan, Andrew; Oleson, Keith; Ren, Xiaolin; M. Sanderson, Benjamin; Tebaldi, Claudia; Weitzel, Matthias; Xu, Yangyang; Anderson, Brooke; Fix, Miranda J.; Levis, Samuel",10.1007/s10584-017-2009-x,"July 26",1573-1480,"Climatic Change","The Benefits of Reduced Anthropogenic Climate changE (BRACE): A synthesis","journal article",2017,24077,0006123e-10a3-4501-a89c-95a7921a9c3d,"Journal Article",/article/10.1007/s10584-017-2009-x
/reference/00234d41-c8e2-49c1-8b7a-8a2c0ad9b6df,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/00234d41-c8e2-49c1-8b7a-8a2c0ad9b6df,00234d41-c8e2-49c1-8b7a-8a2c0ad9b6df,"Using ensembles from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) under a high and a lower emission scenarios, we investigate changes in statistics of extreme daily temperature. The ensembles provide large samples for a robust application of extreme value theory. We estimate return values and return periods for annual maxima of the daily high and low temperatures as well as the 3-day averages of the same variables in current and future climate. Results indicate statistically significant increases (compared to the reference period of 1996–2005) in extreme temperatures over all land areas as early as 2025 under both scenarios, with statistically significant differences between them becoming pervasive over the globe by 2050. The substantially smaller changes, for all indices, produced under the lower emission case translate into sizeable benefits from emission mitigation: By 2075, in terms of reduced changes in 1-day heat extremes, about 95 % of land regions would see benefits of 1 °C or more under the lower emissions scenario, and 50 % or more of the land areas would benefit by at least 2 °C. 6 % of the land area would benefit by 3 °C or more in projected extreme minimum temperatures and 13 % would benefit by this amount for extreme maximum temperature. Benefits for 3-day metrics are similar. The future frequency of current extremes is also greatly reduced by mitigation: by the end of the century, under RCP8.5 more than half the land area experiences the current 20-year events every year while only between about 10 and 25 % of the area is affected by such severe changes under RCP4.5.","Tebaldi, Claudia; Wehner, Michael F.",10.1007/s10584-016-1605-5,,1573-1480,"Climatic Change","Benefits of mitigation for future heat extremes under RCP4.5 compared to RCP8.5",,2016,20060,00234d41-c8e2-49c1-8b7a-8a2c0ad9b6df,"Journal Article",/article/10.1007/s10584-016-1605-5
/reference/00935259-887c-4e73-a936-90759dd846e1,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/00935259-887c-4e73-a936-90759dd846e1,00935259-887c-4e73-a936-90759dd846e1,,"Ngo, Nicole S.; Horton, Radley M.",10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.016,2016/01/01/,0013-9351,"Environmental Research","Climate change and fetal health: The impacts of exposure to extreme temperatures in New York City",,2016,25317,00935259-887c-4e73-a936-90759dd846e1,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.016
/reference/02346c4a-5ec5-4adf-8067-a07210aaeed0,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/02346c4a-5ec5-4adf-8067-a07210aaeed0,02346c4a-5ec5-4adf-8067-a07210aaeed0,"Climate change is expected to cause extensive shifts in the epidemiology of infectious and vector-borne diseases. Scenarios on the effects of climate change typically attribute altered distribution of communicable diseases to a rise in average temperature and altered incidence of infectious diseases to weather extremes. Methods Recent evaluations of the effects of climate change on Hawaii have not explored this link. It may be expected that Hawaii’s natural geography and robust water, sanitation, and health care infrastructure renders residents less vulnerable to many threats that are the focus on smaller, lesser developed, and more vulnerable Pacific islands. In addition, Hawaii’s communicable disease surveillance and response system can act rapidly to counter increases in any disease above baseline and to redirect resources to deal with changes, particularly outbreaks due to exotic pathogens. Results The evidence base examined in this article consistently revealed very low climate sensitivity with respect to infectious and mosquito-borne diseases. Conclusions A community resilience model is recommended to increase adaptive capacity for all possible climate change impacts rather an approach that focuses specifically on communicable diseases. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:797–804)","Canyon, Deon V.; Speare, Rick; Burkle, Frederick M.",10.1017/dmp.2016.73,,1935-7893,"Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness","Forecasted impact of climate change on infectious disease and health security in Hawaii by 2050",,2016,26102,02346c4a-5ec5-4adf-8067-a07210aaeed0,"Journal Article",/article/10.1017/dmp.2016.73
/reference/05669ed2-397c-40de-b3bd-c54decb66e5c,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/05669ed2-397c-40de-b3bd-c54decb66e5c,05669ed2-397c-40de-b3bd-c54decb66e5c,"In addition to serving as vectors of several other human pathogens, the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, and western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, are the primary vectors of the spirochete ( Borrelia burgdorferi ) that causes Lyme disease, the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Over the past two decades, the geographic range of I. pacificus has changed modestly while, in contrast, the I. scapularis range has expanded substantially, which likely contributes to the concurrent expansion in the distribution of human Lyme disease cases in the Northeastern, North-Central and Mid-Atlantic states. Identifying counties that contain suitable habitat for these ticks that have not yet reported established vector populations can aid in targeting limited vector surveillance resources to areas where tick invasion and potential human risk are likely to occur. We used county-level vector distribution information and ensemble modeling to map the potential distribution of I. scapularis and I. pacificus in the contiguous United States as a function of climate, elevation, and forest cover. Results show that I. pacificus is currently present within much of the range classified by our model as suitable for establishment. In contrast, environmental conditions are suitable for I. scapularis to continue expanding its range into northwestern Minnesota, central and northern Michigan, within the Ohio River Valley, and inland from the southeastern and Gulf coasts. Overall, our ensemble models show suitable habitat for I. scapularis in 441 eastern counties and for I. pacificus in 11 western counties where surveillance records have not yet supported classification of the counties as established.","Hahn, Micah B.; Jarnevich, Catherine S.; Monaghan, Andrew J.; Eisen, Rebecca J.",10.1093/jme/tjw076,,0022-2585,"Journal of Medical Entomology","Modeling the geographic distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the contiguous United States",,2016,24067,05669ed2-397c-40de-b3bd-c54decb66e5c,"Journal Article",/article/10.1093/jme/tjw076
/reference/05ee299b-0f67-41b4-98c8-7f06718799fc,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/05ee299b-0f67-41b4-98c8-7f06718799fc,05ee299b-0f67-41b4-98c8-7f06718799fc,,"Guenther, Robin; Balbus, John",,,,,"Primary Protection: Enhancing Health Care Resilience for a Changing Climate",,2014,19365,05ee299b-0f67-41b4-98c8-7f06718799fc,Report,/report/hhs-resilience-2014
/reference/06fbcf75-3eca-4b63-93ab-a34b11e3fff4,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/06fbcf75-3eca-4b63-93ab-a34b11e3fff4,06fbcf75-3eca-4b63-93ab-a34b11e3fff4,"In this Focus article, the authors ask a seemingly simple question: Are harmful algal blooms (HABs) becoming the greatest inland water quality threat to public health and aquatic ecosystems? When HAB events require restrictions on fisheries, recreation, and drinking water uses of inland water bodies significant economic consequences result. Unfortunately, the magnitude, frequency, and duration of HABs in inland waters are poorly understood across spatiotemporal scales and differentially engaged among states, tribes, and territories. Harmful algal bloom impacts are not as predictable as those from conventional chemical contaminants, for which water quality assessment and management programs were primarily developed, because interactions among multiple natural and anthropogenic factors determine the likelihood and severity to which a HAB will occur in a specific water body. These forcing factors can also affect toxin production. Beyond site-specific water quality degradation caused directly by HABs, the presence of HAB toxins can negatively influence routine surface water quality monitoring, assessment, and management practices. Harmful algal blooms present significant challenges for achieving water quality protection and restoration goals when these toxins confound interpretation of monitoring results and environmental quality standards implementation efforts for other chemicals and stressors. Whether HABs presently represent the greatest threat to inland water quality is debatable, though in inland waters of developed countries they typically cause more severe acute impacts to environmental quality than conventional chemical contamination events. The authors identify several timely research needs. Environmental toxicology, environmental chemistry, and risk-assessment expertise must interface with ecologists, engineers, and public health practitioners to engage the complexities of HAB assessment and management, to address the forcing factors for HAB formation, and to reduce the threats posed to inland surface water quality. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:6–13. © 2015 SETAC","Brooks, Bryan W.; Lazorchak, James M.; Howard, Meredith D.A.; Johnson, Mari-Vaughn V.; Morton, Steve L.; Perkins, Dawn A.K.; Reavie, Euan D.; Scott, Geoffrey I.; Smith, Stephanie A.; Steevens, Jeffery A.",10.1002/etc.3220,,,"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","Are harmful algal blooms becoming the greatest inland water quality threat to public health and aquatic ecosystems?",,2016,26103,06fbcf75-3eca-4b63-93ab-a34b11e3fff4,"Journal Article",/article/10.1002/etc.3220
/reference/0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94,0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94,,"EPA,",,,,,"Multi-model Framework for Quantitative Sectoral Impacts Analysis: A Technical Report for the Fourth National Climate Assessment",,2017,21365,0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94,Report,/report/epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017
/reference/0bbad3bb-b424-4f35-8cb3-2b7c883852be,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0bbad3bb-b424-4f35-8cb3-2b7c883852be,0bbad3bb-b424-4f35-8cb3-2b7c883852be,,"Lamond, Jessica Elizabeth; Joseph, Rotimi D.; Proverbs, David G.",10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.008,2015/07/01/,0013-9351,"Environmental Research","An exploration of factors affecting the long term psychological impact and deterioration of mental health in flooded households",,2015,24069,0bbad3bb-b424-4f35-8cb3-2b7c883852be,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.008
/reference/0e186af3-bf5b-49ae-82cc-cf1a1a5a7c25,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0e186af3-bf5b-49ae-82cc-cf1a1a5a7c25,0e186af3-bf5b-49ae-82cc-cf1a1a5a7c25,,"Bell, Jesse E.; Herring, Stephanie C. ; Jantarasami, Lesley; Adrianopoli, Carl; Benedict, Kaitlin; Conlon, Kathryn; Escobar, Vanessa; Hess, Jeremy; Luvall, Jeffrey; Garcia-Pando, Carlos Perez ; Quattrochi, Dale; Runkle, Jennifer; Schreck, Carl J., III",10.7930/J0BZ63ZV,,,,"Ch. 4: Impacts of extreme events on human health",,2016,19376,0e186af3-bf5b-49ae-82cc-cf1a1a5a7c25,"Book Section",/report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/extreme-events
/reference/0fc0ccc3-c530-4099-b6e1-e04f2cfd4237,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0fc0ccc3-c530-4099-b6e1-e04f2cfd4237,0fc0ccc3-c530-4099-b6e1-e04f2cfd4237,,"Ryan, Sadie J.; McNally, Amy; Johnson, Leah R.; Mordecai, Erin A.; Ben-Horin, Tal; Paaijmans, Krijn; Lafferty, Kevin D.",10.1089/vbz.2015.1822,2015/12/01,1530-3667,"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases","Mapping physiological suitability limits for malaria in Africa under climate change",,2015,24090,0fc0ccc3-c530-4099-b6e1-e04f2cfd4237,"Journal Article",/article/10.1089/vbz.2015.1822
/reference/110b6896-b3e8-4af4-9c57-70cd5dcc49b0,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/110b6896-b3e8-4af4-9c57-70cd5dcc49b0,110b6896-b3e8-4af4-9c57-70cd5dcc49b0,"The effect of global climate change on infectious disease remains hotly debated because multiple extrinsic and intrinsic drivers interact to influence transmission dynamics in nonlinear ways. The dominant drivers of widespread pathogens, like West Nile virus, can be challenging to identify due to regional variability in vector and host ecology, with past studies producing disparate findings. Here, we used analyses at national and state scales to examine a suite of climatic and intrinsic drivers of continental-scale West Nile virus epidemics, including an empirically derived mechanistic relationship between temperature and transmission potential that accounts for spatial variability in vectors. We found that drought was the primary climatic driver of increased West Nile virus epidemics, rather than within-season or winter temperatures, or precipitation independently. Local-scale data from one region suggested drought increased epidemics via changes in mosquito infection prevalence rather than mosquito abundance. In addition, human acquired immunity following regional epidemics limited subsequent transmission in many states. We show that over the next 30 years, increased drought severity from climate change could triple West Nile virus cases, but only in regions with low human immunity. These results illustrate how changes in drought severity can alter the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases.","Paull, Sara H.; Horton, Daniel E.; Ashfaq, Moetasim; Rastogi, Deeksha; Kramer, Laura D.; Diffenbaugh, Noah S.; Kilpatrick, A. Marm",10.1098/rspb.2016.2078,,,"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","Drought and immunity determine the intensity of West Nile virus epidemics and climate change impacts",,2017,23690,110b6896-b3e8-4af4-9c57-70cd5dcc49b0,"Journal Article",/article/10.1098/rspb.2016.2078
/reference/115163fe-d259-4944-87a9-6225e5010c41,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/115163fe-d259-4944-87a9-6225e5010c41,115163fe-d259-4944-87a9-6225e5010c41,,"Bathi, Jejal Reddy; Das, Himangshu S.",10.3390/ijerph13020239,,1660-4601,"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","Vulnerability of coastal communities from storm surge and flood disasters",,2016,24141,115163fe-d259-4944-87a9-6225e5010c41,"Journal Article",/article/10.3390/ijerph13020239
/reference/126dc0cf-87a4-472a-80ac-619a1c258fa0,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/126dc0cf-87a4-472a-80ac-619a1c258fa0,126dc0cf-87a4-472a-80ac-619a1c258fa0,"Heat waves can be lethal and routinely prompt public warnings about the dangers of heat. With climate change, extreme heat events will become more frequent and intense. However, little is known about public awareness of heat warnings or behaviors during hot weather. Awareness of heat warnings, prevention behaviors, and air conditioning (AC) prevalence and use in New York City were assessed using quantitative and qualitative methods. A random sample telephone survey was conducted in September 2011 among 719 adults and follow-up focus groups were held in winter 2012 among seniors and potential senior caregivers. During summer 2011, 79 % of adults heard or saw a heat warning. Of the 24 % who were seniors or in fair or poor health, 34 % did not own AC or never/rarely used it on hot days. Of this subgroup, 30 % were unaware of warnings, and 49 % stay home during hot weather. Reasons for not using AC during hot weather include disliking AC (29 %), not feeling hot (19 %), and a preference for fans (18 %). Seniors in the focus groups did not perceive themselves to be at risk, and often did not identify AC as an important health protection strategy. While heat warnings are received by most New Yorkers, AC cost, risk perception problems, and a preference for staying home leave many at risk during heat waves. Improving AC access and risk communications will help better protect the most vulnerable during heat waves.","Lane, Kathryn; Wheeler, Katherine; Charles-Guzman, Kizzy; Ahmed, Munerah; Blum, Micheline; Gregory, Katherine; Graber, Nathan; Clark, Nancy; Matte, Thomas",10.1007/s11524-013-9850-7,"June 01",1468-2869,"Journal of Urban Health","Extreme heat awareness and protective behaviors in New York City","journal article",2014,24117,126dc0cf-87a4-472a-80ac-619a1c258fa0,"Journal Article",/article/10.1007/s11524-013-9850-7
/reference/12ce2788-69d3-4b06-9799-34d7130b090c,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/12ce2788-69d3-4b06-9799-34d7130b090c,12ce2788-69d3-4b06-9799-34d7130b090c,,"Garfin, Gregg M.; LeRoy, Sarah; Jones, Hunter",10.7289/V5930R6Q,,,,"Developing an Integrated Heat Health Information System for Long-Term Resilience to Climate and Weather Extremes in the El Paso-Juárez-Las Cruces Region",,2017,24125,12ce2788-69d3-4b06-9799-34d7130b090c,Report,/report/developing-an-integrated-heat-health-information-system-long-term-resilience-climate-weather-extremes-el-paso-jurez-las-cruces-region
/reference/133fec6d-8a4b-47e6-a1f0-c986ecf70780,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/133fec6d-8a4b-47e6-a1f0-c986ecf70780,133fec6d-8a4b-47e6-a1f0-c986ecf70780,,"Griffin, Daniel; Anchukaitis, Kevin J.",10.1002/2014GL062433,,1944-8007,"Geophysical Research Letters","How unusual is the 2012–2014 California drought?",,2014,23772,133fec6d-8a4b-47e6-a1f0-c986ecf70780,"Journal Article",/article/10.1002/2014GL062433
/reference/139e52f1-c486-4f93-aa79-67b3f1dc7e02,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/139e52f1-c486-4f93-aa79-67b3f1dc7e02,139e52f1-c486-4f93-aa79-67b3f1dc7e02,"Background On October 29th, 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused a storm surge interrupting electricity with disruption to Manhattan’s (New York, USA) health care infrastructure. Beth Israel Medical Center (BIMC) was the only fully functioning major hospital in lower Manhattan during and after Hurricane Sandy. The impact on emergency department (ED) and hospital use by geriatric patients in lower Manhattan was studied. Methods The trends of ED visits and hospitalizations in the immediate post-Sandy phase (IPS) during the actual blackout (October 29 through November 4, 2012), and the extended post-Sandy phase (EPS), when neighboring hospitals were still incapacitated (November 5, 2012 through February 10, 2013), were analyzed with baseline. The analysis was broken down by age groups (18-64, 65-79, and 80+ years old) and included the reasons for ED visits and admissions. Results During the IPS, there was a significant increase in geriatric visits (from 11% to 16.5% in the 65-79 age group, and from 6.5% to 13% in the 80+ age group) as well as in hospitalizations (from 22.7% to 25.2% in the 65-79 age group, and from 17.6% to 33.8% in the 80+ age group). However, these proportions returned to baseline during the EPS. The proportions of the categories “dialysis,” “respiratory device,” “social,” and “syncope” in geriatric patients in ED visits were significantly higher than younger patients. The increases of the categories “medication,” “dialysis,” “respiratory device,” and “social” represented two-thirds of absolute increase in both ED visits and admissions for the 65-79 age group, and half of the absolute increase in ED visits for the 80+ age group. The categories “social” and “respiratory device” peaked one day after the disaster, “dialysis” peaked two days after, and “medication” peaked three days after in ED visit analysis. Conclusions There was a disproportionate increase in ED visits and hospitalizations in the geriatric population compared with the younger population during the IPS. The primary factor of the disproportionate impact on the geriatric population appears to be from indirect effects of the hurricane, mainly due to the subsequent power outages, such as “dialysis,” “respiratory device,” and “social.” Further investigation by chart review may provide more insights to better aid with future disaster preparedness. Gotanda H , Fogel J , Husk G , Levine JM , Peterson M , Baumlin K , Habboushe J . Hurricane Sandy: Impact on Emergency Department and Hospital Utilization by Older Adults in Lower Manhattan, New York (USA). Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(5):496–502.","Gotanda, Hiroshi; Fogel, Joyce; Husk, Gregg; Levine, Jeffrey M.; Peterson, Monte; Baumlin, Kevin; Habboushe, Joseph",10.1017/S1049023X15005087,,1049-023X,"Prehospital and Disaster Medicine","Hurricane Sandy: Impact on emergency department and hospital utilization by older adults in Lower Manhattan, New York (USA)",,2015,24124,139e52f1-c486-4f93-aa79-67b3f1dc7e02,"Journal Article",/article/10.1017/S1049023X15005087
/reference/14f846a7-837f-4470-a2c3-3127574e1c05,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/14f846a7-837f-4470-a2c3-3127574e1c05,14f846a7-837f-4470-a2c3-3127574e1c05,,"Becker, Emily",,,,,"June 2016 ENSO Discussion: The New Neutral",,2016,24151,14f846a7-837f-4470-a2c3-3127574e1c05,"Web Page",/webpage/8dfc7b3b-c28d-4557-b679-1d7e5e2959ab
/reference/176f1216-a5cf-4ad9-852d-3bf41a0d87ec,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/176f1216-a5cf-4ad9-852d-3bf41a0d87ec,176f1216-a5cf-4ad9-852d-3bf41a0d87ec,"This paper introduces a scalable ""climate health justice"" model for assessing and projecting incidence, treatment costs, and sociospatial disparities for diseases with well-documented climate change linkages. The model is designed to employ low-cost secondary data, and it is rooted in a perspective that merges normative environmental justice concerns with theoretical grounding in health inequalities. Since the model employs International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) disease codes, it is transferable to other contexts, appropriate for use across spatial scales, and suitable for comparative analyses. We demonstrate the utility of the model through analysis of 2008-2010 hospitalization discharge data at state and county levels in Texas (USA). We identified several disease categories (i.e., cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, heat-related, and respiratory) associated with climate change, and then selected corresponding ICD-9 codes with the highest hospitalization counts for further analyses. Selected diseases include ischemic heart disease, diarrhea, heat exhaustion/cramps/stroke/syncope, and asthma. Cardiovascular disease ranked first among the general categories of diseases for age-adjusted hospital admission rate (5286.37 per 100,000). In terms of specific selected diseases (per 100,000 population), asthma ranked first (517.51), followed by ischemic heart disease (195.20), diarrhea (75.35), and heat exhaustion/cramps/stroke/syncope (7.81). Charges associated with the selected diseases over the 3-year period amounted to US$5.6 billion. Blacks were disproportionately burdened by the selected diseases in comparison to non-Hispanic whites, while Hispanics were not. Spatial distributions of the selected disease rates revealed geographic zones of disproportionate risk. Based upon a down-scaled regional climate-change projection model, we estimate a >5% increase in the incidence and treatment costs of asthma attributable to climate change between the baseline and 2040-2050 in Texas. Additionally, the inequalities described here will be accentuated, with blacks facing amplified health disparities in the future. These predicted trends raise both intergenerational and distributional climate health justice concerns. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","McDonald, Y. J.; Grineski, S. E.; Collins, T. W.; Kim, Y. A.",10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.032,May,0277-9536,"Social Science & Medicine","A scalable climate health justice assessment model",,2015,22786,176f1216-a5cf-4ad9-852d-3bf41a0d87ec,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.032
/reference/1839c00f-e69e-4e50-a22b-57324daaaa32,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1839c00f-e69e-4e50-a22b-57324daaaa32,1839c00f-e69e-4e50-a22b-57324daaaa32,,"Smith, M. R.; Golden, C. D.; Myers, S. S.",10.1002/2016GH000018,,2471-1403,GeoHealth,"Potential rise in iron deficiency due to future anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions",,2017,24097,1839c00f-e69e-4e50-a22b-57324daaaa32,"Journal Article",/article/10.1002/2016GH000018
/reference/1ad1d794-bc57-4e48-ab28-0e2b65767cb9,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1ad1d794-bc57-4e48-ab28-0e2b65767cb9,1ad1d794-bc57-4e48-ab28-0e2b65767cb9,,"Sarofim, Marcus C.; Saha, Shubhayu; Hawkins, Michelle D.; Mills, David M.; Hess, Jeremy; Horton, Radley; Kinney, Patrick; Schwartz, Joel; St. Juliana, Alexis",10.7930/J0MG7MDX,,,,"Ch. 2: Temperature-related death and illness",,2016,19374,1ad1d794-bc57-4e48-ab28-0e2b65767cb9,"Book Section",/report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/temperature-related-death-and-illness
/reference/1b017bee-78c8-4e75-a218-cc47ae89446a,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1b017bee-78c8-4e75-a218-cc47ae89446a,1b017bee-78c8-4e75-a218-cc47ae89446a,,"Hellberg, Rosalee S.; Chu, Eric",10.3109/1040841X.2014.972335,2016/07/03,1040-841X,"Critical Reviews in Microbiology","Effects of climate change on the persistence and dispersal of foodborne bacterial pathogens in the outdoor environment: A review",,2016,25325,1b017bee-78c8-4e75-a218-cc47ae89446a,"Journal Article",/article/10.3109/1040841X.2014.972335
/reference/1ef11bf5-fb98-4f4f-905d-4990936ef52f,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1ef11bf5-fb98-4f4f-905d-4990936ef52f,1ef11bf5-fb98-4f4f-905d-4990936ef52f,,"Ziska, Lewis; Crimmins, Allison; Auclair, Allan; DeGrasse, Stacey; Garofalo, Jada F.; Khan, Ali S.; Loladze, Irakli; Pérez de León, Adalberto A.; Showler, Allan; Thurston, Jeanette; Walls, Isabel",10.7930/J0ZP4417,,,,"Ch. 7: Food safety, nutrition, and distribution",,2016,19379,1ef11bf5-fb98-4f4f-905d-4990936ef52f,"Book Section",/report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/food-safety-nutrition-and-distribution
/reference/21f384a2-0dcf-4c1a-b1c0-add8b0e7506c,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/21f384a2-0dcf-4c1a-b1c0-add8b0e7506c,21f384a2-0dcf-4c1a-b1c0-add8b0e7506c,,"Knowlton, K.
Rotkin-Ellman, M.
Geballe, L.
Max, W.
Solomon, G.M.",10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0229,,0278-2715,"Health Affairs","Six climate change-related events in the United States accounted for about $14 billion in lost lives and health costs",,2011,1545,21f384a2-0dcf-4c1a-b1c0-add8b0e7506c,"Journal Article",/article/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0229
/reference/228aa11c-d3bb-4307-ada4-d30c60feafed,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/228aa11c-d3bb-4307-ada4-d30c60feafed,228aa11c-d3bb-4307-ada4-d30c60feafed,,"Roth, Marcie",10.1080/00963402.2018.1436808,2018/03/04,0096-3402,"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists","A resilient community is one that includes and protects everyone",,2018,26110,228aa11c-d3bb-4307-ada4-d30c60feafed,"Journal Article",/article/10.1080/00963402.2018.1436808
/reference/22dc1579-7325-4f43-bac6-949f59609066,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/22dc1579-7325-4f43-bac6-949f59609066,22dc1579-7325-4f43-bac6-949f59609066,,"Medina, Angel; Rodriguez, Alicia; Magan, Naresh",10.3389/fmicb.2014.00348,,1664-302X,"Frontiers in Microbiology","Effect of climate change on Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 production",,2014,16206,22dc1579-7325-4f43-bac6-949f59609066,"Journal Article",/article/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00348
/reference/2312e80f-cec5-445e-aad0-ce60c9ea29e2,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2312e80f-cec5-445e-aad0-ce60c9ea29e2,2312e80f-cec5-445e-aad0-ce60c9ea29e2,,"Jiang, Chengsheng; Shaw, Kristi S.; Upperman, Crystal R.; Blythe, David; Mitchell, Clifford; Murtugudde, Raghu; Sapkota, Amy R.; Sapkota, Amir",10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.006,2015/10/01/,0160-4120,"Environment International","Climate change, extreme events and increased risk of salmonellosis in Maryland, USA: Evidence for coastal vulnerability",,2015,21766,2312e80f-cec5-445e-aad0-ce60c9ea29e2,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.006
/reference/24e1363e-1ab5-4385-a673-7672704d6da3,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/24e1363e-1ab5-4385-a673-7672704d6da3,24e1363e-1ab5-4385-a673-7672704d6da3,,"Kaplan, Susan; Blair Sadler; Kevin Little; Calvin Franz; Peter  Orris",,,,,"Can sustainable hospitals help bend the health care cost curve?",,2012,24119,24e1363e-1ab5-4385-a673-7672704d6da3,Report,/report/can-sustainable-hospitals-help-bend-health-care-cost-curve
/reference/25a6aed4-2794-45bc-8211-03d093ddc35b,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/25a6aed4-2794-45bc-8211-03d093ddc35b,25a6aed4-2794-45bc-8211-03d093ddc35b,,"Vickery, Jamie; Hunter, Lori M.",10.1080/08941920.2015.1045644,2016/01/02,0894-1920,"Society & Natural Resources","Native Americans: Where in environmental justice research?",,2016,25311,25a6aed4-2794-45bc-8211-03d093ddc35b,"Journal Article",/article/10.1080/08941920.2015.1045644
/reference/25f24b69-e072-4bba-9a18-282938f62190,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/25f24b69-e072-4bba-9a18-282938f62190,25f24b69-e072-4bba-9a18-282938f62190,,"Loladze, Irakli",10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02587-9,,1872-8383,"Trends in Ecology & Evolution","Rising atmospheric CO2 and human nutrition: Toward globally imbalanced plant stoichiometry?",,2002,16202,25f24b69-e072-4bba-9a18-282938f62190,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02587-9
/reference/28077cd1-c29f-48ae-a068-2cdcef880807,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/28077cd1-c29f-48ae-a068-2cdcef880807,28077cd1-c29f-48ae-a068-2cdcef880807,,"Chapra, Steven C.; Boehlert, Brent; Fant, Charles; Bierman, Victor J.; Henderson, Jim; Mills, David; Mas, Diane M. L.; Rennels, Lisa; Jantarasami, Lesley; Martinich, Jeremy; Strzepek, Kenneth M.; Paerl, Hans W.",10.1021/acs.est.7b01498,2017/08/15,0013-936X,"Environmental Science & Technology","Climate change impacts on harmful algal blooms in U.S. freshwaters: A screening-level assessment",,2017,21473,28077cd1-c29f-48ae-a068-2cdcef880807,"Journal Article",/article/10.1021/acs.est.7b01498
/reference/289728b3-ae8b-417e-920e-96af1a5e64b3,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/289728b3-ae8b-417e-920e-96af1a5e64b3,289728b3-ae8b-417e-920e-96af1a5e64b3,,"Rudolph, Linda; Solange Gould; Jeffrey Berko",,,,,"Climate change, health, and equity: Opportunities for action",,2015,24101,289728b3-ae8b-417e-920e-96af1a5e64b3,Report,/report/climate-change-health-equity-opportunities-action
/reference/2e9e29a1-e420-4d1f-b12b-53ccde149660,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2e9e29a1-e420-4d1f-b12b-53ccde149660,2e9e29a1-e420-4d1f-b12b-53ccde149660,"Climate change threatens the health of urban residents in many ways. This qualitative study aims to understand how six U.S. cities are considering health adaptation when responding to climate change; 65 semistructured interviews were conducted with salient stakeholders across six U.S. cities (Boston, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Portland, Oregon; Raleigh, North Carolina; Tampa, Florida; and Tucson, Arizona), and transcripts were analyzed to identify common themes. Each city’s (or county’s) most recent climate action plan was also analyzed. This study found that interviewees’ ability to understand the connection between climate and health was a major determinant for health adaptation implementation. In addition, institutional fragmentation in governance made it difficult to incorporate health concerns into broader climate planning. However, cross-sectoral collaborations and considerations of health cobenefits were shown to help overcome these barriers. These findings offer valuable insight regarding how policy makers and practitioners can safeguard public health from the effects of climate change.","Shimamoto, Mark M.; Sabrina McCormick",10.1175/wcas-d-16-0142.1,,,"Weather, Climate, and Society","The role of health in urban climate adaptation: An analysis of six U.S. cities",,2017,24082,2e9e29a1-e420-4d1f-b12b-53ccde149660,"Journal Article",/article/10.1175/wcas-d-16-0142.1
/reference/3071bfc6-69ad-40df-9de2-37ffdf8dc58a,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3071bfc6-69ad-40df-9de2-37ffdf8dc58a,3071bfc6-69ad-40df-9de2-37ffdf8dc58a,"Purpose Climate change is an emerging challenge linked to negative outcomes for the environment and human health. Since the 1960s, there has been a growing recognition of the need to address climate change and the impact of greenhouse gas emissions implicated in the warming of our planet. There are also deleterious health outcomes linked to complex climate changes that are emerging in the 21st century. This article addresses the social justice issues associated with climate change and human health and discussion of climate justice. Organizing Construct Discussion paper. Methods A literature search of electronic databases was conducted for articles, texts, and documents related to climate change, climate justice, and human health. Findings The literature suggests that those who contribute least to global warming are those who will disproportionately be affected by the negative health outcomes of climate change. The concept of climate justice and the role of the Mary Robinson Foundation—Climate Justice are discussed within a framework of nursing's professional responsibility and the importance of social justice for the world's people. The nursing profession must take a leadership role in engaging in policy and advocacy discussions in addressing the looming problems associated with climate change. Conclusions Nursing organizations have adopted resolutions and engaged in leadership roles to address climate change at the local, regional, national, and global level. It is essential that nurses embrace concepts related to social justice and engage in the policy debate regarding the deleterious effects on human health related to global warming and climate change. Nursing's commitment to social justice offers an opportunity to offer significant global leadership in addressing the health implications related to climate change. Clinical Relevance Recognizing the negative impacts of climate change on well‐being and the underlying socioeconomic reasons for their disproportionate and inequitable distribution can expand and optimize the profession's role in education, practice, research, and policy‐making efforts to address climate change.","Nicholas, Patrice K.; Suellen Breakey",10.1111/jnu.12326,,,"Journal of Nursing Scholarship","Climate change, climate justice, and environmental health: Implications for the nursing profession",,2017,25316,3071bfc6-69ad-40df-9de2-37ffdf8dc58a,"Journal Article",/article/10.1111/jnu.12326
/reference/310a452b-67cd-458c-8a4d-056dba42ecef,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/310a452b-67cd-458c-8a4d-056dba42ecef,310a452b-67cd-458c-8a4d-056dba42ecef,,"Aldunce, Paulina; Beilin, Ruth; Handmer, John; Howden, Mark",10.1080/17477891.2015.1134427,2016/01/02,1747-7891,"Environmental Hazards","Stakeholder participation in building resilience to disasters in a changing climate",,2016,24147,310a452b-67cd-458c-8a4d-056dba42ecef,"Journal Article",/article/10.1080/17477891.2015.1134427
/reference/349d443c-b692-4b9d-8b1b-a22887a292a7,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/349d443c-b692-4b9d-8b1b-a22887a292a7,349d443c-b692-4b9d-8b1b-a22887a292a7,,"Clayton, Susan; Manning, Christie; Krygsman, Kirra; Speiser, Meighen",,,,,"Mental health and our changing climate: Impacts, implications, and guidance",,2017,23204,349d443c-b692-4b9d-8b1b-a22887a292a7,Report,/report/mental-health-our-changing-climate-impacts-implications-guidance
/reference/35b1782d-ec59-40d5-b051-c5a80e2516e1,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/35b1782d-ec59-40d5-b051-c5a80e2516e1,35b1782d-ec59-40d5-b051-c5a80e2516e1,,"White-Newsome, Jalonne Lynay",10.1080/00064246.2016.1188353,2016/07/02,0006-4246,"The Black Scholar","A policy approach toward climate justice",,2016,24093,35b1782d-ec59-40d5-b051-c5a80e2516e1,"Journal Article",/article/10.1080/00064246.2016.1188353
/reference/3708a23a-9176-4183-8f2b-51bf2f8e430d,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3708a23a-9176-4183-8f2b-51bf2f8e430d,3708a23a-9176-4183-8f2b-51bf2f8e430d,,"Medek, Danielle E.; Joel Schwartz; Samuel S. Myers",10.1289/EHP41,,,"Environmental Health Perspectives","Estimated effects of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations on protein intake and the risk of protein deficiency by country and region",,2017,24110,3708a23a-9176-4183-8f2b-51bf2f8e430d,"Journal Article",/article/10.1289/EHP41
/reference/39f86476-5b69-4807-9280-ac77f7dfe586,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/39f86476-5b69-4807-9280-ac77f7dfe586,39f86476-5b69-4807-9280-ac77f7dfe586,"In winter 2013/14 there was widespread flooding in England. Previous studies have described an increased prevalence of psychological morbidity six months after flooding. Disruption to essential services may increase morbidity however there have been no studies examining whether those experiencing disruption but not directly flooded are affected.","Waite, Thomas David; Chaintarli, Katerina; Beck, Charles R.; Bone, Angie; Amlôt, Richard; Kovats, Sari; Reacher, Mark; Armstrong, Ben; Leonardi, Giovanni; Rubin, G. James; Oliver, Isabel",10.1186/s12889-016-4000-2,"January 28",1471-2458,"BMC Public Health","The English national cohort study of flooding and health: Cross-sectional analysis of mental health outcomes at year one","journal article",2017,24086,39f86476-5b69-4807-9280-ac77f7dfe586,"Journal Article",/article/10.1186/s12889-016-4000-2
/reference/3a785422-a481-4ac7-b3fd-da830619c5bd,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3a785422-a481-4ac7-b3fd-da830619c5bd,3a785422-a481-4ac7-b3fd-da830619c5bd,,"Vazquez-Prokopec, Gonzalo M.; Perkins, T. Alex; Waller, Lance A.; Lloyd, Alun L.; Reiner, Robert C., Jr.; Scott, Thomas W.; Kitron, Uriel",10.1016/j.pt.2016.01.001,,1471-4922,"Trends in Parasitology","Coupled heterogeneities and their impact on parasite transmission and control",,2016,26112,3a785422-a481-4ac7-b3fd-da830619c5bd,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.pt.2016.01.001
/reference/3c01e5df-38ae-4fbe-aa99-6727dee4b150,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3c01e5df-38ae-4fbe-aa99-6727dee4b150,3c01e5df-38ae-4fbe-aa99-6727dee4b150,"Campylobacter spp. is a commonly reported food-borne disease with major consequences for morbidity. In conjunction with predicted increases in temperature, proliferation in the survival of microorganisms in hotter environments is expected. This is likely to lead, in turn, to an increase in contamination of food and water and a rise in numbers of cases of infectious gastroenteritis. This study assessed the relationship of Campylobacter spp. with temperature and heatwaves, in Adelaide, South Australia. We estimated the effect of (i) maximum temperature and (ii) heatwaves on daily Campylobacter cases during the warm seasons (1 October to 31 March) from 1990 to 2012 using Poisson regression models. There was no evidence of a substantive effect of maximum temperature per 1 °C rise (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0·995, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0·993–0·997) nor heatwaves (IRR 0·906, 95% CI 0·800–1·026) on Campylobacter cases. In relation to heatwave intensity, which is the daily maximum temperature during a heatwave, notifications decreased by 19% within a temperature range of 39–40·9 °C (IRR 0·811, 95% CI 0·692–0·952). We found little evidence of an increase in risk and lack of association between Campylobacter cases and temperature or heatwaves in the warm seasons. Heatwave intensity may play a role in that notifications decreased with higher temperatures. Further examination of the role of behavioural and environmental factors in an effort to reduce the risk of increased Campylobacter cases is warranted.","Milazzo, A.; Giles, L. C.; Zhang, Y.; Koehler, A. P.; Hiller, J. E.; Bi, P.",10.1017/S095026881700139X,,0950-2688,"Epidemiology and Infection","The effects of ambient temperature and heatwaves on daily Campylobacter cases in Adelaide, Australia, 1990–2012",,2017,25336,3c01e5df-38ae-4fbe-aa99-6727dee4b150,"Journal Article",/article/10.1017/S095026881700139X
/reference/3c3cc09b-c2d7-4c52-bf8f-c064efa78e93,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3c3cc09b-c2d7-4c52-bf8f-c064efa78e93,3c3cc09b-c2d7-4c52-bf8f-c064efa78e93,,"Vogel, Jason; Karen M. Carney; Joel B. Smith; Charles Herrick; Missy Stults; Megan O’Grady; Alexis St. Juliana; Heather Hosterman; Lorine Giangola",,,,,"Climate Adaptation — The State of Practice in U.S. Communities",,2016,22874,3c3cc09b-c2d7-4c52-bf8f-c064efa78e93,Report,/report/climate-adaptation-state-practice-us-communities
/reference/3cb1d1bf-8c3a-4e83-b5ac-2f63af2dba08,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3cb1d1bf-8c3a-4e83-b5ac-2f63af2dba08,3cb1d1bf-8c3a-4e83-b5ac-2f63af2dba08,"The mosquito Aedes (Ae). aegypti transmits the viruses that cause dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever. We investigate how choosing alternate emissions and/or socioeconomic pathways may modulate future human exposure to Ae. aegypti. Occurrence patterns for Ae. aegypti for 2061–2080 are mapped globally using empirically downscaled air temperature and precipitation projections from the Community Earth System Model, for the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Population growth is quantified using gridded global population projections consistent with two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), SSP3 and SSP5. Change scenarios are compared to a 1950–2000 reference period. A global land area of 56.9 M km2 is climatically suitable for Ae. aegypti during the reference period, and is projected to increase by 8 % (RCP4.5) to 13 % (RCP8.5) by 2061–2080. The annual average number of people exposed globally to Ae. aegypti for the reference period is 3794 M, a value projected to statistically significantly increase by 298–460 M (8–12 %) by 2061–2080 if only climate change is considered, and by 4805–5084 M (127–134 %) for SSP3 and 2232–2483 M (59–65 %) for SSP5 considering both climate and population change (lower and upper values of each range represent RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 respectively). Thus, taking the lower-emissions RCP4.5 pathway instead of RCP8.5 may mitigate future human exposure to Ae. aegypti globally, but the effect of population growth on exposure will likely be larger. Regionally, Australia, Europe and North America are projected to have the largest percentage increases in human exposure to Ae. aegypti considering only climate change.","Monaghan, Andrew J.; Sampson, K. M.; Steinhoff, D. F.; Ernst, K. C.; Ebi, K. L.; Jones, B.; Hayden, M. H.",10.1007/s10584-016-1679-0,"April 25",1573-1480,"Climatic Change","The potential impacts of 21st century climatic and population changes on human exposure to the virus vector mosquito Aedes aegypti","journal article",2016,24108,3cb1d1bf-8c3a-4e83-b5ac-2f63af2dba08,"Journal Article",/article/10.1007/s10584-016-1679-0
/reference/3d08a677-5bfe-4c4f-b062-f61ffd73b4f8,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3d08a677-5bfe-4c4f-b062-f61ffd73b4f8,3d08a677-5bfe-4c4f-b062-f61ffd73b4f8,"Rising global temperatures are causing major physical, chemical, and ecological changes in the planet. There is wide consensus among scientific organizations and climatologists that these broad effects, known as “climate change,” are the result of contemporary human activity. Climate change poses threats to human health, safety, and security, and children are uniquely vulnerable to these threats. The effects of climate change on child health include: physical and psychological sequelae of weather disasters; increased heat stress; decreased air quality; altered disease patterns of some climate-sensitive infections; and food, water, and nutrient insecurity in vulnerable regions. The social foundations of children’s mental and physical health are threatened by the specter of far-reaching effects of unchecked climate change, including community and global instability, mass migrations, and increased conflict. Given this knowledge, failure to take prompt, substantive action would be an act of injustice to all children. A paradigm shift in production and consumption of energy is both a necessity and an opportunity for major innovation, job creation, and significant, immediate associated health benefits. Pediatricians have a uniquely valuable role to play in the societal response to this global challenge.","Ahdoot, Samantha; The Council on Environmental Health,",10.1542/peds.2015-3232,,,Pediatrics,"Global climate change and children’s health",,2015,24148,3d08a677-5bfe-4c4f-b062-f61ffd73b4f8,"Journal Article",/article/10.1542/peds.2015-3232
/reference/3ecbab85-710a-4678-882e-6848c742efe9,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3ecbab85-710a-4678-882e-6848c742efe9,3ecbab85-710a-4678-882e-6848c742efe9,,"Leight, A. K.; Hood, R.; Wood, R.; Brohawn, K.",10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.055,2016/02/01/,0043-1354,"Water Research","Climate relationships to fecal bacterial densities in Maryland shellfish harvest waters",,2016,26106,3ecbab85-710a-4678-882e-6848c742efe9,"Journal Article",/article/10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.055
/reference/3f083c7b-2e22-43d7-9213-3a090c145bd4,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3f083c7b-2e22-43d7-9213-3a090c145bd4,3f083c7b-2e22-43d7-9213-3a090c145bd4,"Background: Global climate change is expected to increase the risk of diarrhoeal diseases, a leading cause of childhood mortality. However, there is considerable uncertainty about the magnitude of these effects and which populations bear the greatest risks. Methods: We conducted a systematic review using defined search terms across four major databases and, additionally, examined the references of 54 review articles captured by the search. We evaluated sources of heterogeneity by pathogen taxon, exposure measure, study quality, country income level and regional climate, and estimated pooled effect estimates for the subgroups identified in the heterogeneity analysis, using meta-analysis methods. Results: We identified 26 studies with 49 estimates. Pathogen taxa were a source of heterogeneity. There was a positive association between ambient temperature and all-cause diarrhoea (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 1.10) and bacterial diarrhoea (IRR 1.07; 95% CI 1.04, 1.10), but not viral diarrhoea (IRR 0.96; 95% CI 0.82, 1.11). These associations were observed in low-, middle- and high-income countries. Only one study of protozoan diarrhoea was identified. Conclusions: Changes in temperature due to global climate change can and may already be affecting diarrhoeal disease incidence. The vulnerability of populations may depend, in part, on local pathogen distribution. However, evidence of publication bias and the uneven geographical distribution of studies limit the precision and generalizability of the pooled estimates.","Carlton, Elizabeth J.; Woster, Andrew P.; DeWitt, Peter; Goldstein, Rebecca S.; Levy, Karen",10.1093/ije/dyv296,,0300-5771,"International Journal of Epidemiology","A systematic review and meta-analysis of ambient temperature and diarrhoeal diseases",,2016,26099,3f083c7b-2e22-43d7-9213-3a090c145bd4,"Journal Article",/article/10.1093/ije/dyv296
/reference/409668a7-2e7b-461b-953a-ac0d6fb90725,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/409668a7-2e7b-461b-953a-ac0d6fb90725,409668a7-2e7b-461b-953a-ac0d6fb90725,,"Perera, Frederica P.",10.1289/EHP299,,,"Environmental Health Perspectives","Multiple threats to child health from fossil fuel combustion: Impacts of air pollution and climate change",,2017,24102,409668a7-2e7b-461b-953a-ac0d6fb90725,"Journal Article",/article/10.1289/EHP299
/reference/42905968-c431-4930-a802-ae5e3647d665,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/42905968-c431-4930-a802-ae5e3647d665,42905968-c431-4930-a802-ae5e3647d665,"Predictions of intense heat waves across the United States will lead to localized health impacts, most of which are preventable. There is a need to better understand the spatial variation in the morbidity impacts associated with extreme heat across the country to prevent such adverse health outcomes.","Saha, Shubhayu; Brock, John W.; Vaidyanathan, Ambarish; Easterling, David R.; Luber, George",10.1186/s12940-015-0005-z,"March 04",1476-069X,"Environmental Health","Spatial variation in hyperthermia emergency department visits among those with employer-based insurance in the United States – a case-crossover analysis","journal article",2015,24100,42905968-c431-4930-a802-ae5e3647d665,"Journal Article",/article/10.1186/s12940-015-0005-z
/reference/4308e866-5976-4181-8102-24b521ff4033,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4308e866-5976-4181-8102-24b521ff4033,4308e866-5976-4181-8102-24b521ff4033,,"Belova, Anna; David Mills; Ronald Hall; Alexis St. Juliana; Allison Crimmins; Chris Barker; Russell Jones",10.4236/ajcc.2017.61010,,,"American Journal of Climate Change","Impacts of increasing temperature on the future incidence of West Nile neuroinvasive disease in the United States",,2017,23725,4308e866-5976-4181-8102-24b521ff4033,"Journal Article",/article/10.4236/ajcc.2017.61010
/reference/4347eda8-3db1-4eea-8adc-bbb079fd648f,https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4347eda8-3db1-4eea-8adc-bbb079fd648f,4347eda8-3db1-4eea-8adc-bbb079fd648f,,"Shepard, Peggy M.; Corbin-Mark, Cecil",10.1089/env.2009.2402,2009/12/01,1939-4071,"Environmental Justice","Climate justice",,2009,24098,4347eda8-3db1-4eea-8adc-bbb079fd648f,"Journal Article",/article/10.1089/env.2009.2402