---
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Access Year: 2012
    Author: 'State of Massachusetts,'
    Title: 'Massachusetts General Laws, Part I, Title III, Ch. 30, Section 61'
    URL: http://www.malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIII/Chapter30/Section61
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: '["Ch. 16: Northeast FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 2935
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- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Hardy, Dean; Heather Lazrus; Michael Mendez; Ben Orlove; Isabel Rivera-Collazo; J. Timmons Roberts; Marcy Rockman; Kimberley Thomas; Benjamin P. Warner; Robert Winthrop'
    Institution: USGCRP
    Pages: 38
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Title: 'Social vulnerability: Social science perspectives on climate change, part 1'
    URL: https://www.globalchange.gov/content/social-science-perspectives-climate-change-workshop
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 26083
    _uuid: 73104463-cc43-4565-ae12-d632d7705dc7
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/social-vulnerability-social-science-perspectives-on-climate-change-part-1
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/73104463-cc43-4565-ae12-d632d7705dc7.yaml
  identifier: 73104463-cc43-4565-ae12-d632d7705dc7
  uri: /reference/73104463-cc43-4565-ae12-d632d7705dc7
- attrs:
    Author: 'Kunreuther, Howard; Michel-Kerjan, Erwann; Pauly, Mark'
    DOI: 10.1080/00139157.2013.803884
    Date: 2013/07/01
    ISSN: 0013-9157
    Issue: 4
    Journal: 'Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development'
    Pages: 15-23
    Publisher: Routledge
    Title: 'Making America more resilient toward natural disasters: A call for action'
    Volume: 55
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 24181
    _uuid: 752c21df-b039-4e4c-a2e7-9c9d6b2a5dd3
    reftype: Journal Article
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  identifier: 752c21df-b039-4e4c-a2e7-9c9d6b2a5dd3
  uri: /reference/752c21df-b039-4e4c-a2e7-9c9d6b2a5dd3
- attrs:
    Author: 'Radtke Russell, Pam'
    Periodical Title: Engineering News-Record
    Title: 'Special report: How engineers are preparing for sea-level rise'
    URL: https://www.enr.com/articles/42487-special-report-how-engineers-are-preparing-for-sea-level-rise
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 24173
    _uuid: 75984aed-3a57-4d86-83a1-6e38318bd179
    reftype: Electronic Article
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  uri: /reference/75984aed-3a57-4d86-83a1-6e38318bd179
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'CBO,'
    Institution: Congressional Budget Office
    Pages: 31
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Report Number: Publication 49910
    Title: 'Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2014'
    URL: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/49910
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 25886
    _uuid: 759e535a-3c9f-4b7e-886b-2d91421dca36
    reftype: Report
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  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/759e535a-3c9f-4b7e-886b-2d91421dca36.yaml
  identifier: 759e535a-3c9f-4b7e-886b-2d91421dca36
  uri: /reference/759e535a-3c9f-4b7e-886b-2d91421dca36
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 1
    Author: 'NRC,'
    Number of Pages: 144
    Place Published: 'Washington, D.C.'
    Publisher: National Research Council. The National Academies Press
    Reviewer: 7731977c-70ab-4f6e-bec2-272357e4f71c
    Title: America’s Climate Choices
    URL: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12781
    Year: 2011
    _chapter: '["Ch. 29: Research Needs FINAL","Appendix 4: FAQs FINAL","Ch. 3: Water Resources FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 2308
    _uuid: 7731977c-70ab-4f6e-bec2-272357e4f71c
    reftype: Book
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  uri: /reference/7731977c-70ab-4f6e-bec2-272357e4f71c
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 9
    Author: 'Keeney, Ralph L.; Raiffa, Howard'
    ISBN: 978-0521438834
    Place Published: 'Cambridge, UK'
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press
    Title: 'Decisions with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs'
    Year: 1993
    _record_number: 24208
    _uuid: 778ce8b0-173f-4e93-90b1-9b933dc88945
    reftype: Book
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  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/778ce8b0-173f-4e93-90b1-9b933dc88945.yaml
  identifier: 778ce8b0-173f-4e93-90b1-9b933dc88945
  uri: /reference/778ce8b0-173f-4e93-90b1-9b933dc88945
- attrs:
    Author: 'Magis, Kristen'
    DOI: 10.1080/08941920903305674
    Date: 2010/04/05
    ISSN: 0894-1920
    Issue: 5
    Journal: Society & Natural Resources
    Pages: 401-416
    Publisher: Routledge
    Title: 'Community resilience: An indicator of social sustainability'
    Volume: 23
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 26706
    _uuid: 78dc4d76-3faa-4215-a9bd-1cad6fcb08fc
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1080/08941920903305674
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/78dc4d76-3faa-4215-a9bd-1cad6fcb08fc.yaml
  identifier: 78dc4d76-3faa-4215-a9bd-1cad6fcb08fc
  uri: /reference/78dc4d76-3faa-4215-a9bd-1cad6fcb08fc
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Hinkel, Jochen; Sukaina Bharwani; Alexander Bisaro; Timothy Carter; Tracy Cull; Marion Davis; Richard Klein; Kate Lonsdale; Lynn Rosentrater; Katharine Vincent'
    Institution: 'United Nations Environment Programme, PROVIA Secretariat'
    Pages: 16
    Place Published: 'Nairobi, Kenya'
    Series Editor: Richard Klein
    Title: 'PROVIA Guidance on Assessing Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation to Climate Change'
    URL: http://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/provia-guidance-nov2013-summary.pdf
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 24203
    _uuid: 79a6339f-40c3-44e8-94cf-508335da2332
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/provia-guidance-on-assessing-vulnerability-impacts-adaptation-climate-change
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/79a6339f-40c3-44e8-94cf-508335da2332.yaml
  identifier: 79a6339f-40c3-44e8-94cf-508335da2332
  uri: /reference/79a6339f-40c3-44e8-94cf-508335da2332
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 1
    Access Date: 'February 24, 2012'
    Author: 'NRC,'
    Number of Pages: 200
    Place Published: 'Washington, D.C.'
    Publisher: 'National Research Council, Panel on Strategies and Methods for Climate-Related Decision Support, Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. National Academies Press'
    Reviewer: 7ab8b14a-38c7-4128-b0e3-fe1ab65edac0
    Title: Informing Decisions in a Changing Climate
    URL: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12626
    Year: 2009
    _chapter: '["Ch. 26: Decision Support FINAL","RF 12","Ch. 30: NCA Long-Term Process FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 2294
    _uuid: 7ab8b14a-38c7-4128-b0e3-fe1ab65edac0
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /report/nrc-inform-decisions-2009
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7ab8b14a-38c7-4128-b0e3-fe1ab65edac0.yaml
  identifier: 7ab8b14a-38c7-4128-b0e3-fe1ab65edac0
  uri: /reference/7ab8b14a-38c7-4128-b0e3-fe1ab65edac0
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Sankovich, Victoria; Subhrendu Gangopadhyay; Tom Pruitt; R. Jason Caldwell'
    Institution: USGS Bureau of Reclamation
    Pages: 41
    Place Published: 'Los Angeles, CA'
    Series Volume: Technical Memorandum No. 86-68210-2013-05
    Title: 'Los Angeles Basin Stormwater Conservation Study: Task 3.1. Development of Climate-Adjusted Hydrologic Model Inputs'
    URL: https://www.usbr.gov/lc/socal/basinstudies/LA-Basin-Study-Report_October2013.pdf
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 24172
    _uuid: 7c6764e3-569f-4b63-a9d6-18271feb389f
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/los-angeles-basin-stormwater-conservation-study-task-31-development-climate-adjusted-hydrologic-model-inputs
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7c6764e3-569f-4b63-a9d6-18271feb389f.yaml
  identifier: 7c6764e3-569f-4b63-a9d6-18271feb389f
  uri: /reference/7c6764e3-569f-4b63-a9d6-18271feb389f
- attrs:
    Author: 'Flatt, Victor B.'
    ISSN: 1045-4241
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Florida Law Review
    Pages: 269-293
    Title: 'Adapting laws for a changing world: A systemic approach to climate change adaptation'
    URL: https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/flr/vol64/iss1/6/
    Volume: 64
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 25883
    _uuid: 7cc66df9-a812-432d-940e-f7dd12afdff9
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/adapting-laws-changing-world-systemic-approach-climate-change-adaptation
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7cc66df9-a812-432d-940e-f7dd12afdff9.yaml
  identifier: 7cc66df9-a812-432d-940e-f7dd12afdff9
  uri: /reference/7cc66df9-a812-432d-940e-f7dd12afdff9
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: "Carpenter, S.R.\rBrock, W.A."
    ISSN: 1708-3087
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Ecology and Society
    Pages: 40
    Title: Adaptive capacity and traps
    URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art40/
    Volume: 13
    Year: 2008
    _chapter: '["Ch. 28: Adaptation FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 48
    _uuid: 7cf7b8c5-ee08-4aca-a62a-5e4d14e6647d
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/adaptive-capacity-and-traps
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7cf7b8c5-ee08-4aca-a62a-5e4d14e6647d.yaml
  identifier: 7cf7b8c5-ee08-4aca-a62a-5e4d14e6647d
  uri: /reference/7cf7b8c5-ee08-4aca-a62a-5e4d14e6647d
- attrs:
    Author: 'Yohe, Gary W.'
    DOI: 10.1023/a:1010677916703
    Date: May 01
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Climatic Change
    Pages: 247-262
    Title: Mitigative capacity — The mirror image of adaptive capacity on the emissions side
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 49
    Year: 2001
    _record_number: 26467
    _uuid: 7d438221-e513-4fcd-9292-c76c98e51811
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1023/a:1010677916703
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7d438221-e513-4fcd-9292-c76c98e51811.yaml
  identifier: 7d438221-e513-4fcd-9292-c76c98e51811
  uri: /reference/7d438221-e513-4fcd-9292-c76c98e51811
- attrs:
    Author: 'Park, S. E.; Marshall, N. A.; Jakku, E.; Dowd, A. M.; Howden, S. M.; Mendham, E.; Fleming, A.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.003
    Date: 2012/02/01/
    ISSN: 0959-3780
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Global Environmental Change
    Keywords: Transition management; Decision-making; Resilience; Adaptive capacity; Adaptation Action Cycles
    Pages: 115-126
    Title: Informing adaptation responses to climate change through theories of transformation
    Volume: 22
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 24177
    _uuid: 7f82fc68-c98e-49e1-ac20-8193e2b53491
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.003
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7f82fc68-c98e-49e1-ac20-8193e2b53491.yaml
  identifier: 7f82fc68-c98e-49e1-ac20-8193e2b53491
  uri: /reference/7f82fc68-c98e-49e1-ac20-8193e2b53491
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Jones, R. N.; Patwardhan, A.; Cohen, S. J.; Dessai, S.; Lammel, A.; Lempert, R. J.; Mirza, M. M. Q.; von Storch, H.'
    Book Title: 'Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'
    Editor: 'Field, C. B.; Barros, V. R.; Dokken, D. J.; Mach, K. J.; Mastrandrea, M. D.; Bilir, T. E.; Chatterjee, M.; Ebi, K. L.; Estrada, Y. O.; Genova, R. C.; Girma, B.; Kissel, E. S.; Levy, A. N.; MacCracken, S.; Mastrandrea, P. R.; White, L. L.'
    Pages: 195-228
    Place Published: 'Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA'
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press
    Short Title: Foundations for decision making
    Title: Foundations for decision making
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 17686
    _uuid: 7f8b90be-c5d1-43b5-8b7f-a485ef08c7ec
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar5-wg2-parta/chapter/wg2-ar5-chap2-final
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7f8b90be-c5d1-43b5-8b7f-a485ef08c7ec.yaml
  identifier: 7f8b90be-c5d1-43b5-8b7f-a485ef08c7ec
  uri: /reference/7f8b90be-c5d1-43b5-8b7f-a485ef08c7ec
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: "Hess, J.J.\rMcDowell, J.Z.\rLuber, G."
    DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1103515
    ISSN: 0091-6765
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives
    Pages: 171-179
    Title: 'Integrating climate change adaptation into public health practice: Using adaptive management to increase adaptive capacity and build resilience'
    URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279431/
    Volume: 120
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: '["Ch. 9: Human Health FINAL","Appendix 1: Process FINAL","Overview"]'
    _record_number: 978
    _uuid: 7f9ac45f-e1d5-4bd5-b55d-c92ef8dcbaaa
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1289/ehp.1103515
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  identifier: 7f9ac45f-e1d5-4bd5-b55d-c92ef8dcbaaa
  uri: /reference/7f9ac45f-e1d5-4bd5-b55d-c92ef8dcbaaa
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 9
    DOI: 10.1002/9781118474785
    Editor: 'Parris, Adam S.; Gregg M. Garfin; Kirstin Dow; Ryan Meyer; Sarah L. Close'
    ISBN: "9781118474792\r9781118474785"
    Number of Pages: 274
    Place Published: 'Chichester, UK'
    Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
    Title: 'Climate in Context: Science and Society Partnering for Adaptation'
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 25881
    _uuid: 821bd4c6-8869-4d66-991a-7a4e21dfa367
    reftype: Edited Book
  child_publication: /book/climate-context-science-society-partnering-adaptation
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/821bd4c6-8869-4d66-991a-7a4e21dfa367.yaml
  identifier: 821bd4c6-8869-4d66-991a-7a4e21dfa367
  uri: /reference/821bd4c6-8869-4d66-991a-7a4e21dfa367
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Climate change adaptation is a rapidly evolving field in conservation biology and includes a range of strategies from resisting to actively directing change on the landscape. The term ‘climate change resilience,’ frequently used to characterize adaptation strategies, deserves closer scrutiny because it is ambiguous, often misunderstood, and difficult to apply consistently across disciplines and spatial and temporal scales to support conservation efforts. Current definitions of resilience encompass all aspects of adaptation from resisting and absorbing change to reorganizing and transforming in response to climate change. However, many stakeholders are unfamiliar with this spectrum of definitions and assume the more common meaning of returning to a previous state after a disturbance. Climate change, however, is unrelenting and intensifying, characterized by both directional shifts in baseline conditions and increasing variability in extreme events. This ongoing change means that scientific understanding and management responses must develop concurrently, iteratively, and collaboratively, in a science-management partnership. Divergent concepts of climate change resilience impede cross-jurisdictional adaptation efforts and complicate use of adaptive management frameworks. Climate change adaptation practitioners require clear terminology to articulate management strategies and the inherent tradeoffs involved in adaptation. Language that distinguishes among strategies that seek to resist change, accommodate change, and direct change (i.e., persistence, autonomous change, and directed change) is prerequisite to clear communication about climate change adaptation goals and management intentions in conservation areas.'
    Author: 'Fisichelli, Nicholas A.; Schuurman, Gregor W.; Hoffman, Cat Hawkins'
    DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0650-6
    Date: April 01
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Environmental Management
    Pages: 753-758
    Title: 'Is "resilience" maladaptive? Towards an accurate lexicon for climate change adaptation'
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 57
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 24185
    _uuid: 82569165-69aa-4c87-9105-b00aeeac5d05
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00267-015-0650-6
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  identifier: 82569165-69aa-4c87-9105-b00aeeac5d05
  uri: /reference/82569165-69aa-4c87-9105-b00aeeac5d05
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'IPCC,'
    Pages: 151
    Place Published: 'Geneva, Switzerland'
    Series Editor: 'Core Writing Team,; R.K. Pachauri; L.A. Meyer'
    Title: 'Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'
    URL: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 26457
    _uuid: 8359f36b-30d8-4c57-aff5-9b1dcbee1ec7
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/climate-change-2014-synthesis-report-contribution-working-groups-i-ii-iii-fifth-assessment-report-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8359f36b-30d8-4c57-aff5-9b1dcbee1ec7.yaml
  identifier: 8359f36b-30d8-4c57-aff5-9b1dcbee1ec7
  uri: /reference/8359f36b-30d8-4c57-aff5-9b1dcbee1ec7
- attrs:
    Abstract: "The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris (COP21) highlighted the importance of cities to climate action, as well as the unjust burdens borne by the world's most disadvantaged peoples in addressing climate impacts. Few studies have documented the barriers to redressing the drivers of social vulnerability as part of urban local climate change adaptation efforts, or evaluated how emerging adaptation plans impact marginalized groups. Here, we present a roadmap to reorient research on the social dimensions of urban climate adaptation around four issues of equity and justice: (1) broadening participation in adaptation planning; (2) expanding adaptation to rapidly growing cities and those with low financial or institutional capacity; (3) adopting a multilevel and multi-scalar approach to adaptation planning; and (4) integrating justice into infrastructure and urban design processes. Responding to these empirical and theoretical research needs is the first step towards identifying pathways to more transformative adaptation policies."
    Author: 'Shi, L. D.; Chu, E.; Anguelovski, I.; Aylett, A.; Debats, J.; Goh, K.; Schenk, T.; Seto, K. C.; Dodman, D.; Roberts, D.; Roberts, J. T.; VanDeveer, S. D.'
    DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2841
    Date: Feb
    ISSN: 1758-678X
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Nature Climate Change
    Keywords: Urban; Adaptation; Climate justice
    Pages: 131-137
    Title: Roadmap towards justice in urban climate adaptation research
    Volume: 6
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22846
    _uuid: 8a4248ca-3d8c-4bdb-a28d-292a149733ba
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1038/nclimate2841
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8a4248ca-3d8c-4bdb-a28d-292a149733ba.yaml
  identifier: 8a4248ca-3d8c-4bdb-a28d-292a149733ba
  uri: /reference/8a4248ca-3d8c-4bdb-a28d-292a149733ba
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Adaptation planning offers a promising approach for identifying and devising solutions to address local climate change impacts. Yet there is little empirical understanding of the content and quality of these plans. We use content analysis to evaluate 44 local adaptation plans in the United States and multivariate regression to examine how plan quality varies across communities. We find that plans draw on multiple data sources to analyse future climate impacts and include a breadth of strategies. Most plans, however, fail to prioritize impacts and strategies or provide detailed implementation processes, raising concerns about whether adaptation plans will translate into on-the-ground reductions in vulnerability. Our analysis also finds that plans authored by the planning department and those that engaged elected officials in the planning process were of higher quality. The results provide important insights for practitioners, policymakers and scientists wanting to improve local climate adaptation planning and action.'
    Author: 'Woodruff, Sierra C.; Stults, Missy'
    DOI: 10.1038/nclimate3012
    Date: 08//print
    ISSN: 1758-678X
    Issue: 8
    Journal: Nature Climate Change
    Pages: 796-802
    Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
    Title: Numerous strategies but limited implementation guidance in US local adaptation plans
    Type of Article: Article
    Volume: 6
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 21160
    _uuid: 8a61b1a7-bb52-496d-86f7-21911efcf5f8
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1038/nclimate3012
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8a61b1a7-bb52-496d-86f7-21911efcf5f8.yaml
  identifier: 8a61b1a7-bb52-496d-86f7-21911efcf5f8
  uri: /reference/8a61b1a7-bb52-496d-86f7-21911efcf5f8
- attrs:
    .publisher: Taylor & Francis
    .reference_type: 0
    Access Date: 2013/08/06
    Author: "Sussman, Fran\rKrishnan, Nisha\rMaher, Kathryn\rMiller, Rawlings\rMack, Charlotte\rStewart, Paul\rShouse, Kate\rPerkins, Bill"
    DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2013.777604
    Epub Date: 26 Mar 2013
    ISSN: 1469-3062
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Climate Policy
    Pages: 242-282
    Title: 'Climate change adaptation cost in the US: What do we know?'
    Volume: 14
    Year: 2014
    _chapter: '["Ch. 28: Adaptation FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 4247
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    Author: 'Bowles, Devin C.; Butler, Colin D.; Friel, Sharon'
    DOI: 10.1002/2013ef000177
    ISSN: 2328-4277
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Earth's Future
    Pages: 60-67
    Title: Climate change and health in Earth's future
    Volume: 2
    Year: 2014
    _chapter: Ch7
    _record_number: 16490
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    Abstract: 'Across the United States, impacts of climate change are already evident. Heat waves have become more frequent and intense, cold extremes have become less frequent, and patterns of rainfall are likely changing. The proportion of precipitation that falls as rain rather than snow has increased across the western United States and Arctic sea ice has been reduced significantly. Sea level has been rising faster than at any time in recent history, threatening the natural and built environments on the coasts. Even if emissions of greenhouse gases were substantially reduced now, climate change and its resulting impacts would continue for some time to come. To date, decisions related to the management and protection of the nation's people, resources, and infrastructure have been based on records in the recent past, when climate was relatively stable. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change, part of the congressionally requested America's Climate Choices suite of studies, calls for a new paradigm-one that considers a range of possible future climate conditions and impacts that may be well outside the realm of past experience. Adaptation requires actions from many decision makers in federal, state, tribal, and local governments; the private sector; non-governmental organizations; and community groups. However, current efforts are hampered by a lack of solid information about the benefits, costs, and effectiveness of various adaptation options; climate information on regional and local scales; and a lack of coordination. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change calls for a national adaptation strategy that provides needed technical and scientific resources, incentives to begin adaptation planning, guidance across jurisdictions, shared lessons learned, and support of scientific research to expand knowledge of impacts and adaptation.'
    Author: 'National Research Council,'
    DOI: 10.17226/12783
    ISBN: 978-0-309-14591-6
    Keywords: Earth Sciences; Environment and Environmental Studies
    Language: English
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: The National Academies Press
    Title: Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 26482
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    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /report/nrc-adaptingtoimpactsofclimatechange-2010
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