--- - attributes: ~ caption: 'Solar carports were recently installed on the Michigan State University campus. Photo credit: David Rothstein' chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2018-04-18T00:39:01 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/solar-carports.yaml identifier: solar-carports lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 1 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-29T19:27:30 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Solar Carports uri: /report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/solar-carports url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'This graph shows the annual number of days above 100°F in Chicago for the historical period of 1976–2005 (black dot) and projected throughout the 21st century under lower (RCP4.5, teal) and higher (RCP8.5, red) scenarios. Increases at the higher end of these ranges would pose major heat-related health problems for people in Chicago. As shown by the black dot, the average number of days per year above 100°F for 1976–2005 was essentially zero. By the end of the century (2070–2099), the projected number of these very hot days ranges from 1 to 23 per year under the lower scenario and 3 to 63 per year under the higher scenario. For the three future periods, the teal and red dots represent the model-weighted average for each scenario, while the vertical lines represent the range of values (5th to 95th percentile). Both scenarios show an increasing number of days over 100°F with time but increasing at a faster rate under the higher scenario. Sources: NOAA NCEI and CICS-NC.' chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2017-05-31T19:09:28 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/chicagomsa_tmax100f_0.yaml identifier: chicagomsa_tmax100f_0 lat_max: 42.65625 lat_min: 40.78125 lon_max: -86.9062 lon_min: -88.9062 ordinal: 10 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-12-03T19:13:05 time_end: 2099-12-31T00:00:00 time_start: 1976-01-01T00:00:00 title: Historical and Projected Annual Number of Days Above 100°F for Chicago uri: /report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/chicagomsa_tmax100f_0 url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'This composite image shows portions of Interstate 44 near St. Louis that were closed by Meramec River flooding in both 2015 and 2017. The flooding shown here occurred in May 2017. Image credit: Surdex Corporation.' chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2018-04-18T00:49:44 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/meramec-river-flooding-photo-v2.yaml identifier: meramec-river-flooding-photo-v2 lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 11 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-29T19:20:55 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Meramec River Flooding photo v2 uri: /report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/meramec-river-flooding-photo-v2 url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "Shown here is a configuration of the boundary chain employed in the Great Lakes Climate Adaptation Network (GLCAN) Case Study. The information is tailored and moves through different boundary organizations (links in the chain) to connect science to users. By co-creating information and pooling resources throughout the chain, trust and legitimacy are built and cost is decreased. Source: adapted from Lemos et al. 2014.{{< tbib '294' '50781eea-2acc-4a9f-898d-e6c2b511aeb8' >}} ©American Meteorological Society." chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2017-07-21T15:50:18 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/mw-linked-boundary-chain.yaml identifier: mw-linked-boundary-chain lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 12 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-29T19:23:52 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Linked Boundary Chain Model uri: /report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/mw-linked-boundary-chain url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "Integrating strips of native prairie vegetation into row crops has been shown to reduce sediment and nutrient loss from fields, as well as improve biodiversity and the delivery of ecosystem services.{{< tbib '33' 'cf5cd564-9f71-4025-93e5-9407832bd93e' >}} Iowa State University's STRIPS program is actively conducting research into this agricultural conservation practice.{{< tbib '34' '9162112c-438b-45d4-8d45-42ee4805b8f8' >}} The inset shows a close-up example of a prairie vegetation strip. Photo credits: (main photo) Lynn Betts, (inset) Farnaz Kordbacheh." chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2018-03-29T16:43:13 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/prairie-strips-for-adaptation.yaml identifier: prairie-strips-for-adaptation lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 2 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-29T19:26:53 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Conservation Practices Reduce Impact of Heavy Rains uri: /report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/prairie-strips-for-adaptation url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'As air temperature increases in a warming climate, vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is projected to increase. VPD is the difference between how much moisture is in the air and the amount of moisture in the air at saturation (at 100% relative humidity). Increased VPD has a drying effect on plants and soils, as moisture transpires (from plants) and evaporates (from soil) into the air. (a) Cooler air can maintain less water as vapor, putting less demand for moisture on plants, while warmer air can maintain more water as vapor, putting more demand for moisture on plants. (b, c) The maps show the percent change in the moisture deficit of the air based on the projected maximum 5-day VPD by the late 21st century (2070–2099) for (b) lower and \(c) higher scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Sources: U.S. Forest Service, NOAA NCEI, and CICS-NC.' chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2017-05-30T14:00:10 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/precipitation-and-humidity-projections.yaml identifier: precipitation-and-humidity-projections lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 3 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-12-03T19:12:46 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Drying Effect of Warmer Air on Plants and Soils uri: /report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/precipitation-and-humidity-projections url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'The photo shows Menominee Tribal Enterprises staff creating opportunity from adversity by replanting a forest opening caused by oak wilt disease with a diverse array of tree and understory plant species that are expected to fare better under future climate conditions. Photo credit: Kristen Schmitt.' chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2018-04-18T00:42:54 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/mte-tree-planting.yaml identifier: mte-tree-planting lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 4 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-29T19:23:06 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: MTE Tree Planting uri: /report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/mte-tree-planting url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "While midwestern species, such as understory plants in Wisconsin, are showing changes in range, they may not be shifting quickly enough to keep up with changes in climate. The panels here represent 78 plant species, showing (a) observed changes in the center of plant species abundances (centroids) from the 1950s to 2000s, (b) the direction and magnitude of changes in climate factors associated with those species, and \\(c) the lag, or difference, between where the species centroid is now located and where the change in climate factors suggests it should be located in order to keep pace with a changing climate. Source: adapted from Ash et al. 2017.{{< tbib '141' 'a307878c-a79f-4dec-9435-e81f75676634' >}} ©John Wiley & Sons, Ltd." chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2017-06-02T15:41:17 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/ecosystem-shifts.yaml identifier: ecosystem-shifts lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 5 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-29T19:19:22 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Climate Change Outpaces Plants’ Ability to Shift Habitat Range uri: /report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/ecosystem-shifts url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: 'The graphic shows the oxythermal (oxygen and temperature) habitat of coldwater fish in midwestern inland lakes, illustrated by water depth under (left) a typical ice-free period and (right) a warm ice-free period (right). The top plots show water temperatures during the ice-free period, and the bottom plots show the dissolved oxygen concentrations. The schematics at the bottom illustrate the area of the lake that is ideal habitat for coldwater fish (in blue) and areas that represent water outside of the temperature or dissolved oxygen limit (in yellow and red, respectively). The left plots show how available habitat “squeezes” during a typical year, while the right plots illustrate a complete loss of suitable habitat during very warm years. Source: Madeline Magee, University of Wisconsin.' chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2018-03-19T19:51:46 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/coldwater-fish-at-risk.yaml identifier: coldwater-fish-at-risk lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 6 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-29T19:18:13 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Coldwater Fish at Risk uri: /report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/coldwater-fish-at-risk url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "The Blausey Tract restoration project on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge (Ohio) restored 100 acres of former Lake Erie coastal wetlands that were previously in row crop production. In addition to providing habitat for wildlife and fish, these wetlands help reduce climate change impacts by storing water from high-water events and by filtering nutrients and sediments out of water pumped from an adjacent farm ditch. This work was carried out by two conservation groups, The Nature Conservancy and Ducks Unlimited, in partnership with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and was funded by The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative.{{< tbib '186' 'b9423491-30fe-4d8e-88cc-73b226121fc8' >}},{{< tbib '187' '14e7314e-8e50-4e32-a245-3f6dd328b627' >}} (top) Shown here is the Blausey Tract restoration site in early spring of 2011, prior to the restoration activities. (bottom) In the spring of 2013, just two years after the start of restoration, the site already was providing important habitat for wildlife and fish. Photo credits: (top) ©The Nature Conservancy, (bottom) Bill Stanley, ©The Nature Conservancy." chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2017-10-13T16:22:43 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/wetland-restoration-projects.yaml identifier: wetland-restoration-projects lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 7 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-29T19:27:59 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Wetland Restoration Projects Can Help Reduce Impacts uri: /report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/wetland-restoration-projects url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "The duration of seasonal ice cover decreased in most areas of the Great Lakes between 1973 and 2013, while summer surface water temperature (SWT) increased in most areas between 1994 and 2013. (a) The map shows the rate of change in ice cover duration. The greatest rate of decrease in seasonal ice cover duration is seen near shorelines, with smaller rates occurring in the deeper central parts of Lakes Michigan and Ontario, which rarely have ice cover. (b) The map shows the rate of change in summer SWT. The greatest rates of increase in summer SWT occurred in deeper water, with smaller increases occurring near shorelines. Source: adapted from Mason et al. 2016.{{< tbib '192' '9db319af-7cec-440e-8dda-41526fed6cd0' >}} Used with permission from Springer." chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2017-09-22T16:25:11 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/the-changing-great-lakes-old.yaml identifier: the-changing-great-lakes-old lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 8 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-29T19:27:40 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: The Changing Great Lakes uri: /report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/the-changing-great-lakes-old url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information - attributes: ~ caption: "Maps show county-level estimates for the change in average annual ozone-related premature deaths over the summer months in 2050 (2045–2055) and 2090 (2085–2095) compared to 2000 (1995–2005) under the lower and higher scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) in the Midwest. The results represent the average of five global climate models. Source: adapted from EPA 2017.{{< tbib '28' '0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94' >}}" chapter_identifier: midwest create_dt: 2017-09-12T17:13:27 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/ozone-related-premature-deaths.yaml identifier: ozone-related-premature-deaths lat_max: ~ lat_min: ~ lon_max: ~ lon_min: ~ ordinal: 9 report_identifier: nca4 source_citation: ~ submission_dt: 2018-11-29T19:26:42 time_end: ~ time_start: ~ title: Projected Changes in Ozone-Related Premature Deaths uri: /report/nca4/chapter/midwest/figure/ozone-related-premature-deaths url: ~ usage_limits: Figure may be copyright protected and permission may be required. Contact original figure source for information