--- - attrs: Abstract: 'This study examined the relative importance of climate change and drinking-water treatment for gastrointestinal illness incidence in children (age <5 years) from period 2046–2065 compared to 1991–2010. The northern Wisconsin (USA) study focused on municipalities distributing untreated groundwater. A time-series analysis first quantified the observed (1991–2010) precipitation and gastrointestinal illness associations after controlling for seasonality and temporal trends. Precipitation likely transported pathogens into drinking-water sources or into leaking water-distribution networks. Building on observed relationships, the second analysis projected how climate change and drinking-water treatment installation may alter gastrointestinal illness incidence. Future precipitation values were modeled by 13 global climate models and three greenhouse-gas emissions levels. The second analysis was rerun using three pathways: (1) only climate change, (2) climate change and the same slow pace of treatment installation observed over 1991–2010, and (3) climate change and the rapid rate of installation observed over 2011–2016. The results illustrate the risks that climate change presents to small rural groundwater municipalities without drinking water treatment. Climate-change-related seasonal precipitation changes will marginally increase the gastrointestinal illness incidence rate (mean: ∼1.5%, range: −3.6–4.3%). A slow pace of treatment installation somewhat decreased precipitation-associated gastrointestinal illness incidence (mean: ∼3.0%, range: 0.2–7.8%) in spite of climate change. The rapid treatment installation rate largely decreases the gastrointestinal illness incidence (mean: ∼82.0%, range: 82.0–83.0%).' Author: 'Uejio, Christopher K.; Christenson, Megan; Moran, Colleen; Gorelick, Mark' DOI: 10.1007/s10040-016-1521-9 Date: June 01 ISSN: 1435-0157 Issue: 4 Journal: Hydrogeology Journal Pages: 969-979 Title: 'Drinking-water treatment, climate change, and childhood gastrointestinal illness projections for northern Wisconsin (USA) communities drinking untreated groundwater' Type of Article: journal article Volume: 25 Year: 2017 _record_number: 21114 _uuid: 851e275f-5e31-42ef-93e5-eed46db465aa reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10040-016-1521-9 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/851e275f-5e31-42ef-93e5-eed46db465aa.yaml identifier: 851e275f-5e31-42ef-93e5-eed46db465aa uri: /reference/851e275f-5e31-42ef-93e5-eed46db465aa - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'Hurburgh, Charles' Place Published: 'Ames, IA' Publisher: 'Iowa State University, Extension and Outreach' Title: Wet Weather Creates Challenges for Harvest URL: https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2016/09/wet-weather-creates-challenges-harvest Year: 2016 _record_number: 21257 _uuid: 858d3935-f2b4-46d1-8c20-4fdf50922067 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/615c1ba0-5040-4eb4-8c2c-cd4a9eac0196 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/858d3935-f2b4-46d1-8c20-4fdf50922067.yaml identifier: 858d3935-f2b4-46d1-8c20-4fdf50922067 uri: /reference/858d3935-f2b4-46d1-8c20-4fdf50922067 - attrs: Abstract: "The Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District (MSD) is a regional Special Sewer District that provides Wastewater and Stormwater services to the City of St. Louis and most of St. Louis County, Missouri. The service area includes a Combined Sewer System (CSS) in the City and the older portions of the County. In 2011, MSD completed a Combined Sewer Overflow Long-Term Control Plan (LTCP), which was formalized in a Consent Decree (CD) with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in April, 2012. MSD’s Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) control plan includes a $100 million CSO Volume Reduction Green Infrastructure Program in the areas of the City of St. Louis that flow toward the Mississippi River CSOs. MSD spent five years conducting a $3 million CSO Volume Reduction Green Infrastructure Pilot Program, culminating in a CD required final report completed in December 2015. The report explains what work was completed in the GI Pilot Program and the results, and outlines MSD’s plan for full implementation of the CSO Volume Reduction Green Infrastructure Program control measure. This presentation will briefly review the GI Pilot Program, with the main focus to discuss the findings of the GI Pilot Program and the plan for full-implementation of the $100 million CSO Volume Reduction Green Infrastructure Program. Included will be major components of the program, the expected reduction in CSO volume and use of an adaptive management approach to manage the CSO Volume Reduction Green Infrastructure Program through 2034.

Implementation of green infrastructure for CSO volume reduction is one of many ways green infrastructure can be strategized for use in urban areas. As a separate entity from the City of St. Louis, MSD's plan highlights the important role that collaboration must have in the implementation of the CSO Volume Reduction Green Infrastructure Program. The plan for full implementation of the CSO Volume Reduction Green Infrastructure Program was developed with critical consideration of public-private partnerships, support of planned use areas and encouraging development and redevelopment in the City of St. Louis. Found to be effective in the GI Pilot Program, these same strategies are applicable to other communities planning and implementing green infrastructure programs." Author: 'Norton, Melantha D.; Moore, Gary T.' DOI: 10.2175/193864717821494853 Date: // Issue: 2 Journal: Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Keywords: Adaptive Management; Public-Private Partnerships; Consent Decree; Combined Sewer Overflows; Long Term Control Plan; Green Infrastructure Pages: 61-81 Title: St. Louis MSD CSO Volume Reduction Green Infrastructure Program Volume: 2017 Year: 2017 _record_number: 26600 _uuid: 865ece02-421c-41f4-b0bf-1114059d76b4 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.2175/193864717821494853 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/865ece02-421c-41f4-b0bf-1114059d76b4.yaml identifier: 865ece02-421c-41f4-b0bf-1114059d76b4 uri: /reference/865ece02-421c-41f4-b0bf-1114059d76b4 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Pan, Z.\rArritt, R.W.\rTakle, E.S.\rGutowski, W.J., Jr.\rAnderson, C.J.\rSegal, M." DOI: 10.1029/2004GL020528 ISSN: 0094-8276 Issue: 17 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Pages: L17109 Title: Altered hydrologic feedback in a warming climate introduces a “warming hole” URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2004GL020528/pdf Volume: 31 Year: 2004 _chapter: '["Appendix 4: FAQs FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 2413 _uuid: 87d06d1e-d4d1-4e74-aa68-141d307b955a reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2004GL020528 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/87d06d1e-d4d1-4e74-aa68-141d307b955a.yaml identifier: 87d06d1e-d4d1-4e74-aa68-141d307b955a uri: /reference/87d06d1e-d4d1-4e74-aa68-141d307b955a - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'MDNR,' Institution: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Pages: 114 Place Published: 'St. Paul, MN' Title: Natural Wild Rice in Minnesota URL: http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/fish_wildlife/wildlife/shallowlakes/natural-wild-rice-in-minnesota.pdf Year: 2008 _record_number: 21260 _uuid: 88a55c1a-6467-4bcf-be31-338b2e0575e5 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/mndnr-natwildrice-2008 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/88a55c1a-6467-4bcf-be31-338b2e0575e5.yaml identifier: 88a55c1a-6467-4bcf-be31-338b2e0575e5 uri: /reference/88a55c1a-6467-4bcf-be31-338b2e0575e5 - attrs: Author: 'Forbes, Donald L.; Gavin K. Manson; Richard Chagnon; Steven M. Solomon; Joost J. van der Sanden; Tracy L. Lynds' Conference Name: 'Ice in the Environment: Proceedings of the 16th IAHR International Symposium on Ice' Date: December 2-6 Pages: 344-351 Title: Nearshore ice and climate change in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence Year of Conference: 2002 _record_number: 26568 _uuid: 8949152f-8cbe-436d-825f-5558ff849a62 reftype: Conference Proceedings child_publication: /generic/e121f1e3-22bc-4e6a-9b40-a990eb216a6b href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8949152f-8cbe-436d-825f-5558ff849a62.yaml identifier: 8949152f-8cbe-436d-825f-5558ff849a62 uri: /reference/8949152f-8cbe-436d-825f-5558ff849a62 - attrs: Abstract: 'Adaptation planning offers a promising approach for identifying and devising solutions to address local climate change impacts. Yet there is little empirical understanding of the content and quality of these plans. We use content analysis to evaluate 44 local adaptation plans in the United States and multivariate regression to examine how plan quality varies across communities. We find that plans draw on multiple data sources to analyse future climate impacts and include a breadth of strategies. Most plans, however, fail to prioritize impacts and strategies or provide detailed implementation processes, raising concerns about whether adaptation plans will translate into on-the-ground reductions in vulnerability. Our analysis also finds that plans authored by the planning department and those that engaged elected officials in the planning process were of higher quality. The results provide important insights for practitioners, policymakers and scientists wanting to improve local climate adaptation planning and action.' Author: 'Woodruff, Sierra C.; Stults, Missy' DOI: 10.1038/nclimate3012 Date: 08//print ISSN: 1758-678X Issue: 8 Journal: Nature Climate Change Pages: 796-802 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Title: Numerous strategies but limited implementation guidance in US local adaptation plans Type of Article: Article Volume: 6 Year: 2016 _record_number: 21160 _uuid: 8a61b1a7-bb52-496d-86f7-21911efcf5f8 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nclimate3012 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8a61b1a7-bb52-496d-86f7-21911efcf5f8.yaml identifier: 8a61b1a7-bb52-496d-86f7-21911efcf5f8 uri: /reference/8a61b1a7-bb52-496d-86f7-21911efcf5f8 - attrs: Abstract: 'Climate change is expected to alter species distributions and habitat suitability across the globe. Understanding these shifting distributions is critical for adaptive resource management. The role of temperature in fish habitat and energetics is well established and can be used to evaluate climate change effects on habitat distributions and food web interactions. Lake Superior water temperatures are rising rapidly in response to climate change and this is likely influencing species distributions and interactions. We use a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model that captures temperature changes in Lake Superior over the last 3 decades to investigate shifts in habitat size and duration of preferred temperatures for four different fishes. We evaluated habitat changes in two native lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) ecotypes, siscowet and lean lake trout, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and walleye (Sander vitreus). Between 1979 and 2006, days with available preferred thermal habitat increased at a mean rate of 6, 7, and 5 days per decade for lean lake trout, Chinook salmon, and walleye, respectively. Siscowet lake trout lost 3 days per decade. Consequently, preferred habitat spatial extents increased at a rate of 579, 495 and 419 km2 per year for the lean lake trout, Chinook salmon, and walleye while siscowet lost 161 km2 per year during the modeled period. Habitat increases could lead to increased growth and production for three of the four fishes. Consequently, greater habitat overlap may intensify interguild competition and food web interactions. Loss of cold-water habitat for siscowet, having the coldest thermal preference, could forecast potential changes from continued warming. Additionally, continued warming may render more suitable conditions for some invasive species.' Author: 'Cline, Timothy J.; Bennington, Val; Kitchell, James F.' DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062279 Issue: 4 Journal: PLOS ONE Pages: e62279 Publisher: Public Library of Science Title: Climate change expands the spatial extent and duration of preferred thermal habitat for Lake Superior fishes Volume: 8 Year: 2013 _record_number: 21212 _uuid: 8a6a8c87-01dc-4370-a982-afe4207f1962 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1371/journal.pone.0062279 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8a6a8c87-01dc-4370-a982-afe4207f1962.yaml identifier: 8a6a8c87-01dc-4370-a982-afe4207f1962 uri: /reference/8a6a8c87-01dc-4370-a982-afe4207f1962 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Brandt, Leslie; He, Hong; Iverson, Louis; Thompson, Frank R.; Butler, Patricia; Handler, Stephen; Janowiak, Maria; Shannon, P. Danielle; Swanston, Chris; Albrecht, Matthew; Blume-Weaver, Richard; Deizman, Paul; DePuy, John; Dijak, William D.; Dinkel, Gary; Fei, Songlin; Jones-Farrand, D. Todd; Leahy, Michael; Matthews, Stephen; Nelson, Paul; Oberle, Brad; Perez, Judi; Peters, Matthew; Prasad, Anantha; Schneiderman, Jeffrey E.; Shuey, John; Smith, Adam B.; Studyvin, Charles; Tirpak, John M.; Walk, Jeffery W.; Wang, Wen J.; Watts, Laura; Weigel, Dale; Westin, Steve' Institution: USDA Forest Service Pages: 254 Place Published: 'Newtown Square, PA' Series Volume: Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-124 Title: 'Central Hardwoods Ecosystem Vulnerability Assessment and Synthesis: A Report from the Central Hardwoods Climate Change Response Framework Project' URL: https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/45430 Year: 2014 _record_number: 21263 _uuid: 8b4159ec-1edb-4fab-8af5-10a8cdec8fb5 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/central-hardwoods-ecosystem-vulnerability-assessment-synthesis-report-central-hardwoods-climate-change-response-framework-project href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8b4159ec-1edb-4fab-8af5-10a8cdec8fb5.yaml identifier: 8b4159ec-1edb-4fab-8af5-10a8cdec8fb5 uri: /reference/8b4159ec-1edb-4fab-8af5-10a8cdec8fb5 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Handler, Stephen; Duveneck, Matthew J.; Iverson, Louis; Peters, Emily; Scheller, Robert M.; Wythers, Kirk R.; Brandt, Leslie; Butler, Patricia; Janowiak, Maria; Shannon, P. Danielle; Swanston, Chris; Eagle, Amy Clark; Cohen, Joshua G.; Corner, Rich; Reich, Peter B.; Baker, Tim; Chhin, Sophan; Clark, Eric; Fehringer, David; Fosgitt, Jon; Gries, James; Hall, Christine; Hall, Kimberly R.; Heyd, Robert; Hoving, Christopher L.; Ibáñez, Ines; Kuhr, Don; Matthews, Stephen; Muladore, Jennifer; Nadelhoffer, Knute; Neumann, David; Peters, Matthew; Prasad, Anantha; Sands, Matt; Swaty, Randy; Wonch, Leiloni; Daley, Jad; Davenport, Mae; Emery, Marla R.; Johnson, Gary; Johnson, Lucinda; Neitzel, David; Rissman, Adena; Rittenhouse, Chadwick; Ziel, Robert' Institution: 'U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station' Pages: 229 Place Published: 'Newtown Square, PA' Series Volume: General Technical Report NRS-129 Title: 'Michigan Forest Ecosystem Vulnerability Assessment and Synthesis: A Report from the Northwoods Climate Change Response Framework Project' URL: https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/45688 Year: 2014 _record_number: 21268 _uuid: 8c05015c-4269-4b25-86e0-2d45df89613d reftype: Report child_publication: /report/michigan-forest-ecosystem-vulnerability-assessment-synthesis-report-northwoods-climate-change-response-framework-project href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8c05015c-4269-4b25-86e0-2d45df89613d.yaml identifier: 8c05015c-4269-4b25-86e0-2d45df89613d uri: /reference/8c05015c-4269-4b25-86e0-2d45df89613d - attrs: Author: 'Whitfield, Geoffrey P.; Meehan, Leslie A.; Maizlish, Neil; Wendel, Arthur M.' DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2016.06.009 Date: 2017/06/01/ ISSN: 2214-1405 Journal: Journal of Transport & Health Pages: 172-181 Title: 'The integrated transport and health impact modeling tool in Nashville, Tennessee, USA: Implementation steps and lessons learned' Volume: 5 Year: 2017 _record_number: 21146 _uuid: 8cec4760-e2d5-4cf1-b0b4-7c106ee0d827 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.jth.2016.06.009 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8cec4760-e2d5-4cf1-b0b4-7c106ee0d827.yaml identifier: 8cec4760-e2d5-4cf1-b0b4-7c106ee0d827 uri: /reference/8cec4760-e2d5-4cf1-b0b4-7c106ee0d827 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Minnesota Department of Health,' Institution: Minnesota Department of Health Pages: 100 Place Published: 'St. Paul, MN' Title: 'Minnesota Climate and Health Profile Report 2015: An Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Health & Well-Being of Minnesotans' URL: http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/climatechange/docs/mnprofile2015.pdf Year: 2015 _record_number: 21292 _uuid: 8cf8bbe8-0eac-4ec0-abb3-d84b483606ea reftype: Report child_publication: /report/minnesota-climate-health-profile-report-2015-an-assessment-climate-change-impacts-on-health-well-being-minnesotans href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8cf8bbe8-0eac-4ec0-abb3-d84b483606ea.yaml identifier: 8cf8bbe8-0eac-4ec0-abb3-d84b483606ea uri: /reference/8cf8bbe8-0eac-4ec0-abb3-d84b483606ea - attrs: Abstract: 'A method for projecting the water levels of the Laurentian Great Lakes under scenarios of human-caused climate change, used almost to the exclusion of other methods in the past, relies very heavily on the large basin runoff model (LBRM) as a component for determining the water budget for the lake system. This model uses near-surface air temperature as a primary predictor of evapotranspiration (ET); as in previous published work, it is shown here that the model’s very high sensitivity to temperature causes it to overestimate ET in a way that is greatly at variance with the fundamental principle of conservation of energy at the land surface. The traditional formulation is characterized here as being equivalent to having several suns in the virtual sky created by LBRM. More physically based methods show, relative to the traditional method, often astoundingly less potential ET and less ET, more runoff from the land and net basin supply for the lake basins, and higher lake water levels in the future. Using various methods of estimating the statistical significance, it is found that, at minimum, these discrepancies in results are significant at the 99.998% level. The lesson for the larger climate impact community is to use caution about whether an impact is forced directly by air temperature itself or is significantly forced by season or latitude independently of temperature. The results here apply only to the water levels of the Great Lakes and the hydrology of its basin and do not affect larger questions of climate change.' Author: 'Lofgren, Brent M.; Jonathan Rouhana' DOI: 10.1175/jhm-d-15-0220.1 Issue: 8 Journal: Journal of Hydrometeorology Keywords: 'Physical Meteorology and Climatology,Atmosphere-land interaction,Climate change,Energy budget/balance,Hydrometeorology,Models and modeling,Hydrologic models,Land surface model' Pages: 2209-2223 Title: Physically plausible methods for projecting changes in Great Lakes water levels under climate change scenarios Volume: 17 Year: 2016 _record_number: 21205 _uuid: 8d1feebf-5a50-4165-9ce0-cc99fe88ef65 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/jhm-d-15-0220.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8d1feebf-5a50-4165-9ce0-cc99fe88ef65.yaml identifier: 8d1feebf-5a50-4165-9ce0-cc99fe88ef65 uri: /reference/8d1feebf-5a50-4165-9ce0-cc99fe88ef65 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'EIA,' Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Publisher: U.S. Energy Information Administration Title: 'U.S. States: Table C9. Electric Power Sector Consumption Estimates, 2016 [web site]' URL: https://www.eia.gov/state/seds/data.php?incfile=/state/seds/sep_sum/html/sum_btu_eu.html&sid=US Year: 2016 _record_number: 26692 _uuid: 8d878175-dc50-46a6-a1da-2e73c45b1b2b reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/62be0bae-823d-429c-9e2d-4b4155ce5868 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8d878175-dc50-46a6-a1da-2e73c45b1b2b.yaml identifier: 8d878175-dc50-46a6-a1da-2e73c45b1b2b uri: /reference/8d878175-dc50-46a6-a1da-2e73c45b1b2b - attrs: Author: 'Phadke, Roopali; Manning, Christie; Burlager, Samantha' DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2015.06.005 Date: 2015/01/01/ ISSN: 2212-0963 Journal: Climate Risk Management Keywords: Boundary organizations; Citizen participation; Climate adaptation; Environmental justice; Public Engagement; Community-based research Pages: 62-76 Title: 'Making it personal: Diversity and deliberation in climate adaptation planning' Volume: 9 Year: 2015 _record_number: 21131 _uuid: 8f8f2c96-6f09-4686-b2f6-2b75b4059961 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.crm.2015.06.005 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8f8f2c96-6f09-4686-b2f6-2b75b4059961.yaml identifier: 8f8f2c96-6f09-4686-b2f6-2b75b4059961 uri: /reference/8f8f2c96-6f09-4686-b2f6-2b75b4059961 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Swanston, Chris; Janowiak, Maria; Iverson, Louis; Parker, Linda; Mladenoff, David; Brandt, Leslie; Butler, Patricia; St. Pierre, Matt; Prasad, Anantha; Matthews, Stephen; Peters, Matthew; Higgins, Dale; Dorland, Avery' Institution: 'U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station' Pages: 142 Place Published: 'Newtown Square, PA' Series Volume: Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-82 Title: 'Ecosystem Vulnerability Assessment and Synthesis: A Report from the Climate Change Response Framework Project in Northern Wisconsin' URL: https://www.fs.fed.us/nrs/pubs/gtr/gtr_nrs82.pdf Year: 2011 _record_number: 21277 _uuid: 8f9b5614-e7c7-480b-acc8-962a89effaa0 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/ecosystem-vulnerability-assessment-synthesis-report-climate-change-response-framework-project-northern-wisconsin href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8f9b5614-e7c7-480b-acc8-962a89effaa0.yaml identifier: 8f9b5614-e7c7-480b-acc8-962a89effaa0 uri: /reference/8f9b5614-e7c7-480b-acc8-962a89effaa0 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'ISU,' Place Published: 'Ames, IA' Publisher: Iowa State University (ISU) Title: 'STRIPS (Science-based Trials of Rowcrops Integrated with Prairie Strips) Project [web site]' URL: https://www.nrem.iastate.edu/research/STRIPS/ Year: 2018 _record_number: 26578 _uuid: 9162112c-438b-45d4-8d45-42ee4805b8f8 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/b897bd94-de67-44c5-95fc-bc33cb05311b href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9162112c-438b-45d4-8d45-42ee4805b8f8.yaml identifier: 9162112c-438b-45d4-8d45-42ee4805b8f8 uri: /reference/9162112c-438b-45d4-8d45-42ee4805b8f8 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'A 20-km regional climate model, the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model version 4 (ICTP RegCM4), is employed to investigate heavy lake-effect snowfall (HLES) over the Great Lakes Basin and the role of ice cover in regulating these events. When coupled to a lake model and driven with atmospheric reanalysis data between 1976 and 2002, RegCM4 reproduces the major characteristics of HLES. The influence of lake ice cover on HLES is investigated through 10 case studies (2 per Great Lake), in which a simulated heavy lake-effect event is compared with a companion simulation having 100% ice cover imposed on one or all of the Great Lakes. These experiments quantify the impact of ice cover on downstream snowfall and demonstrate that Lake Superior has the strongest, most widespread influence on heavy snowfall and Lake Ontario the least. Ice cover strongly affects a wide range of atmospheric variables above and downstream of lakes during HLES, including snowfall, surface energy fluxes, wind speed, temperature, moisture, clouds, and air pressure. Averaged among the 10 events, complete ice coverage causes major reductions in lake-effect snowfall (>80%) and turbulent heat fluxes over the lakes (>90%), less low cloudiness, lower temperatures, and higher air pressure. Another important consequence is a consistent weakening (30%–40%) of lower-tropospheric winds over the lakes when completely frozen. This momentum reduction further decreases over-lake evaporation and weakens downstream wind convergence, thus mitigating lake-effect snowfall. This finding suggests a secondary, dynamical mechanism by which ice cover affects downstream snowfall during HLES events, in addition to the more widely recognized thermodynamic influence.' Author: Steve Vavrus; Michael Notaro; Azar Zarrin DOI: 10.1175/mwr-d-12-00107.1 Issue: 1 Journal: Monthly Weather Review Keywords: 'Inland seas/lakes,Lake effects,Snowfall,Regional models' Pages: 148-165 Title: The role of ice cover in heavy lake-effect snowstorms over the Great Lakes Basin as simulated by RegCM4 Volume: 141 Year: 2013 _record_number: 20862 _uuid: 91bac619-30ec-4096-ad89-2c2db0e992f5 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00107.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/91bac619-30ec-4096-ad89-2c2db0e992f5.yaml identifier: 91bac619-30ec-4096-ad89-2c2db0e992f5 uri: /reference/91bac619-30ec-4096-ad89-2c2db0e992f5 - attrs: Abstract: 'Extreme heat stress during the crop reproductive period can be critical for crop productivity. Projected changes in the frequency and severity of extreme climatic events are expected to negatively impact crop yields and global food production. This study applies the global crop model PEGASUS to quantify, for the first time at the global scale, impacts of extreme heat stress on maize, spring wheat and soybean yields resulting from 72 climate change scenarios for the 21st century. Our results project maize to face progressively worse impacts under a range of RCPs but spring wheat and soybean to improve globally through to the 2080s due to CO 2 fertilization effects, even though parts of the tropic and sub-tropic regions could face substantial yield declines. We find extreme heat stress at anthesis (HSA) by the 2080s (relative to the 1980s) under RCP 8.5, taking into account CO 2 fertilization effects, could double global losses of maize yield ( Δ Y = −12.8 ± 6.7% versus − 7.0 ± 5.3% without HSA), reduce projected gains in spring wheat yield by half ( Δ Y = 34.3 ± 13.5% versus 72.0 ± 10.9% without HSA) and in soybean yield by a quarter ( Δ Y = 15.3 ± 26.5% versus 20.4 ± 22.1% without HSA). The range reflects uncertainty due to differences between climate model scenarios; soybean exhibits both positive and negative impacts, maize is generally negative and spring wheat generally positive. Furthermore, when assuming CO 2 fertilization effects to be negligible, we observe drastic climate mitigation policy as in RCP 2.6 could avoid more than 80% of the global average yield losses otherwise expected by the 2080s under RCP 8.5. We show large disparities in climate impacts across regions and find extreme heat stress adversely affects major producing regions and lower income countries.' Author: 'Deryng, Delphine; Declan Conway; Navin Ramankutty; Jeff Price; Rachel Warren' DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/034011 ISSN: 1748-9326 Issue: 3 Journal: Environmental Research Letters Pages: 034011 Title: Global crop yield response to extreme heat stress under multiple climate change futures Volume: 9 Year: 2014 _record_number: 26566 _uuid: 92556cc9-7e23-42a3-8c27-6bbd88726797 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/034011 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/92556cc9-7e23-42a3-8c27-6bbd88726797.yaml identifier: 92556cc9-7e23-42a3-8c27-6bbd88726797 uri: /reference/92556cc9-7e23-42a3-8c27-6bbd88726797 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'City of Chicago,' Pages: 57 Title: 'City of Chicago Climate Action Plan: Our City. Our Future' URL: http://www.chicagoclimateaction.org/filebin/pdf/finalreport/CCAPREPORTFINALv2.pdf Volume: 2008 Year: 2008 _chapter: '["RG 3 Midwest","Ch. 11: Urban Systems FINAL","Ch. 28: Adaptation FINAL"]' _record_number: 242 _uuid: 9282c7de-31fd-4123-96ca-69df571b1cd3 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/citychicago-cap-2008 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9282c7de-31fd-4123-96ca-69df571b1cd3.yaml identifier: 9282c7de-31fd-4123-96ca-69df571b1cd3 uri: /reference/9282c7de-31fd-4123-96ca-69df571b1cd3 - attrs: Author: 'Hamer, Sarah A.; Hickling, Graham J.; Walker, Edward D.; Tsao, Jean I.' DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.06.003 Date: 2014/10/01/ ISSN: 1567-1348 Journal: 'Infection, Genetics and Evolution' Keywords: American Midwest Pages: 531-542 Title: Increased diversity of zoonotic pathogens and Borrelia burgdorferi strains in established versus incipient Ixodes scapularis populations across the Midwestern United States Volume: 27 Year: 2014 _record_number: 21147 _uuid: 93155d7a-31a3-4d21-9d39-f438ecc7d372 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.06.003 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/93155d7a-31a3-4d21-9d39-f438ecc7d372.yaml identifier: 93155d7a-31a3-4d21-9d39-f438ecc7d372 uri: /reference/93155d7a-31a3-4d21-9d39-f438ecc7d372 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: "Bennett, T.M. Bull\rMaynard, Nancy G.\rCochran, Patricia\rGough, Robert\rLynn, Kathy\rMaldonado, Julie\rVoggesser, Garrit\rWotkyns, Susan\rCozzetto, Karen" Book Title: 'Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment' DOI: 10.7930/J09G5JR1 Editor: 'Melillo, Jerry M.; Richmond, Terese (T.C.); Yohe, Gary W.' Pages: 297-317 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Reviewer: 93a1158a-17b9-43b9-9743-111f9c7ab8ab Title: 'Ch. 12: Indigenous peoples, lands, and resources' URL: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/indigenous-peoples Year: 2014 _chapter: '["Ch. 0: About this Report FINAL"]' _record_number: 4749 _uuid: 93a1158a-17b9-43b9-9743-111f9c7ab8ab reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/nca3/chapter/tribal-indigenous-native-lands-resources href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/93a1158a-17b9-43b9-9743-111f9c7ab8ab.yaml identifier: 93a1158a-17b9-43b9-9743-111f9c7ab8ab uri: /reference/93a1158a-17b9-43b9-9743-111f9c7ab8ab - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Hall, Kimberly R.; Root, Terry L.' Book Title: 'Climate Change in the Great Lakes Region: Navigating an Uncertain Future' Editor: 'Dietz, Thomas; Bidwell, David' ISBN: 9781611860122 Pages: 63-96 Publisher: Michigan State University Press Title: Climate change and biodiversity in the Great Lakes Region from "fingerprints" of change to helping safeguard species Year: 2012 _record_number: 26571 _uuid: 94291262-9164-4b7b-899a-df09aa1063e1 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /book/4bcd4f8e-0120-4217-83a8-514199e67303 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/94291262-9164-4b7b-899a-df09aa1063e1.yaml identifier: 94291262-9164-4b7b-899a-df09aa1063e1 uri: /reference/94291262-9164-4b7b-899a-df09aa1063e1 - attrs: Abstract: 'Aedes ( Stegomyia ) aegypti (L.) and Aedes ( Stegomyia ) albopictus (Skuse) transmit arboviruses that are increasing threats to human health in the Americas, particularly dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. Epidemics of the associated arboviral diseases have been limited to South and Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean in the Western Hemisphere, with only minor localized outbreaks in the United States. Nevertheless, accurate and up-to-date information for the geographical ranges of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the United States is urgently needed to guide surveillance and enhance control capacity for these mosquitoes. We compiled county records for presence of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the United States from 1995-2016, presented here in map format. Records were derived from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ArboNET database, VectorMap, the published literature, and a survey of mosquito control agencies, university researchers, and state and local health departments. Between January 1995 and March 2016, 183 counties from 26 states and the District of Columbia reported occurrence of Ae. aegypti , and 1,241 counties from 40 states and the District of Columbia reported occurrence of Ae. albopictus . During the same time period, Ae. aegypti was collected in 3 or more years from 94 counties from 14 states and the District of Columbia, and Ae. albopictus was collected during 3 or more years from 514 counties in 34 states and the District of Columbia. Our findings underscore the need for systematic surveillance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the United States and delineate areas with risk for the transmission of these introduced arboviruses.' Author: 'Hahn, Micah B.; Eisen, Rebecca J.; Eisen, Lars; Boegler, Karen A.; Moore, Chester G.; McAllister, Janet; Savage, Harry M.; Mutebi, John-Paul' DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw072 ISSN: 0022-2585 Issue: 5 Journal: Journal of Medical Entomology Pages: 1169-1175 Title: 'Reported distribution of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus in the United States, 1995-2016 (Diptera: Culicidae)' Volume: 53 Year: 2016 _record_number: 21178 _uuid: 9463d1f1-764f-4185-9a2b-41fb7d2071d7 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1093/jme/tjw072 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9463d1f1-764f-4185-9a2b-41fb7d2071d7.yaml identifier: 9463d1f1-764f-4185-9a2b-41fb7d2071d7 uri: /reference/9463d1f1-764f-4185-9a2b-41fb7d2071d7 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'DuPont, Dale K.' Publisher: WorkBoat.com Title: High Water Closes River Near St. Louis URL: https://www.workboat.com/archive/high-water-closes-river-near-st-louis/ Year: 2013 _record_number: 21318 _uuid: 9478fde6-be0e-4ddf-b79e-348a4dc7b9b1 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/b9e426a2-3058-4840-a796-b27bb6701700 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9478fde6-be0e-4ddf-b79e-348a4dc7b9b1.yaml identifier: 9478fde6-be0e-4ddf-b79e-348a4dc7b9b1 uri: /reference/9478fde6-be0e-4ddf-b79e-348a4dc7b9b1