--- - attrs: Abstract: 'Understanding how impacts may differ across alternative levels of future climate change is necessary to inform mitigation and adaptation measures. The Benefits of Reduced Anthropogenic Climate changE (BRACE) project assesses the differences in impacts between two specific climate futures: a higher emissions future with global average temperature increasing about 3.7 °C above pre-industrial levels toward the end of the century and a moderate emissions future with global average warming of about 2.5 °C. BRACE studies in this special issue quantify avoided impacts on physical, managed, and societal systems in terms of extreme events, health, agriculture, and tropical cyclones. Here we describe the conceptual framework and design of BRACE and synthesize its results. Methodologically, the project combines climate modeling, statistical analysis, and impact assessment and draws heavily on large ensembles using the Community Earth System Model. It addresses uncertainty in future societal change by employing two pathways for future socioeconomic development. Results show that the benefits of reduced climate change within this framework vary substantially across types of impacts. In many cases, especially related to extreme heat events, there are substantial benefits to mitigation. The benefits for some heat extremes are statistically significant in some regions as early as the 2020s and are widespread by mid-century. Benefits are more modest for agriculture and exposure to some health risks. Benefits are negative for agriculture when CO2 fertilization is incorporated. For several societal impacts, the effect on outcomes of alternative future societal development pathways is substantially larger than the effect of the two climate scenarios.' Author: 'O’Neill, Brian C.; M. Done, James; Gettelman, Andrew; Lawrence, Peter; Lehner, Flavio; Lamarque, Jean-Francois; Lin, Lei; J. Monaghan, Andrew; Oleson, Keith; Ren, Xiaolin; M. Sanderson, Benjamin; Tebaldi, Claudia; Weitzel, Matthias; Xu, Yangyang; Anderson, Brooke; Fix, Miranda J.; Levis, Samuel' DOI: 10.1007/s10584-017-2009-x Date: July 26 ISSN: 1573-1480 Journal: Climatic Change Title: 'The Benefits of Reduced Anthropogenic Climate changE (BRACE): A synthesis' Type of Article: journal article Year: 2017 _record_number: 24077 _uuid: 0006123e-10a3-4501-a89c-95a7921a9c3d reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-017-2009-x href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0006123e-10a3-4501-a89c-95a7921a9c3d.yaml identifier: 0006123e-10a3-4501-a89c-95a7921a9c3d uri: /reference/0006123e-10a3-4501-a89c-95a7921a9c3d - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Using ensembles from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) under a high and a lower emission scenarios, we investigate changes in statistics of extreme daily temperature. The ensembles provide large samples for a robust application of extreme value theory. We estimate return values and return periods for annual maxima of the daily high and low temperatures as well as the 3-day averages of the same variables in current and future climate. Results indicate statistically significant increases (compared to the reference period of 1996–2005) in extreme temperatures over all land areas as early as 2025 under both scenarios, with statistically significant differences between them becoming pervasive over the globe by 2050. The substantially smaller changes, for all indices, produced under the lower emission case translate into sizeable benefits from emission mitigation: By 2075, in terms of reduced changes in 1-day heat extremes, about 95 % of land regions would see benefits of 1 °C or more under the lower emissions scenario, and 50 % or more of the land areas would benefit by at least 2 °C. 6 % of the land area would benefit by 3 °C or more in projected extreme minimum temperatures and 13 % would benefit by this amount for extreme maximum temperature. Benefits for 3-day metrics are similar. The future frequency of current extremes is also greatly reduced by mitigation: by the end of the century, under RCP8.5 more than half the land area experiences the current 20-year events every year while only between about 10 and 25 % of the area is affected by such severe changes under RCP4.5.' Author: 'Tebaldi, Claudia; Wehner, Michael F.' DOI: 10.1007/s10584-016-1605-5 ISSN: 1573-1480 Journal: Climatic Change Pages: 1-13 Title: Benefits of mitigation for future heat extremes under RCP4.5 compared to RCP8.5 Volume: First online Year: 2016 _record_number: 20060 _uuid: 00234d41-c8e2-49c1-8b7a-8a2c0ad9b6df reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-016-1605-5 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/00234d41-c8e2-49c1-8b7a-8a2c0ad9b6df.yaml identifier: 00234d41-c8e2-49c1-8b7a-8a2c0ad9b6df uri: /reference/00234d41-c8e2-49c1-8b7a-8a2c0ad9b6df - attrs: Author: 'Ngo, Nicole S.; Horton, Radley M.' DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.016 Date: 2016/01/01/ ISSN: 0013-9351 Journal: Environmental Research Keywords: Climate change; Fetal health; Urban sustainability Pages: 158-164 Title: 'Climate change and fetal health: The impacts of exposure to extreme temperatures in New York City' Volume: 144 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25317 _uuid: 00935259-887c-4e73-a936-90759dd846e1 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.016 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/00935259-887c-4e73-a936-90759dd846e1.yaml identifier: 00935259-887c-4e73-a936-90759dd846e1 uri: /reference/00935259-887c-4e73-a936-90759dd846e1 - attrs: Abstract: 'Climate change is expected to cause extensive shifts in the epidemiology of infectious and vector-borne diseases. Scenarios on the effects of climate change typically attribute altered distribution of communicable diseases to a rise in average temperature and altered incidence of infectious diseases to weather extremes. Methods Recent evaluations of the effects of climate change on Hawaii have not explored this link. It may be expected that Hawaii’s natural geography and robust water, sanitation, and health care infrastructure renders residents less vulnerable to many threats that are the focus on smaller, lesser developed, and more vulnerable Pacific islands. In addition, Hawaii’s communicable disease surveillance and response system can act rapidly to counter increases in any disease above baseline and to redirect resources to deal with changes, particularly outbreaks due to exotic pathogens. Results The evidence base examined in this article consistently revealed very low climate sensitivity with respect to infectious and mosquito-borne diseases. Conclusions A community resilience model is recommended to increase adaptive capacity for all possible climate change impacts rather an approach that focuses specifically on communicable diseases. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:797–804)' Author: 'Canyon, Deon V.; Speare, Rick; Burkle, Frederick M.' DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2016.73 Database Provider: Cambridge University Press EPub Date: 2016/08/12 ISSN: 1935-7893 Issue: 6 Journal: Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness Keywords: infectious disease medicine; emergency preparedness; disease outbreaks; disaster planning Name of Database: Cambridge Core Pages: 797-804 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Title: Forecasted impact of climate change on infectious disease and health security in Hawaii by 2050 Volume: 10 Year: 2016 _record_number: 26102 _uuid: 02346c4a-5ec5-4adf-8067-a07210aaeed0 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1017/dmp.2016.73 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/02346c4a-5ec5-4adf-8067-a07210aaeed0.yaml identifier: 02346c4a-5ec5-4adf-8067-a07210aaeed0 uri: /reference/02346c4a-5ec5-4adf-8067-a07210aaeed0 - attrs: Abstract: 'In addition to serving as vectors of several other human pathogens, the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, and western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, are the primary vectors of the spirochete ( Borrelia burgdorferi ) that causes Lyme disease, the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Over the past two decades, the geographic range of I. pacificus has changed modestly while, in contrast, the I. scapularis range has expanded substantially, which likely contributes to the concurrent expansion in the distribution of human Lyme disease cases in the Northeastern, North-Central and Mid-Atlantic states. Identifying counties that contain suitable habitat for these ticks that have not yet reported established vector populations can aid in targeting limited vector surveillance resources to areas where tick invasion and potential human risk are likely to occur. We used county-level vector distribution information and ensemble modeling to map the potential distribution of I. scapularis and I. pacificus in the contiguous United States as a function of climate, elevation, and forest cover. Results show that I. pacificus is currently present within much of the range classified by our model as suitable for establishment. In contrast, environmental conditions are suitable for I. scapularis to continue expanding its range into northwestern Minnesota, central and northern Michigan, within the Ohio River Valley, and inland from the southeastern and Gulf coasts. Overall, our ensemble models show suitable habitat for I. scapularis in 441 eastern counties and for I. pacificus in 11 western counties where surveillance records have not yet supported classification of the counties as established.' Author: 'Hahn, Micah B.; Jarnevich, Catherine S.; Monaghan, Andrew J.; Eisen, Rebecca J.' DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw076 ISSN: 0022-2585 Issue: 5 Journal: Journal of Medical Entomology Notes: 10.1093/jme/tjw076 Pages: 1176-1191 Title: 'Modeling the geographic distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the contiguous United States' Volume: 53 Year: 2016 _record_number: 24067 _uuid: 05669ed2-397c-40de-b3bd-c54decb66e5c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1093/jme/tjw076 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/05669ed2-397c-40de-b3bd-c54decb66e5c.yaml identifier: 05669ed2-397c-40de-b3bd-c54decb66e5c uri: /reference/05669ed2-397c-40de-b3bd-c54decb66e5c - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Guenther, Robin; Balbus, John' Publisher: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Title: 'Primary Protection: Enhancing Health Care Resilience for a Changing Climate' URL: https://toolkit.climate.gov/sites/default/files/SCRHCFI%20Best%20Practices%20Report%20final2%202014%20Web.pdf Year: 2014 _record_number: 19365 _uuid: 05ee299b-0f67-41b4-98c8-7f06718799fc reftype: Report child_publication: /report/hhs-resilience-2014 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/05ee299b-0f67-41b4-98c8-7f06718799fc.yaml identifier: 05ee299b-0f67-41b4-98c8-7f06718799fc uri: /reference/05ee299b-0f67-41b4-98c8-7f06718799fc - attrs: Abstract: 'In this Focus article, the authors ask a seemingly simple question: Are harmful algal blooms (HABs) becoming the greatest inland water quality threat to public health and aquatic ecosystems? When HAB events require restrictions on fisheries, recreation, and drinking water uses of inland water bodies significant economic consequences result. Unfortunately, the magnitude, frequency, and duration of HABs in inland waters are poorly understood across spatiotemporal scales and differentially engaged among states, tribes, and territories. Harmful algal bloom impacts are not as predictable as those from conventional chemical contaminants, for which water quality assessment and management programs were primarily developed, because interactions among multiple natural and anthropogenic factors determine the likelihood and severity to which a HAB will occur in a specific water body. These forcing factors can also affect toxin production. Beyond site-specific water quality degradation caused directly by HABs, the presence of HAB toxins can negatively influence routine surface water quality monitoring, assessment, and management practices. Harmful algal blooms present significant challenges for achieving water quality protection and restoration goals when these toxins confound interpretation of monitoring results and environmental quality standards implementation efforts for other chemicals and stressors. Whether HABs presently represent the greatest threat to inland water quality is debatable, though in inland waters of developed countries they typically cause more severe acute impacts to environmental quality than conventional chemical contamination events. The authors identify several timely research needs. Environmental toxicology, environmental chemistry, and risk-assessment expertise must interface with ecologists, engineers, and public health practitioners to engage the complexities of HAB assessment and management, to address the forcing factors for HAB formation, and to reduce the threats posed to inland surface water quality. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:6–13. © 2015 SETAC' Author: 'Brooks, Bryan W.; Lazorchak, James M.; Howard, Meredith D.A.; Johnson, Mari-Vaughn V.; Morton, Steve L.; Perkins, Dawn A.K.; Reavie, Euan D.; Scott, Geoffrey I.; Smith, Stephanie A.; Steevens, Jeffery A.' DOI: 10.1002/etc.3220 Issue: 1 Journal: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Pages: 6-13 Title: Are harmful algal blooms becoming the greatest inland water quality threat to public health and aquatic ecosystems? Volume: 35 Year: 2016 _record_number: 26103 _uuid: 06fbcf75-3eca-4b63-93ab-a34b11e3fff4 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/etc.3220 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/06fbcf75-3eca-4b63-93ab-a34b11e3fff4.yaml identifier: 06fbcf75-3eca-4b63-93ab-a34b11e3fff4 uri: /reference/06fbcf75-3eca-4b63-93ab-a34b11e3fff4 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'EPA,' Institution: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Pages: 271 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Series Volume: EPA 430‐R‐17‐001 Title: 'Multi-model Framework for Quantitative Sectoral Impacts Analysis: A Technical Report for the Fourth National Climate Assessment' URL: https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?dirEntryId=335095 Year: 2017 _record_number: 21365 _uuid: 0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94.yaml identifier: 0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94 uri: /reference/0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94 - attrs: Author: 'Lamond, Jessica Elizabeth; Joseph, Rotimi D.; Proverbs, David G.' DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.008 Date: 2015/07/01/ ISSN: 0013-9351 Journal: Environmental Research Keywords: Flood memory; PTSD; Anxiety; Frequent flooding; Flood impact; Mental health; Flood recovery Pages: 325-334 Title: An exploration of factors affecting the long term psychological impact and deterioration of mental health in flooded households Volume: 140 Year: 2015 _record_number: 24069 _uuid: 0bbad3bb-b424-4f35-8cb3-2b7c883852be reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.008 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0bbad3bb-b424-4f35-8cb3-2b7c883852be.yaml identifier: 0bbad3bb-b424-4f35-8cb3-2b7c883852be uri: /reference/0bbad3bb-b424-4f35-8cb3-2b7c883852be - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Bell, Jesse E.; Herring, Stephanie C. ; Jantarasami, Lesley; Adrianopoli, Carl; Benedict, Kaitlin; Conlon, Kathryn; Escobar, Vanessa; Hess, Jeremy; Luvall, Jeffrey; Garcia-Pando, Carlos Perez ; Quattrochi, Dale; Runkle, Jennifer; Schreck, Carl J., III' Book Title: 'The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment' DOI: 10.7930/J0BZ63ZV Pages: 99–128 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Title: 'Ch. 4: Impacts of extreme events on human health' Year: 2016 _record_number: 19376 _uuid: 0e186af3-bf5b-49ae-82cc-cf1a1a5a7c25 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/extreme-events href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0e186af3-bf5b-49ae-82cc-cf1a1a5a7c25.yaml identifier: 0e186af3-bf5b-49ae-82cc-cf1a1a5a7c25 uri: /reference/0e186af3-bf5b-49ae-82cc-cf1a1a5a7c25 - attrs: Author: 'Ryan, Sadie J.; McNally, Amy; Johnson, Leah R.; Mordecai, Erin A.; Ben-Horin, Tal; Paaijmans, Krijn; Lafferty, Kevin D.' DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1822 Date: 2015/12/01 ISSN: 1530-3667 Issue: 12 Journal: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases Pages: 718-725 Publisher: 'Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers' Title: Mapping physiological suitability limits for malaria in Africa under climate change Volume: 15 Year: 2015 _record_number: 24090 _uuid: 0fc0ccc3-c530-4099-b6e1-e04f2cfd4237 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1089/vbz.2015.1822 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0fc0ccc3-c530-4099-b6e1-e04f2cfd4237.yaml identifier: 0fc0ccc3-c530-4099-b6e1-e04f2cfd4237 uri: /reference/0fc0ccc3-c530-4099-b6e1-e04f2cfd4237 - attrs: Abstract: 'The effect of global climate change on infectious disease remains hotly debated because multiple extrinsic and intrinsic drivers interact to influence transmission dynamics in nonlinear ways. The dominant drivers of widespread pathogens, like West Nile virus, can be challenging to identify due to regional variability in vector and host ecology, with past studies producing disparate findings. Here, we used analyses at national and state scales to examine a suite of climatic and intrinsic drivers of continental-scale West Nile virus epidemics, including an empirically derived mechanistic relationship between temperature and transmission potential that accounts for spatial variability in vectors. We found that drought was the primary climatic driver of increased West Nile virus epidemics, rather than within-season or winter temperatures, or precipitation independently. Local-scale data from one region suggested drought increased epidemics via changes in mosquito infection prevalence rather than mosquito abundance. In addition, human acquired immunity following regional epidemics limited subsequent transmission in many states. We show that over the next 30 years, increased drought severity from climate change could triple West Nile virus cases, but only in regions with low human immunity. These results illustrate how changes in drought severity can alter the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases.' Author: 'Paull, Sara H.; Horton, Daniel E.; Ashfaq, Moetasim; Rastogi, Deeksha; Kramer, Laura D.; Diffenbaugh, Noah S.; Kilpatrick, A. Marm' DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2078 Issue: 1848 Journal: 'Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences' Title: Drought and immunity determine the intensity of West Nile virus epidemics and climate change impacts Volume: 284 Year: 2017 _record_number: 23690 _uuid: 110b6896-b3e8-4af4-9c57-70cd5dcc49b0 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1098/rspb.2016.2078 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/110b6896-b3e8-4af4-9c57-70cd5dcc49b0.yaml identifier: 110b6896-b3e8-4af4-9c57-70cd5dcc49b0 uri: /reference/110b6896-b3e8-4af4-9c57-70cd5dcc49b0 - attrs: Author: 'Bathi, Jejal Reddy; Das, Himangshu S.' DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020239 ISSN: 1660-4601 Issue: 2 Journal: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Pages: 239 Title: Vulnerability of coastal communities from storm surge and flood disasters Volume: 13 Year: 2016 _record_number: 24141 _uuid: 115163fe-d259-4944-87a9-6225e5010c41 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.3390/ijerph13020239 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/115163fe-d259-4944-87a9-6225e5010c41.yaml identifier: 115163fe-d259-4944-87a9-6225e5010c41 uri: /reference/115163fe-d259-4944-87a9-6225e5010c41 - attrs: Abstract: 'Heat waves can be lethal and routinely prompt public warnings about the dangers of heat. With climate change, extreme heat events will become more frequent and intense. However, little is known about public awareness of heat warnings or behaviors during hot weather. Awareness of heat warnings, prevention behaviors, and air conditioning (AC) prevalence and use in New York City were assessed using quantitative and qualitative methods. A random sample telephone survey was conducted in September 2011 among 719 adults and follow-up focus groups were held in winter 2012 among seniors and potential senior caregivers. During summer 2011, 79 % of adults heard or saw a heat warning. Of the 24 % who were seniors or in fair or poor health, 34 % did not own AC or never/rarely used it on hot days. Of this subgroup, 30 % were unaware of warnings, and 49 % stay home during hot weather. Reasons for not using AC during hot weather include disliking AC (29 %), not feeling hot (19 %), and a preference for fans (18 %). Seniors in the focus groups did not perceive themselves to be at risk, and often did not identify AC as an important health protection strategy. While heat warnings are received by most New Yorkers, AC cost, risk perception problems, and a preference for staying home leave many at risk during heat waves. Improving AC access and risk communications will help better protect the most vulnerable during heat waves.' Author: 'Lane, Kathryn; Wheeler, Katherine; Charles-Guzman, Kizzy; Ahmed, Munerah; Blum, Micheline; Gregory, Katherine; Graber, Nathan; Clark, Nancy; Matte, Thomas' DOI: 10.1007/s11524-013-9850-7 Date: June 01 ISSN: 1468-2869 Issue: 3 Journal: Journal of Urban Health Pages: 403-414 Title: Extreme heat awareness and protective behaviors in New York City Type of Article: journal article Volume: 91 Year: 2014 _record_number: 24117 _uuid: 126dc0cf-87a4-472a-80ac-619a1c258fa0 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s11524-013-9850-7 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/126dc0cf-87a4-472a-80ac-619a1c258fa0.yaml identifier: 126dc0cf-87a4-472a-80ac-619a1c258fa0 uri: /reference/126dc0cf-87a4-472a-80ac-619a1c258fa0 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Garfin, Gregg M.; LeRoy, Sarah; Jones, Hunter' DOI: 10.7289/V5930R6Q Institution: Institute of the Environment Pages: 63 Place Published: 'Tucson, AZ' Title: Developing an Integrated Heat Health Information System for Long-Term Resilience to Climate and Weather Extremes in the El Paso-Juárez-Las Cruces Region Year: 2017 _record_number: 24125 _uuid: 12ce2788-69d3-4b06-9799-34d7130b090c reftype: Report child_publication: /report/developing-an-integrated-heat-health-information-system-long-term-resilience-climate-weather-extremes-el-paso-jurez-las-cruces-region href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/12ce2788-69d3-4b06-9799-34d7130b090c.yaml identifier: 12ce2788-69d3-4b06-9799-34d7130b090c uri: /reference/12ce2788-69d3-4b06-9799-34d7130b090c - attrs: Author: 'Griffin, Daniel; Anchukaitis, Kevin J.' DOI: 10.1002/2014GL062433 ISSN: 1944-8007 Issue: 24 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Keywords: drought; tree rings; paleoclimate; 1637 Regional climate change; 1812 Drought; 1884 Water supply; 3344 Paleoclimatology; 4920 Dendrochronology Pages: 9017-9023 Title: How unusual is the 2012–2014 California drought? Volume: 41 Year: 2014 _record_number: 23772 _uuid: 133fec6d-8a4b-47e6-a1f0-c986ecf70780 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/2014GL062433 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/133fec6d-8a4b-47e6-a1f0-c986ecf70780.yaml identifier: 133fec6d-8a4b-47e6-a1f0-c986ecf70780 uri: /reference/133fec6d-8a4b-47e6-a1f0-c986ecf70780 - attrs: Abstract: 'Background On October 29th, 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused a storm surge interrupting electricity with disruption to Manhattan’s (New York, USA) health care infrastructure. Beth Israel Medical Center (BIMC) was the only fully functioning major hospital in lower Manhattan during and after Hurricane Sandy. The impact on emergency department (ED) and hospital use by geriatric patients in lower Manhattan was studied. Methods The trends of ED visits and hospitalizations in the immediate post-Sandy phase (IPS) during the actual blackout (October 29 through November 4, 2012), and the extended post-Sandy phase (EPS), when neighboring hospitals were still incapacitated (November 5, 2012 through February 10, 2013), were analyzed with baseline. The analysis was broken down by age groups (18-64, 65-79, and 80+ years old) and included the reasons for ED visits and admissions. Results During the IPS, there was a significant increase in geriatric visits (from 11% to 16.5% in the 65-79 age group, and from 6.5% to 13% in the 80+ age group) as well as in hospitalizations (from 22.7% to 25.2% in the 65-79 age group, and from 17.6% to 33.8% in the 80+ age group). However, these proportions returned to baseline during the EPS. The proportions of the categories “dialysis,” “respiratory device,” “social,” and “syncope” in geriatric patients in ED visits were significantly higher than younger patients. The increases of the categories “medication,” “dialysis,” “respiratory device,” and “social” represented two-thirds of absolute increase in both ED visits and admissions for the 65-79 age group, and half of the absolute increase in ED visits for the 80+ age group. The categories “social” and “respiratory device” peaked one day after the disaster, “dialysis” peaked two days after, and “medication” peaked three days after in ED visit analysis. Conclusions There was a disproportionate increase in ED visits and hospitalizations in the geriatric population compared with the younger population during the IPS. The primary factor of the disproportionate impact on the geriatric population appears to be from indirect effects of the hurricane, mainly due to the subsequent power outages, such as “dialysis,” “respiratory device,” and “social.” Further investigation by chart review may provide more insights to better aid with future disaster preparedness. Gotanda H , Fogel J , Husk G , Levine JM , Peterson M , Baumlin K , Habboushe J . Hurricane Sandy: Impact on Emergency Department and Hospital Utilization by Older Adults in Lower Manhattan, New York (USA). Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(5):496–502.' Author: 'Gotanda, Hiroshi; Fogel, Joyce; Husk, Gregg; Levine, Jeffrey M.; Peterson, Monte; Baumlin, Kevin; Habboushe, Joseph' DOI: 10.1017/S1049023X15005087 Database Provider: Cambridge University Press EPub Date: 09/15 ISSN: 1049-023X Issue: 5 Journal: Prehospital and Disaster Medicine Keywords: disaster planning; geriatrics; public health Name of Database: Cambridge Core Pages: 496-502 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Title: 'Hurricane Sandy: Impact on emergency department and hospital utilization by older adults in Lower Manhattan, New York (USA)' Volume: 30 Year: 2015 _record_number: 24124 _uuid: 139e52f1-c486-4f93-aa79-67b3f1dc7e02 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1017/S1049023X15005087 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/139e52f1-c486-4f93-aa79-67b3f1dc7e02.yaml identifier: 139e52f1-c486-4f93-aa79-67b3f1dc7e02 uri: /reference/139e52f1-c486-4f93-aa79-67b3f1dc7e02 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'Becker, Emily' Place Published: 'Silver Spring, MD' Publisher: 'National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Climate.gov' Title: 'June 2016 ENSO Discussion: The New Neutral' URL: https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/june-enso-discussion-new-neutral Year: 2016 _record_number: 24151 _uuid: 14f846a7-837f-4470-a2c3-3127574e1c05 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/8dfc7b3b-c28d-4557-b679-1d7e5e2959ab href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/14f846a7-837f-4470-a2c3-3127574e1c05.yaml identifier: 14f846a7-837f-4470-a2c3-3127574e1c05 uri: /reference/14f846a7-837f-4470-a2c3-3127574e1c05 - attrs: Abstract: 'This paper introduces a scalable "climate health justice" model for assessing and projecting incidence, treatment costs, and sociospatial disparities for diseases with well-documented climate change linkages. The model is designed to employ low-cost secondary data, and it is rooted in a perspective that merges normative environmental justice concerns with theoretical grounding in health inequalities. Since the model employs International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) disease codes, it is transferable to other contexts, appropriate for use across spatial scales, and suitable for comparative analyses. We demonstrate the utility of the model through analysis of 2008-2010 hospitalization discharge data at state and county levels in Texas (USA). We identified several disease categories (i.e., cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, heat-related, and respiratory) associated with climate change, and then selected corresponding ICD-9 codes with the highest hospitalization counts for further analyses. Selected diseases include ischemic heart disease, diarrhea, heat exhaustion/cramps/stroke/syncope, and asthma. Cardiovascular disease ranked first among the general categories of diseases for age-adjusted hospital admission rate (5286.37 per 100,000). In terms of specific selected diseases (per 100,000 population), asthma ranked first (517.51), followed by ischemic heart disease (195.20), diarrhea (75.35), and heat exhaustion/cramps/stroke/syncope (7.81). Charges associated with the selected diseases over the 3-year period amounted to US$5.6 billion. Blacks were disproportionately burdened by the selected diseases in comparison to non-Hispanic whites, while Hispanics were not. Spatial distributions of the selected disease rates revealed geographic zones of disproportionate risk. Based upon a down-scaled regional climate-change projection model, we estimate a >5% increase in the incidence and treatment costs of asthma attributable to climate change between the baseline and 2040-2050 in Texas. Additionally, the inequalities described here will be accentuated, with blacks facing amplified health disparities in the future. These predicted trends raise both intergenerational and distributional climate health justice concerns. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.' Author: 'McDonald, Y. J.; Grineski, S. E.; Collins, T. W.; Kim, Y. A.' DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.032 Date: May ISSN: 0277-9536 Journal: Social Science & Medicine Keywords: climate justice; Health Pages: 242-252 Title: A scalable climate health justice assessment model Volume: 133 Year: 2015 _record_number: 22786 _uuid: 176f1216-a5cf-4ad9-852d-3bf41a0d87ec reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.032 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/176f1216-a5cf-4ad9-852d-3bf41a0d87ec.yaml identifier: 176f1216-a5cf-4ad9-852d-3bf41a0d87ec uri: /reference/176f1216-a5cf-4ad9-852d-3bf41a0d87ec - attrs: Author: 'Smith, M. R.; Golden, C. D.; Myers, S. S.' DOI: 10.1002/2016GH000018 ISSN: 2471-1403 Issue: 6 Journal: GeoHealth Keywords: iron deficiency; climate change; global health; nutrition; 4322 Health impact; 4901 Abrupt/rapid climate change Pages: 248-257 Title: Potential rise in iron deficiency due to future anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions Volume: 1 Year: 2017 _record_number: 24097 _uuid: 1839c00f-e69e-4e50-a22b-57324daaaa32 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/2016GH000018 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1839c00f-e69e-4e50-a22b-57324daaaa32.yaml identifier: 1839c00f-e69e-4e50-a22b-57324daaaa32 uri: /reference/1839c00f-e69e-4e50-a22b-57324daaaa32 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Sarofim, Marcus C.; Saha, Shubhayu; Hawkins, Michelle D.; Mills, David M.; Hess, Jeremy; Horton, Radley; Kinney, Patrick; Schwartz, Joel; St. Juliana, Alexis' Book Title: 'The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment' DOI: 10.7930/J0MG7MDX Pages: 43–68 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Title: 'Ch. 2: Temperature-related death and illness' Year: 2016 _record_number: 19374 _uuid: 1ad1d794-bc57-4e48-ab28-0e2b65767cb9 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/temperature-related-death-and-illness href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1ad1d794-bc57-4e48-ab28-0e2b65767cb9.yaml identifier: 1ad1d794-bc57-4e48-ab28-0e2b65767cb9 uri: /reference/1ad1d794-bc57-4e48-ab28-0e2b65767cb9 - attrs: Author: 'Hellberg, Rosalee S.; Chu, Eric' DOI: 10.3109/1040841X.2014.972335 Date: 2016/07/03 ISSN: 1040-841X Issue: 4 Journal: Critical Reviews in Microbiology Pages: 548-572 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Title: 'Effects of climate change on the persistence and dispersal of foodborne bacterial pathogens in the outdoor environment: A review' Volume: 42 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25325 _uuid: 1b017bee-78c8-4e75-a218-cc47ae89446a reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.3109/1040841X.2014.972335 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1b017bee-78c8-4e75-a218-cc47ae89446a.yaml identifier: 1b017bee-78c8-4e75-a218-cc47ae89446a uri: /reference/1b017bee-78c8-4e75-a218-cc47ae89446a - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Ziska, Lewis; Crimmins, Allison; Auclair, Allan; DeGrasse, Stacey; Garofalo, Jada F.; Khan, Ali S.; Loladze, Irakli; Pérez de León, Adalberto A.; Showler, Allan; Thurston, Jeanette; Walls, Isabel' Book Title: 'The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment' DOI: 10.7930/J0ZP4417 Pages: 189–216 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Title: 'Ch. 7: Food safety, nutrition, and distribution' Year: 2016 _record_number: 19379 _uuid: 1ef11bf5-fb98-4f4f-905d-4990936ef52f reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/food-safety-nutrition-and-distribution href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1ef11bf5-fb98-4f4f-905d-4990936ef52f.yaml identifier: 1ef11bf5-fb98-4f4f-905d-4990936ef52f uri: /reference/1ef11bf5-fb98-4f4f-905d-4990936ef52f - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Knowlton, K.\rRotkin-Ellman, M.\rGeballe, L.\rMax, W.\rSolomon, G.M." DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0229 ISSN: 0278-2715 Issue: 11 Journal: Health Affairs Pages: 2167-2176 Title: Six climate change-related events in the United States accounted for about $14 billion in lost lives and health costs Volume: 30 Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 9: Human Health FINAL"]' _record_number: 1545 _uuid: 21f384a2-0dcf-4c1a-b1c0-add8b0e7506c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0229 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/21f384a2-0dcf-4c1a-b1c0-add8b0e7506c.yaml identifier: 21f384a2-0dcf-4c1a-b1c0-add8b0e7506c uri: /reference/21f384a2-0dcf-4c1a-b1c0-add8b0e7506c