---
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'FEWS NET,'
    Publisher: Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET) and U.S. Agency for International Development
    Title: 'Large Assistance Needs and Famine Risk Continue in 2018 [Infographic]'
    URL: https://fews.net/sites/default/files/Food_assistance_needs_Peak_Needs_2018-Final.pdf
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 26733
    _uuid: 00193d52-610b-44b0-8e81-7eeb2fe96d19
    reftype: Web Page
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  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/00193d52-610b-44b0-8e81-7eeb2fe96d19.yaml
  identifier: 00193d52-610b-44b0-8e81-7eeb2fe96d19
  uri: /reference/00193d52-610b-44b0-8e81-7eeb2fe96d19
- attrs:
    Edition: New York
    Issue Date: 'April 24, 2016'
    Newspaper: New York Times
    Pages: A15
    Place Published: New York
    Reporter: 'Fernandez, Manny'
    Start Page: A15
    Title: U.S.-Mexico teamwork where the Rio Grande is but a ribbon.
    URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/23/us/us-mexico-teamwork-where-the-rio-grande-is-but-a-ribbon.html?_r=1
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22143
    _uuid: 048880d1-642f-4a92-94a9-e9ae57c4d69f
    reftype: Newspaper Article
  child_publication: /generic/2dd9f5f1-0b8a-4018-bc3d-540f35b48ae1
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/048880d1-642f-4a92-94a9-e9ae57c4d69f.yaml
  identifier: 048880d1-642f-4a92-94a9-e9ae57c4d69f
  uri: /reference/048880d1-642f-4a92-94a9-e9ae57c4d69f
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Emerging global supply chains not only increased efficiency in production and delivery but also natural-disaster risks. Based on two recent major natural disasters in Japan and Thailand, this article discusses the increasing natural disaster risks due to the development of global supply chains and identifies the impact of natural disasters on global supply chains. The results indicate that the risk of natural disasters is not confined by geographical boundaries, as negative effects can spill over globally throughout the supply chains and affect all the entities involved including firms, governments, financial institutions and end consumers. The article argues that enhancing disaster resilience becomes increasingly important in this context for maintaining the competitiveness of firms and the health and strength of the whole economy. Both firms and governments need to take disaster risks into consideration in supply-chain management to avoid supply-chain disruptions and subsequent negative effects. The article proposes some strategies to build resilient supply chains against natural disasters, emphasizing collaboration between the public and private sectors.'
    Author: 'Abe, Masato; Linghe Ye'
    DOI: 10.1177/0972150913501606
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Global Business Review
    Keywords: 'Natural disaster risk,global supply chain,resilience,supply chain management,disruption,Japanese firm,Thailand'
    Pages: 567-586
    Title: 'Building resilient supply chains against natural disasters: The cases of Japan and Thailand'
    Volume: 14
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 22093
    _uuid: 059a31f7-7dd5-4088-b1c1-0c353f18cf3b
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1177/0972150913501606
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/059a31f7-7dd5-4088-b1c1-0c353f18cf3b.yaml
  identifier: 059a31f7-7dd5-4088-b1c1-0c353f18cf3b
  uri: /reference/059a31f7-7dd5-4088-b1c1-0c353f18cf3b
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Until recently, most writings on the relationship between climate change and security were highly speculative. The IPCC assessment reports to date offer little if any guidance on this issue and occasionally pay excessive attention to questionable sources. The articles published in this special issue form the largest collection of peer-reviewed writings on the topic to date. The number of such studies remains small compared to those that make up the natural science base of the climate issue, and there is some confusion whether it is the effect of ‘climate’ or ‘weather’ that is being tested. The results of the studies vary, and firm conclusions cannot always be drawn. Nevertheless, research in this area has made considerable progress. More attention is being paid to the specific causal mechanisms linking climate change to conflict, such as changes in rainfall and temperature, natural disasters, and economic growth. Systematic climate data are used in most of the articles and climate projections in some. Several studies are going beyond state-based conflict to look at possible implications for other kinds of violence, such as intercommunal conflict. Overall, the research reported here offers only limited support for viewing climate change as an important influence on armed conflict. However, framing the climate issue as a security problem could possibly influence the perceptions of the actors and contribute to a self-fulfilling prophecy.'
    Author: 'Gleditsch, Nils Petter'
    DOI: 10.1177/0022343311431288
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Journal of Peace Research
    Keywords: 'armed conflict,climate change,security,war'
    Pages: 3-9
    Title: 'Whither the weather? Climate change and conflict'
    Volume: 49
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 22075
    _uuid: 069f4158-18f0-475d-a33e-8b21a935be8c
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1177/0022343311431288
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/069f4158-18f0-475d-a33e-8b21a935be8c.yaml
  identifier: 069f4158-18f0-475d-a33e-8b21a935be8c
  uri: /reference/069f4158-18f0-475d-a33e-8b21a935be8c
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'UNISDR,'
    Institution: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)
    Notes: 'ISBN: 978-92-1-132042-8'
    Pages: 311
    Place Published: 'Geneva, Switzerland'
    Title: Global assessment report (GAR) on disaster risk reduction 2015
    URL: https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/42809
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 26161
    _uuid: 06cddfdc-2771-4803-98cf-31136413ac1f
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/global-assessment-report-gar-on-disaster-risk-reduction-2015
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/06cddfdc-2771-4803-98cf-31136413ac1f.yaml
  identifier: 06cddfdc-2771-4803-98cf-31136413ac1f
  uri: /reference/06cddfdc-2771-4803-98cf-31136413ac1f
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Trostle, R.; Marti, D.; Rosen, S.; Westcott, P.'
    Institution: 'U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service'
    Issue: ' NCA'
    Pages: 29
    Report Number: 'Outlook No. WRS-1103  '
    Title: 'Why Have Food Commodity Prices Risen Again? Outlook No. WRS-1103 '
    URL: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/wrs-international-agriculture-and-trade-outlook/wrs1103.aspx
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 15662
    _uuid: 076458a1-018a-4056-b943-e178110f0726
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/why-have-food-commodity-prices-risen-again-outlook-no-wrs-1103
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/076458a1-018a-4056-b943-e178110f0726.yaml
  identifier: 076458a1-018a-4056-b943-e178110f0726
  uri: /reference/076458a1-018a-4056-b943-e178110f0726
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 1
    Author: 'IPCC,'
    Editor: "Field, C.B.\rBarros, V.\rStocker, T.F.\rQin, D.\rDokken, D.J.\rEbi, K.L.\rMastrandrea, M.D.\rMach, K.J.\rPlattner, G.-K.\rAllen, S.K.\rTignor, M.\rMidgley, P.M."
    Number of Pages: 582
    Place Published: 'Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA'
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press
    Reviewer: 089d8050-f4c8-4d07-bc35-25bf61691be3
    Title: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
    URL: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srex/SREX_Full_Report.pdf
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: '["Ch. 9: Human Health FINAL","Ch. 25: Coastal Zone FINAL","Ch. 26: Decision Support FINAL","Ch. 24: Oceans FINAL","RG 10 Coasts","Ch. 4: Energy Supply and Use FINAL","Ch. 28: Adaptation FINAL","Ch. 7: Forests FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 1579
    _uuid: 089d8050-f4c8-4d07-bc35-25bf61691be3
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /report/ipcc-srex
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/089d8050-f4c8-4d07-bc35-25bf61691be3.yaml
  identifier: 089d8050-f4c8-4d07-bc35-25bf61691be3
  uri: /reference/089d8050-f4c8-4d07-bc35-25bf61691be3
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'Office of Insular Affairs,'
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: U.S. Department of the Interior
    Title: 'Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations [web site]'
    URL: https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/politicatypes
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 26157
    _uuid: 095a97b6-7de7-4deb-9d4b-0a99ce944b07
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/7641856c-7a6e-41fb-8f26-c8c6f00d5511
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/095a97b6-7de7-4deb-9d4b-0a99ce944b07.yaml
  identifier: 095a97b6-7de7-4deb-9d4b-0a99ce944b07
  uri: /reference/095a97b6-7de7-4deb-9d4b-0a99ce944b07
- attrs:
    Author: 'Sternberg, Troy'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.02.004
    Date: 2012/05/01/
    ISSN: 0143-6228
    Journal: Applied Geography
    Keywords: Drought; China; Egypt; Bread; Standard precipitation index; Arab spring; Wheat
    Pages: 519-524
    Title: 'Chinese drought, bread and the Arab Spring'
    Volume: 34
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 22047
    _uuid: 0d48b3ae-c8ee-45f2-9830-3a243e64f592
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.02.004
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0d48b3ae-c8ee-45f2-9830-3a243e64f592.yaml
  identifier: 0d48b3ae-c8ee-45f2-9830-3a243e64f592
  uri: /reference/0d48b3ae-c8ee-45f2-9830-3a243e64f592
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'US CLIVAR Scientific Steering Committee,'
    Institution: US CLIVAR Project Office
    Pages: 85
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Series Volume: Report 2013-7
    Title: US Climate Variability & Predictability Program Science Plan
    URL: https://usclivar.org/sites/default/files/US_CLIVAR_Science_Plan.pdf
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 22042
    _uuid: 0f3e5aca-fcf0-44c7-b642-3955d96d3bfc
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/usclivar-scienceplan-2013
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0f3e5aca-fcf0-44c7-b642-3955d96d3bfc.yaml
  identifier: 0f3e5aca-fcf0-44c7-b642-3955d96d3bfc
  uri: /reference/0f3e5aca-fcf0-44c7-b642-3955d96d3bfc
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 1
    Author: 'Stern, N.'
    ISBN: 9780521700801
    Number of Pages: 712
    Place Published: 'Cambridge, New York'
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press
    Reviewer: 11481bc3-26e1-4e99-89f9-9b441801fcb6
    Title: The Economics of Climate Change. The Stern Review
    Year: 2007
    _chapter: '["Ch. 26: Decision Support FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 2949
    _uuid: 11481bc3-26e1-4e99-89f9-9b441801fcb6
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /report/stern-review-2007
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/11481bc3-26e1-4e99-89f9-9b441801fcb6.yaml
  identifier: 11481bc3-26e1-4e99-89f9-9b441801fcb6
  uri: /reference/11481bc3-26e1-4e99-89f9-9b441801fcb6
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'USAID,'
    Institution: U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
    Pages: 7
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Title: 'Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Infrastructure: Preparing for Change - Overview'
    URL: https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/addressing-climate-change-impacts-infrastructure-preparing-change-overview
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 22124
    _uuid: 13c07df9-f9bd-4290-a24d-2f2c374eb377
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/addressing-climate-change-impacts-on-infrastructure-preparing-change-overview
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/13c07df9-f9bd-4290-a24d-2f2c374eb377.yaml
  identifier: 13c07df9-f9bd-4290-a24d-2f2c374eb377
  uri: /reference/13c07df9-f9bd-4290-a24d-2f2c374eb377
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: "Wilder, M.\rGarfin, G.\rGanster, P.\rEakin, H.\rRomero-Lankao, P.\rLara-Valencia, F.\rCortez-Lara, A. A.\rMumme, S.\rNeri, C.\rMuñoz-Arriola, F."
    Book Title: 'Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest United States: A Report Prepared for the National Climate Assessment'
    Editor: "Garfin, G.\rJardine, A.\rMerideth, R.\rBlack, Mary\rLeRoy, Sarah"
    ISBN: 9781610914468
    Pages: 340–384
    Place Published: 'Washington, D.C.'
    Publisher: Island Press
    Reviewer: 143f2380-6a22-4149-a682-c10c62615d69
    Title: 'Ch. 16: Climate change and U.S.-Mexico border communities'
    URL: http://swccar.org/sites/all/themes/files/SW-NCA-color-FINALweb.pdf
    Year: 2013
    _chapter: '["Ch. 20: Southwest FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 4006
    _uuid: 143f2380-6a22-4149-a682-c10c62615d69
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /book/c9625c65-c20f-4163-87fe-cebf734f7836
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/143f2380-6a22-4149-a682-c10c62615d69.yaml
  identifier: 143f2380-6a22-4149-a682-c10c62615d69
  uri: /reference/143f2380-6a22-4149-a682-c10c62615d69
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'IPCC,'
    Institution: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
    Pages: 151
    Place Published: 'Geneva, Switzerland'
    Series Editor: 'R.K. Pachauri; L.A. Meyer '
    Title: 'Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'
    URL: http://ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 22102
    _uuid: 15129c59-d64f-408a-8c67-582838d5565a
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/climate-change-2014-synthesis-report-contribution-working-groups-i-ii-iii-fifth-assessment-report-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/15129c59-d64f-408a-8c67-582838d5565a.yaml
  identifier: 15129c59-d64f-408a-8c67-582838d5565a
  uri: /reference/15129c59-d64f-408a-8c67-582838d5565a
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'USCG,'
    Institution: U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Headquarters
    Pages: 47
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Report Number: CG-DCO-X
    Title: United States Coast Guard Arctic strategy
    URL: https://www.uscg.mil/Portals/0/Strategy/cg_arctic_strategy.pdf
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 26156
    _uuid: 1789d408-4d3f-4a88-afb2-80f95b1f8e9c
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/united-states-coast-guard-arctic-strategy
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1789d408-4d3f-4a88-afb2-80f95b1f8e9c.yaml
  identifier: 1789d408-4d3f-4a88-afb2-80f95b1f8e9c
  uri: /reference/1789d408-4d3f-4a88-afb2-80f95b1f8e9c
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Access Date: Sep 11
    Access Year: 2017
    Author: 'World Climate Research Programme,'
    Place Published: 'Geneva, Switzerland'
    Publisher: World Climate Research Programme
    Title: WCRP website
    URL: https://www.wcrp-climate.org/
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 22033
    _uuid: 17f5c5c1-6bfa-448e-bed0-4934f97a21ea
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/3cb017ed-bde5-4802-b145-fdb6d4d3d78b
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/17f5c5c1-6bfa-448e-bed0-4934f97a21ea.yaml
  identifier: 17f5c5c1-6bfa-448e-bed0-4934f97a21ea
  uri: /reference/17f5c5c1-6bfa-448e-bed0-4934f97a21ea
- attrs:
    Abstract: "Suppliers are increasingly being asked to share information about their vulnerability to climate change and their strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Their responses vary widely. We theorize and empirically identify several factors associated with suppliers being especially willing to share this information with buyers, focusing on attributes of the buyers seeking this information and of the suppliers being asked to provide it. We test our hypotheses using data from the Carbon Disclosure Project's Supply Chain Program, a collaboration of multinational corporations requesting such information from thousands of suppliers in 49 countries. We find evidence that suppliers are more likely to share this information when requests from buyers are more prevalent, when buyers appear committed to using the information, when suppliers belong to more profitable industries, and when suppliers are located in countries with greenhouse gas regulations. We find evidence that these factors also influence the comprehensiveness of the information suppliers share and their willingness to share the information publicly."
    Author: 'Jira, Chonnikarn; Michael W. Toffel'
    DOI: 10.1287/msom.1120.0420
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Manufacturing & Service Operations Management
    Keywords: 'econometric analysis,empirical research,environmental operations,sustainable operations,quality management,supply chain management,risk management'
    Notes: (Fern)
    Pages: 559-577
    Title: Engaging supply chains in climate change
    Volume: 15
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 22103
    _uuid: 197d3eac-636e-4579-ba44-915778bf24a9
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1287/msom.1120.0420
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/197d3eac-636e-4579-ba44-915778bf24a9.yaml
  identifier: 197d3eac-636e-4579-ba44-915778bf24a9
  uri: /reference/197d3eac-636e-4579-ba44-915778bf24a9
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Perlwitz, J.; T. Knutson; J.P. Kossin; A.N. LeGrande'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0RV0KVQ
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 161-184
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: Large-Scale Circulation and Climate Variability
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21563
    _uuid: 1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/circulation-variability
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b.yaml
  identifier: 1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b
  uri: /reference/1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'NIDIS,'
    Publisher: U.S. National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS)
    Title: North American Drought Monitor
    URL: https://www.drought.gov/nadm/content/overview
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 22111
    _uuid: 1e8f16ae-e62c-48e3-be6e-b0891c82eaef
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/4d011407-a268-4a09-bd8d-f2b7bd6039ff
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1e8f16ae-e62c-48e3-be6e-b0891c82eaef.yaml
  identifier: 1e8f16ae-e62c-48e3-be6e-b0891c82eaef
  uri: /reference/1e8f16ae-e62c-48e3-be6e-b0891c82eaef
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'A changing climate and more frequent extreme weather events pose challenges to the oil and gas sector. Identifying how these changes will affect oil and gas extraction, transportation, processing, and delivery, and how these industries can adapt to or mitigate any adverse impacts will be vital to this sector’s supply security. This work presents an overview of the sector’s vulnerability to a changing climate. It addresses the potential for Natech hazards and proposes risk reduction measures, including mitigation and adaptation options. Assessment frameworks to ensure the safety of people, the environment, and investments in the oil and gas sector in the face of climate change are presented and their limitations discussed. It is argued that a comprehensive and systemic analysis framework for risk assessment is needed. The paper concludes that climate change and extreme weather events represent a real physical threat to the oil and gas sector, particularly in low-lying coastal areas and areas exposed to extreme weather events. The sector needs to take climate change seriously, assess its own vulnerability, and take appropriate measures to prevent or mitigate any potentially negative effects.'
    Author: 'Cruz, Ana Maria; Krausmann, Elisabeth'
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-013-0891-4
    Date: November 01
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Climatic Change
    Pages: 41-53
    Title: Vulnerability of the oil and gas sector to climate change and extreme weather events
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 121
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 22084
    _uuid: 1fbbca41-de13-448c-ba68-940e6dcb5a28
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-013-0891-4
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1fbbca41-de13-448c-ba68-940e6dcb5a28.yaml
  identifier: 1fbbca41-de13-448c-ba68-940e6dcb5a28
  uri: /reference/1fbbca41-de13-448c-ba68-940e6dcb5a28
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: "Joyce, Linda A.\rRunning, Steven W.\rBreshears, David D.\rDale, Virginia H.\rMalmsheimer, Robert W.\rSampson, R. Neil\rSohngen, Brent\rWoodall, Christopher W."
    Book Title: 'Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0Z60KZC
    Editor: "Melillo, Jerry M.\rTerese (T.C.) Richmond,\rYohe, Gary W."
    Pages: 175-194
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Reviewer: 212b019e-f046-40a4-bc19-5e752527fb1c
    Title: 'Ch. 7: Forests'
    URL: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/forests
    Year: 2014
    _chapter: '["Ch. 0: About this Report FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 4718
    _uuid: 212b019e-f046-40a4-bc19-5e752527fb1c
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/nca3/chapter/forests
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  identifier: 212b019e-f046-40a4-bc19-5e752527fb1c
  uri: /reference/212b019e-f046-40a4-bc19-5e752527fb1c
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 9
    Abstract: 'As climate has warmed over recent years, a new pattern of more frequent and more intense weather events has unfolded across the globe. Climate models simulate such changes in extreme events, and some of the reasons for the changes are well understood. Warming increases the likelihood of extremely hot days and nights, favors increased atmospheric moisture that may result in more frequent heavy rainfall and snowfall, and leads to evaporation that can exacerbate droughts. Even with evidence of these broad trends, scientists cautioned in the past that individual weather events couldn't be attributed to climate change. Now, with advances in understanding the climate science behind extreme events and the science of extreme event attribution, such blanket statements may not be accurate. The relatively young science of extreme event attribution seeks to tease out the influence of human-cause climate change from other factors, such as natural sources of variability like El Niño, as contributors to individual extreme events. Event attribution can answer questions about how much climate change influenced the probability or intensity of a specific type of weather event. As event attribution capabilities improve, they could help inform choices about assessing and managing risk, and in guiding climate adaptation strategies. This report examines the current state of science of extreme weather attribution, and identifies ways to move the science forward to improve attribution capabilities.'
    Author: NAS
    DOI: 10.17226/21852
    ISBN: 978-0-309-38094-2
    Keywords: Earth Sciences; Environment and Environmental Studies
    Language: English
    Number of Pages: 186
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: The National Academies Press
    Title: Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 19570
    _uuid: 2180df56-f5ec-49e5-9733-d61778bf49d1
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /report/nas-attribution-extreme-weather-2016
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2180df56-f5ec-49e5-9733-d61778bf49d1.yaml
  identifier: 2180df56-f5ec-49e5-9733-d61778bf49d1
  uri: /reference/2180df56-f5ec-49e5-9733-d61778bf49d1
- attrs:
    Abstract: "How do income shocks affect armed conflict? Theory suggests two opposite effects. If labour is used to appropriate resources violently, higher wages may lower conflict by reducing labour supplied to appropriation. This is the opportunity cost effect. Alternatively, a rise in contestable income may increase violence by raising gains from appropriation. This is the rapacity effect. Our article exploits exogenous price shocks in international commodity markets and a rich dataset on civil war in Colombia to assess how different income shocks affect conflict. We examine changes in the price of agricultural goods (which are labour intensive) as well as natural resources (which are not). We focus on Colombia's two largest exports, coffee and oil. We find that a sharp fall in coffee prices during the 1990s lowered wages and increased violence differentially in municipalities cultivating more coffee. This is consistent with the coffee shock inducing an opportunity cost effect. In contrast, a rise in oil prices increased both municipal revenue and violence differentially in the oil region. This is consistent with the oil shock inducing a rapacity effect. We also show that this pattern holds in six other agricultural and natural resource sectors, providing evidence that price shocks affect conflict in different directions depending on the type of the commodity."
    Author: 'Dube, Oeindrila; Vargas, Juan F.'
    DOI: 10.1093/restud/rdt009
    ISSN: 0034-6527
    Issue: 4
    Journal: The Review of Economic Studies
    Notes: 10.1093/restud/rdt009
    Pages: 1384-1421
    Title: 'Commodity price shocks and civil conflict: Evidence from Colombia'
    Volume: 80
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 22080
    _uuid: 21dfc644-70cb-4784-a6fb-df36f23bf7da
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1093/restud/rdt009
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/21dfc644-70cb-4784-a6fb-df36f23bf7da.yaml
  identifier: 21dfc644-70cb-4784-a6fb-df36f23bf7da
  uri: /reference/21dfc644-70cb-4784-a6fb-df36f23bf7da
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'SEC,'
    Institution: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
    Title: 'Filing Form 10-K: PepsiCo, Inc.'
    URL: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/77476/000007747616000066/pepsico201510-k.htm
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22135
    _uuid: 24e784d9-009b-4d88-b96f-768e99d1c4fb
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/filing-form-10-k-pepsico-inc
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/24e784d9-009b-4d88-b96f-768e99d1c4fb.yaml
  identifier: 24e784d9-009b-4d88-b96f-768e99d1c4fb
  uri: /reference/24e784d9-009b-4d88-b96f-768e99d1c4fb
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Access Year: 2018
    Author: 'NOAA,'
    Publisher: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
    Title: 'Smoke from Canadian Wildfires Travels Over United States [image]'
    URL: https://www.nnvl.noaa.gov/images/high_resolution/2082v1_20170817-AERO.png
    _record_number: 26737
    _uuid: 261fd2fd-96e9-4e5d-af1e-d8f578d7a876
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/f7dd0032-81c4-4acf-8850-88cddb38518a
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/261fd2fd-96e9-4e5d-af1e-d8f578d7a876.yaml
  identifier: 261fd2fd-96e9-4e5d-af1e-d8f578d7a876
  uri: /reference/261fd2fd-96e9-4e5d-af1e-d8f578d7a876
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Peace, Janet; Meg Crawford; Stephen Seidel'
    Institution: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES)
    Pages: 94
    Place Published: 'Arlington, VA'
    Title: 'Weathering The Storm:  Building Business Resilience To Climate Change'
    URL: https://www.c2es.org/docUploads/business-resilience-report-07-2013-final.pdf
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 22117
    _uuid: 274b75cc-ce53-436a-b971-99fe1d9b371f
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/weathering-storm-building-business-resilience-climate-change
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/274b75cc-ce53-436a-b971-99fe1d9b371f.yaml
  identifier: 274b75cc-ce53-436a-b971-99fe1d9b371f
  uri: /reference/274b75cc-ce53-436a-b971-99fe1d9b371f
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'CNA Military Advisory Board,'
    Institution: CNA Corporation
    Pages: 36
    Place Published: 'Alexandria, VA'
    Title: National Security and the Accelerating Risks of Climate Change
    URL: https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/MAB_5-8-14.pdf
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 22139
    _uuid: 28058e45-1a62-4fa4-95e5-39dbefb51944
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/national-security-accelerating-risks-climate-change
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/28058e45-1a62-4fa4-95e5-39dbefb51944.yaml
  identifier: 28058e45-1a62-4fa4-95e5-39dbefb51944
  uri: /reference/28058e45-1a62-4fa4-95e5-39dbefb51944
- attrs:
    Author: 'Roemmich, Dean; Gregory C. Johnson; Stephen Riser; Russ Davis; John Gilson; W. Brechner Owens; Silvia L. Garzoli; Claudia Schmid; Mark Ignaszewski'
    DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2009.36
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Oceanography
    Pages: 34–43
    Title: 'The Argo program: Observing the global ocean with profiling floats'
    Volume: 22
    Year: 2009
    _record_number: 22054
    _uuid: 2bb28b68-6493-4c1c-a216-bf4389d4f754
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.5670/oceanog.2009.36
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2bb28b68-6493-4c1c-a216-bf4389d4f754.yaml
  identifier: 2bb28b68-6493-4c1c-a216-bf4389d4f754
  uri: /reference/2bb28b68-6493-4c1c-a216-bf4389d4f754
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Rahman, Tauhidur; James Buizer; Zackry Guido'
    Department/Division: University of Arizona
    Institution: United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
    Pages: 59
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Title: 'The Economic Impact of Seasonal Drought Forecast Information Service in Jamaica, 2014-15'
    URL: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAF107.pdf
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22119
    _uuid: 2be018d6-1682-4f39-b150-00ece3394dbd
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/economic-impact-of-seasonal-drought-forecast-information-servic-in-jamaica-2014-2015
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2be018d6-1682-4f39-b150-00ece3394dbd.yaml
  identifier: 2be018d6-1682-4f39-b150-00ece3394dbd
  uri: /reference/2be018d6-1682-4f39-b150-00ece3394dbd
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Gleditsch, Nils Petter; Idean Salehyan; Ragnhild Nordas	'
    Institution: International Peace Academy
    Pages: 13
    Place Published: 'New York, NY'
    Series Volume: Coping with Crisis Working Paper Series
    Title: 'Climate Change and Conflict: The Migration Link'
    URL: https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/cwc_working_paper_climate_change.pdf
    Year: 2007
    _record_number: 22146
    _uuid: 2c7eee8a-e8c3-4bb6-911a-2b2e38fcc37f
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/climate-change-conflict-migration-link
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2c7eee8a-e8c3-4bb6-911a-2b2e38fcc37f.yaml
  identifier: 2c7eee8a-e8c3-4bb6-911a-2b2e38fcc37f
  uri: /reference/2c7eee8a-e8c3-4bb6-911a-2b2e38fcc37f
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'SEC,'
    Institution: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
    Title: 'Filing Form 20-F: Marine Harvest ASA'
    URL: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1578526/000110465914032214/a14-11076_120f.htm#A_DebtSecurities__235520
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 22136
    _uuid: 2fb02cef-b95f-4d8d-b6a7-e1e69c7706e1
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/filing-form-20-f-marine-harvest-asa
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2fb02cef-b95f-4d8d-b6a7-e1e69c7706e1.yaml
  identifier: 2fb02cef-b95f-4d8d-b6a7-e1e69c7706e1
  uri: /reference/2fb02cef-b95f-4d8d-b6a7-e1e69c7706e1
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Hallegatte, Stephane; Bangalore, Mook; Bonzanigo, Laura; Fay, Marianne; Kane, Tamaro; Narloch, Ulf; Rozenberg, Julie; Treguer, David; Vogt-Schilb, Adrie'
    Institution: World Bank
    Notes: ISBN 978-1-4648-0673-5
    Pages: 207
    Place Published: 'Washington, D.C'
    Title: 'Shock Waves: Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty'
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22787
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 25765
    _uuid: 310326ad-14fc-408e-aaf8-61a4e44e33fc
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/shock-waves-managing-impacts-climate-change-on-poverty
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/310326ad-14fc-408e-aaf8-61a4e44e33fc.yaml
  identifier: 310326ad-14fc-408e-aaf8-61a4e44e33fc
  uri: /reference/310326ad-14fc-408e-aaf8-61a4e44e33fc
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'There are diverse linkages between climate change and security including risks of conflict, national security concerns, critical national infrastructure, geo-political rivalries and threats to human security. We review analysis of these domains from primary research and from policy prescriptive and advocacy sources. We conclude that much analysis over-emphasises deterministic mechanisms between climate change and security. Yet the climate-security nexus is more complex than it appears and requires attention from across the social sciences. We review the robustness of present social sciences analysis in assessing the causes and consequences of climate change on human security, and identify new areas of research. These new areas include the need to analyse the absence of conflict in the face of climate risks and the need to expand the range of issues accounted for in analysis of climate and security including the impacts of mitigation response on domains of security. We argue for the necessity of robust theories that explain causality and associations, and the need to include theories of asymmetric power relations in explaining security dimensions. We also highlight the dilemmas of how observations and historical analysis of climate and security dimensions may be limited as the climate changes in ways that present regions with unprecedented climate risks.'
    Author: 'Gemenne, François; Barnett, Jon; Adger, W. Neil; Dabelko, Geoffrey D.'
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-014-1074-7
    Date: March 01
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Climatic Change
    Pages: 1-9
    Title: 'Climate and security: Evidence, emerging risks, and a new agenda'
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 123
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 22076
    _uuid: 32ad430a-4769-4e16-8ece-c28d123504b0
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-014-1074-7
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/32ad430a-4769-4e16-8ece-c28d123504b0.yaml
  identifier: 32ad430a-4769-4e16-8ece-c28d123504b0
  uri: /reference/32ad430a-4769-4e16-8ece-c28d123504b0
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Reiling, Kirby; Brady, Cynthia; Furlow, John; Ackley, Mary'
    Institution: U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
    Pages: 41
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Title: 'Climate Change And Conflict: An Annex to the USAID Climate-Resilient Development Framework '
    URL: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1866/ClimateChangeConflictAnnex_2015%2002%2025%2C%20Final%20with%20date%20for%20Web.pdf
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 22128
    _uuid: 3378493c-e2a4-4586-9d15-d5205000b712
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/climate-change-conflict-an-annex-usaid-climate-resilient-development-framework
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3378493c-e2a4-4586-9d15-d5205000b712.yaml
  identifier: 3378493c-e2a4-4586-9d15-d5205000b712
  uri: /reference/3378493c-e2a4-4586-9d15-d5205000b712
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'The devastating civil war that began in Syria in March 2011 is the result of complex interrelated factors. The focus of the conflict is regime change, but the triggers include a broad set of religious and sociopolitical factors, the erosion of the economic health of the country, a wave of political reform sweeping over the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Levant region, and challenges associated with climate variability and change and the availability and use of freshwater. As described here, water and climatic conditions have played a direct role in the deterioration of Syria’s economic conditions. There is a long history of conflicts over water in these regions because of the natural water scarcity, the early development of irrigated agriculture, and complex religious and ethnic diversity. In recent years, there has been an increase in incidences of water-related violence around the world at the subnational level attributable to the role that water plays in development disputes and economic activities. Because conflicts are rarely, if ever, attributable to single causes, conflict analysis and concomitant efforts at reducing the risks of conflict must consider a multitude of complex relationships and contributing factors. This paper assesses the complicated connections between water and conflict in Syria, looks more broadly at future climate-related risks for water systems, and offers some water management strategies for reducing those risks.'
    Author: 'Gleick, Peter H.'
    DOI: 10.1175/wcas-d-13-00059.1
    Issue: 3
    Journal: 'Weather, Climate, and Society'
    Keywords: 'Anthropogenic effects,Climate change,Hydrology,Agriculture,Risk assessment,Societal impacts'
    Pages: 331-340
    Title: 'Water, drought, climate change, and conflict in Syria'
    Volume: 6
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 25761
    _uuid: 36d50d6d-ed82-4564-8524-7c09e1e9fcee
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1175/wcas-d-13-00059.1
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/36d50d6d-ed82-4564-8524-7c09e1e9fcee.yaml
  identifier: 36d50d6d-ed82-4564-8524-7c09e1e9fcee
  uri: /reference/36d50d6d-ed82-4564-8524-7c09e1e9fcee
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Wuebbles, D.J.'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0BK19HT
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 430-435
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: Observational Datasets Used in Climate Studies
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21574
    _uuid: 374d2d33-7deb-42b8-87e2-39d458520151
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/annexes
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/374d2d33-7deb-42b8-87e2-39d458520151.yaml
  identifier: 374d2d33-7deb-42b8-87e2-39d458520151
  uri: /reference/374d2d33-7deb-42b8-87e2-39d458520151
- attrs:
    .publisher: Copernicus Publications
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Feng, S.; Fu, Q.'
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-10081-2013
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    Issue: 19
    Journal: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
    Pages: 10081-10094
    Title: Expansion of global drylands under a warming climate
    Volume: 13
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 19610
    _uuid: 37d85f6f-8d91-45e8-bf65-0ae8aee523a6
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.5194/acp-13-10081-2013
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/37d85f6f-8d91-45e8-bf65-0ae8aee523a6.yaml
  identifier: 37d85f6f-8d91-45e8-bf65-0ae8aee523a6
  uri: /reference/37d85f6f-8d91-45e8-bf65-0ae8aee523a6
- attrs:
    .publisher: 'Wiley Periodicals, Inc.'
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Kopp, Robert E.; Horton, Radley M.; Little, Christopher M.; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; Oppenheimer, Michael; Rasmussen, D. J.; Strauss, Benjamin H.; Tebaldi, Claudia'
    DOI: 10.1002/2014EF000239
    ISSN: 2328-4277
    Issue: 8
    Journal: Earth’s Future
    Keywords: sea level; coastal flooding; climate change; risk analysis; uncertainty quantification; 1641 Sea level change; 1821 Floods
    Pages: 383-406
    Title: Probabilistic 21st and 22nd century sea-level projections at a global network of tide-gauge sites
    Volume: 2
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 19430
    _uuid: 38924fa0-a0dd-44c9-a2a0-366ca610b280
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1002/2014EF000239
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/38924fa0-a0dd-44c9-a2a0-366ca610b280.yaml
  identifier: 38924fa0-a0dd-44c9-a2a0-366ca610b280
  uri: /reference/38924fa0-a0dd-44c9-a2a0-366ca610b280
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'SEC,'
    Institution: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
    Title: 'Filing Form 10-K: The Kraft Heinz Company'
    URL: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1637459/000163745916000100/khc10k1316.htm
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22134
    _uuid: 3f250149-4f9e-49e9-9b93-47b16c9201f5
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/filing-form-10-k-kraft-heinz-company
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3f250149-4f9e-49e9-9b93-47b16c9201f5.yaml
  identifier: 3f250149-4f9e-49e9-9b93-47b16c9201f5
  uri: /reference/3f250149-4f9e-49e9-9b93-47b16c9201f5
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 9
    Author: 'Earle, Anton; Ana Elisa Cascao; Stina Hansson; Anders Jägerskog; Ashok Swain; Joakim Öjendal'
    ISBN: 9780415629751
    Number of Pages: 188
    Place Published: London; New York
    Publisher: Routledge
    Title: Transboundary Water Management and the Climate Change Debate
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 22096
    _uuid: 4076aafa-dc86-48e0-a99b-447efdc9b750
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /book/transboundary-water-management-climate-change-debate
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4076aafa-dc86-48e0-a99b-447efdc9b750.yaml
  identifier: 4076aafa-dc86-48e0-a99b-447efdc9b750
  uri: /reference/4076aafa-dc86-48e0-a99b-447efdc9b750
- attrs:
    Author: 'Rodopoulou, Sophia; Chalbot, Marie-Cecile; Samoli, Evangelia; DuBois, David W.; San Filippo, Bruce D.; Kavouras, Ilias G.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.12.006
    Date: 2014/02/01/
    ISSN: 0013-9351
    Journal: Environmental Research
    Keywords: Particulate matter; Morbidity; Hospital admissions; Emergency room visits; Time-series regression; Rural communities
    Pages: 39-46
    Title: 'Air pollution and hospital emergency room and admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in Doña Ana County, New Mexico'
    Volume: 129
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 22053
    _uuid: 41c82d77-51be-4101-bd50-e773afc1ce1b
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.envres.2013.12.006
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/41c82d77-51be-4101-bd50-e773afc1ce1b.yaml
  identifier: 41c82d77-51be-4101-bd50-e773afc1ce1b
  uri: /reference/41c82d77-51be-4101-bd50-e773afc1ce1b
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Recent studies concerning the possible relationship between climate trends and the risks of violent conflict have yielded contradictory results, partly because of choices of conflict measures and modeling design. In this study, we examine climate–conflict relationships using a geographically disaggregated approach. We consider the effects of climate change to be both local and national in character, and we use a conflict database that contains 16,359 individual geolocated violent events for East Africa from 1990 to 2009. Unlike previous studies that relied exclusively on political and economic controls, we analyze the many geographical factors that have been shown to be important in understanding the distribution and causes of violence while also considering yearly and country fixed effects. For our main climate indicators at gridded 1° resolution (∼100 km), wetter deviations from the precipitation norms decrease the risk of violence, whereas drier and normal periods show no effects. The relationship between temperature and conflict shows that much warmer than normal temperatures raise the risk of violence, whereas average and cooler temperatures have no effect. These precipitation and temperature effects are statistically significant but have modest influence in terms of predictive power in a model with political, economic, and physical geographic predictors. Large variations in the climate–conflict relationships are evident between the nine countries of the study region and across time periods.'
    Author: 'O’Loughlin, John; Witmer, Frank D. W.; Linke, Andrew M.; Laing, Arlene; Gettelman, Andrew; Dudhia, Jimy'
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205130109
    Date: 'November 6, 2012'
    Issue: 45
    Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    Pages: 18344-18349
    Title: 'Climate variability and conflict risk in East Africa, 1990–2009'
    Volume: 109
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 22059
    _uuid: 43c748af-a9cb-4b66-b0fc-db7569cb637b
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1205130109
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/43c748af-a9cb-4b66-b0fc-db7569cb637b.yaml
  identifier: 43c748af-a9cb-4b66-b0fc-db7569cb637b
  uri: /reference/43c748af-a9cb-4b66-b0fc-db7569cb637b
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'USAID,'
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
    Title: Water Security for Resilient Economic Growth and Stability (Be Secure) Project
    URL: https://www.usaid.gov/philippines/energy-and-environment/be-secure
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22130
    _uuid: 458db052-095a-4657-bb0a-50c805fcaac9
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/7bb5be17-a131-44fa-a1a3-07f07ed0f345
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/458db052-095a-4657-bb0a-50c805fcaac9.yaml
  identifier: 458db052-095a-4657-bb0a-50c805fcaac9
  uri: /reference/458db052-095a-4657-bb0a-50c805fcaac9
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Moss, Richard H.; Mearns, .Linda O.; Brandenberger, Jill; Delgado, Alison; Malone, Elizabeth L.; Rice, Jennie; Wang, Taiping; Yang, Zhaoqing; Bukovsky, Melissa; McCrary, Rachel; McGinnis, Seth; Blohm, Andrew; Broomell, Stephen; Henriques, Justin J.'
    Department/Division: Battelle Memorial Institute
    Institution: Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP)
    Place Published: 'Alexandria, VA'
    Series Volume: SERDP Project RC-2206
    Title: Understanding Data Needs for Vulnerability Assessment and Decision Making to Manage Vulnerability of Department of Defense Installations to Climate Change
    URL: http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=AD1025344
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22109
    _uuid: 45fb3cf0-eb2e-465c-9954-0bfb942a9d18
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/understanding-data-needs-vulnerability-assessment-decision-making-manage-vulnerability-department-defense-installations-climate-change
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/45fb3cf0-eb2e-465c-9954-0bfb942a9d18.yaml
  identifier: 45fb3cf0-eb2e-465c-9954-0bfb942a9d18
  uri: /reference/45fb3cf0-eb2e-465c-9954-0bfb942a9d18
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Thorpe, Jodie; Shelly Fennell'
    Institution: Oxfam International
    Pages: 23
    Place Published: 'Oxford, United Kingdom'
    Series Volume: 'Oxfam Discussion Papers '
    Title: Climate Change Risks and Supply Chain Responsibility
    URL: https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/dp-climate-change-risks-supply-chain-responsibility-27062012-en.pdf
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 22045
    _uuid: 46c00549-2815-42f5-aa53-eb30a63785ae
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/climate-change-risks-supply-chain-responsibility
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/46c00549-2815-42f5-aa53-eb30a63785ae.yaml
  identifier: 46c00549-2815-42f5-aa53-eb30a63785ae
  uri: /reference/46c00549-2815-42f5-aa53-eb30a63785ae
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'The arrival and rapid spread of the mosquito-borne viral disease Chikungunya across the Americas is one of the most significant public health developments of recent years, preceding and mirroring the subsequent spread of Zika. Globalization in trade and travel can lead to the importation of these viruses, but climatic conditions strongly affect the efficiency of transmission in local settings. In order to direct preparedness for future outbreaks, it is necessary to anticipate global regions that could become suitable for Chikungunya transmission. Here, we present global correlative niche models for autochthonous Chikungunya transmission. These models were used as the basis for projections under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 climate change scenarios. In a further step, hazard maps, which account for population densities, were produced. The baseline models successfully delineate current areas of active Chikungunya transmission. Projections under the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios suggest the likelihood of expansion of transmission-suitable areas in many parts of the world, including China, sub-Saharan Africa, South America, the United States and continental Europe. The models presented here can be used to inform public health preparedness planning in a highly interconnected world.'
    Author: 'Tjaden, Nils B.; Suk, Jonathan E.; Fischer, Dominik; Thomas, Stephanie M.; Beierkuhnlein, Carl; Semenza, Jan C.'
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03566-3
    Date: 2017/06/19
    ISSN: 2045-2322
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Scientific Reports
    Pages: 3813
    Title: Modelling the effects of global climate change on Chikungunya transmission in the 21st century
    Volume: 7
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 22044
    _uuid: 46da2042-d3a7-476d-878e-4411f2948f40
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1038/s41598-017-03566-3
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/46da2042-d3a7-476d-878e-4411f2948f40.yaml
  identifier: 46da2042-d3a7-476d-878e-4411f2948f40
  uri: /reference/46da2042-d3a7-476d-878e-4411f2948f40
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'Recent historic observed lows in Arctic sea ice extent, together with climate model projections of additional ice reductions in the future, have fueled speculations of potential new trans-Arctic shipping routes linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. However, numerical studies of how projected geophysical changes in sea ice will realistically impact ship navigation are lacking. To address this deficiency, we analyze seven climate model projections of sea ice properties, assuming two different climate change scenarios [representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5] and two vessel classes, to assess future changes in peak season (September) Arctic shipping potential. By midcentury, changing sea ice conditions enable expanded September navigability for common open-water ships crossing the Arctic along the Northern Sea Route over the Russian Federation, robust new routes for moderately ice-strengthened (Polar Class 6) ships over the North Pole, and new routes through the Northwest Passage for both vessel classes. Although numerous other nonclimatic factors also limit Arctic shipping potential, these findings have important economic, strategic, environmental, and governance implications for the region.'
    Author: "Smith, Laurence C.\rStephenson, Scott R."
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214212110
    Date: 'March 26, 2013'
    Issue: 13
    Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    Pages: E1191–E1195
    Title: New Trans-Arctic shipping routes navigable by midcentury
    URL: http://www.pnas.org/content/110/13/E1191.full.pdf+html
    Volume: 110
    Year: 2013
    _chapter: '["Ch. 22: Alaska FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 3814
    _uuid: 4847580e-7434-4639-b347-c61852375473
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1214212110
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4847580e-7434-4639-b347-c61852375473.yaml
  identifier: 4847580e-7434-4639-b347-c61852375473
  uri: /reference/4847580e-7434-4639-b347-c61852375473
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Berger,  Aaron M.; Grandin, Chris J.; Ian G. Taylor; Aandrew M. Edwards; Sean Cox'
    Institution: National Marine Fisheries Service and Fisheries and Oceans Canada
    Pages: 202
    Series Volume: Prepared by the Joint Technical Committee of the U.S. and Canada Pacific Hake/Whiting Agreement
    Title: Status of the Pacific Hake (whiting) stock in U.S. and Canadian waters in 2017
    URL: http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/fishery_management/groundfish/whiting/2017-hake-assessment.pdf
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 22106
    _uuid: 49117baa-d1a6-475b-b5d5-7391a7c272b1
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/status-pacific-hake-whiting-stock-us-canadian-waters-2017
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/49117baa-d1a6-475b-b5d5-7391a7c272b1.yaml
  identifier: 49117baa-d1a6-475b-b5d5-7391a7c272b1
  uri: /reference/49117baa-d1a6-475b-b5d5-7391a7c272b1
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 63
    Author: 'World Wildlife Federation,'
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: World Wildlife Federation
    Title: 'The Coca-Cola Company and World Wildlife Fund Expand Global Partnership, Announce New Environmental Goals'
    URL: https://www.worldwildlife.org/press-releases/the-coca-cola-company-and-world-wildlife-fund-expand-global-partnership-announce-new-environmental-goals
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 22035
    _uuid: 494ba53e-3ab1-4f73-a400-3bb6f2928eaa
    reftype: Press Release
  child_publication: /generic/6d35f8ac-bd74-4c1f-9790-8c7830a5cc1e
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/494ba53e-3ab1-4f73-a400-3bb6f2928eaa.yaml
  identifier: 494ba53e-3ab1-4f73-a400-3bb6f2928eaa
  uri: /reference/494ba53e-3ab1-4f73-a400-3bb6f2928eaa
- attrs:
    Author: 'Fagherazzi, L.; D. Fay; J. Salas'
    DOI: 10.2495/WRM070171
    ISSN: 1743-3541
    Journal: WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment
    Pages: 163-177
    Title: 'Synthetic hydrology and climate change scenarios to improve multi-purpose complex water resource systems management. The Lake Ontario - St Lawrence River Study of the International Canada and US Joint Commission'
    Volume: 103
    Year: 2007
    _record_number: 22079
    _uuid: 4966ab9c-34c1-4806-9b16-17be961fd99d
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.2495/WRM070171
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4966ab9c-34c1-4806-9b16-17be961fd99d.yaml
  identifier: 4966ab9c-34c1-4806-9b16-17be961fd99d
  uri: /reference/4966ab9c-34c1-4806-9b16-17be961fd99d
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 9
    Author: 'Mani, Muthukumara; Bandyopadhyay, Sushenjit; Chonabayashi, Shun; Markandya, Anil; Mosier, Thomas'
    ISBN: 978-1-4648-1155-5
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: World Bank
    Series Title: South Asia Development Matters
    Title: "South Asia's Hotspots: Impacts of Temperature and Precipitation Changes on Living Standards"
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/28723
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 26160
    _uuid: 4ac63226-2d2f-4ecd-b36b-65d37693e3e3
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /book/south-asias-hotspots-impacts-temperature-precipitation-changes-on-living-standards
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4ac63226-2d2f-4ecd-b36b-65d37693e3e3.yaml
  identifier: 4ac63226-2d2f-4ecd-b36b-65d37693e3e3
  uri: /reference/4ac63226-2d2f-4ecd-b36b-65d37693e3e3
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Hallegatte, Stephane; Vogt-Schilb, Adrien; Bangalore, Mook; Rozenberg, Julie'
    Institution: World Bank
    Notes: 'ISBN: 978-1-4648-1003-9'
    Pages: 187
    Place Published: 'Washington, D.C'
    Series Title: Climate Change and Development
    Title: 'Unbreakable: Building the Resilience of the Poor in the Face of Natural Disasters'
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25335
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 25766
    _uuid: 4afe2318-f2cd-4af5-8607-5b251d28a0ba
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/unbreakable-building-resilience-poor-face-natural-disasters
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4afe2318-f2cd-4af5-8607-5b251d28a0ba.yaml
  identifier: 4afe2318-f2cd-4af5-8607-5b251d28a0ba
  uri: /reference/4afe2318-f2cd-4af5-8607-5b251d28a0ba
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'TCFD,'
    Institution: Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD)
    Pages: 66
    Place Published: 'Basel, Switzerland'
    Title: 'Final Report: Recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures'
    URL: https://www.fsb-tcfd.org/publications/final-recommendations-report/
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 24165
    _uuid: 4c92405f-7756-474c-b8d9-a251d29823ab
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/final-report-recommendations-task-force-on-climate-related-financial-disclosures
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4c92405f-7756-474c-b8d9-a251d29823ab.yaml
  identifier: 4c92405f-7756-474c-b8d9-a251d29823ab
  uri: /reference/4c92405f-7756-474c-b8d9-a251d29823ab
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Access Date: July 13
    Access Year: 2017
    Author: 'Pickersgill, Robert'
    Place Published: 'Kingston, Jamaica'
    Publisher: Jamaica Information Service
    Title: Joint Ministerial Statement on the Effects of Drought on Schools and Agriculture
    URL: http://jis.gov.jm/joint-ministerial-statement-effects-drought-schools-agriculture/
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 22105
    _uuid: 4f887160-ccc8-4ab6-806b-4f988419e4f0
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/d5ebe326-6f34-4071-8186-9faa34c9b464
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4f887160-ccc8-4ab6-806b-4f988419e4f0.yaml
  identifier: 4f887160-ccc8-4ab6-806b-4f988419e4f0
  uri: /reference/4f887160-ccc8-4ab6-806b-4f988419e4f0
- attrs:
    Author: 'Feitelson, Eran; Tubi, Amit'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.03.001
    Date: 2017/05/01/
    ISSN: 0959-3780
    Journal: Global Environmental Change
    Keywords: Climate change; Drought; Conflict; Middle East; Euphrates River; Jordan River
    Pages: 39-48
    Title: 'A main driver or an intermediate variable? Climate change, water and security in the Middle East'
    Volume: 44
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 22078
    _uuid: 502dae25-1744-4257-bb04-c9793af9bea3
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.03.001
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/502dae25-1744-4257-bb04-c9793af9bea3.yaml
  identifier: 502dae25-1744-4257-bb04-c9793af9bea3
  uri: /reference/502dae25-1744-4257-bb04-c9793af9bea3
- attrs:
    Author: 'Zhang, Yu-quan; Cai, Yong-xia; Beach, Robert H.; McCarl, Bruce A.'
    DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60699-1
    Date: 2014/04/01/
    ISSN: 2095-3119
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Journal of Integrative Agriculture
    Keywords: climate change; relative competitiveness; trade; agricultural sector model (ASM)
    Pages: 666-676
    Title: Modeling climate change impacts on the US agricultural exports
    Volume: 13
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 25757
    _uuid: 51b05cd6-f9b3-4d92-9c64-2f3b7b265e0b
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60699-1
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/51b05cd6-f9b3-4d92-9c64-2f3b7b265e0b.yaml
  identifier: 51b05cd6-f9b3-4d92-9c64-2f3b7b265e0b
  uri: /reference/51b05cd6-f9b3-4d92-9c64-2f3b7b265e0b
- attrs:
    Author: 'Grubaugh, Nathan D.; Ladner, Jason T.; Kraemer, Moritz U. G.; Dudas, Gytis; Tan, Amanda L.; Gangavarapu, Karthik; Wiley, Michael R.; White, Stephen; Thézé, Julien; Magnani, Diogo M.; Prieto, Karla; Reyes, Daniel; Bingham, Andrea M.; Paul, Lauren M.; Robles-Sikisaka, Refugio; Oliveira, Glenn; Pronty, Darryl; Barcellona, Carolyn M.; Metsky, Hayden C.; Baniecki, Mary Lynn; Barnes, Kayla G.; Chak, Bridget; Freije, Catherine A.; Gladden-Young, Adrianne; Gnirke, Andreas; Luo, Cynthia; MacInnis, Bronwyn; Matranga, Christian B.; Park, Daniel J.; Qu, James; Schaffner, Stephen F.; Tomkins-Tinch, Christopher; West, Kendra L.; Winnicki, Sarah M.; Wohl, Shirlee; Yozwiak, Nathan L.; Quick, Joshua; Fauver, Joseph R.; Khan, Kamran; Brent, Shannon E.; Reiner Jr, Robert C.; Lichtenberger, Paola N.; Ricciardi, Michael J.; Bailey, Varian K.; Watkins, David I.; Cone, Marshall R.; Kopp Iv, Edgar W.; Hogan, Kelly N.; Cannons, Andrew C.; Jean, Reynald; Monaghan, Andrew J.; Garry, Robert F.; Loman, Nicholas J.; Faria, Nuno R.; Porcelli, Mario C.; Vasquez, Chalmers; Nagle, Elyse R.; Cummings, Derek A. T.; Stanek, Danielle; Rambaut, Andrew; Sanchez-Lockhart, Mariano; Sabeti, Pardis C.; Gillis, Leah D.; Michael, Scott F.; Bedford, Trevor; Pybus, Oliver G.; Isern, Sharon; Palacios, Gustavo; Andersen, Kristian G.'
    DOI: 10.1038/nature22400
    Date: 06/15/print
    ISSN: 0028-0836
    Issue: 7658
    Journal: Nature
    Pages: 401-405
    Publisher: 'Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.'
    Title: Genomic epidemiology reveals multiple introductions of Zika virus into the United States
    Type of Article: Letter
    Volume: 546
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 22073
    _uuid: 52a96ab3-3bff-41d0-a5f3-58b0f6b34703
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1038/nature22400
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/52a96ab3-3bff-41d0-a5f3-58b0f6b34703.yaml
  identifier: 52a96ab3-3bff-41d0-a5f3-58b0f6b34703
  uri: /reference/52a96ab3-3bff-41d0-a5f3-58b0f6b34703
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Kossin, J.P.; T. Hall; T. Knutson; K.E. Kunkel; R.J. Trapp; D.E. Waliser; M.F. Wehner'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    DOI: 10.7930/J07S7KXX
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 257-276
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: Extreme Storms
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21567
    _uuid: 52ce1b63-1b04-4728-9f1b-daee39af665e
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/extreme-storms
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/52ce1b63-1b04-4728-9f1b-daee39af665e.yaml
  identifier: 52ce1b63-1b04-4728-9f1b-daee39af665e
  uri: /reference/52ce1b63-1b04-4728-9f1b-daee39af665e
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'To date, the research community has failed to reach a consensus on the nature and significance of the relationship between climate variability and armed conflict. We argue that progress has been hampered by insufficient attention paid to the context in which droughts and other climatic extremes may increase the risk of violent mobilization. Addressing this shortcoming, this study presents an actor-oriented analysis of the drought–conflict relationship, focusing specifically on politically relevant ethnic groups and their sensitivity to growing-season drought under various political and socioeconomic contexts. To this end, we draw on new conflict event data that cover Asia and Africa, 1989–2014, updated spatial ethnic settlement data, and remote sensing data on agricultural land use. Our procedure allows quantifying, for each ethnic group, drought conditions during the growing season of the locally dominant crop. A comprehensive set of multilevel mixed effects models that account for the groups’ livelihood, economic, and political vulnerabilities reveals that a drought under most conditions has little effect on the short-term risk that a group challenges the state by military means. However, for agriculturally dependent groups as well as politically excluded groups in very poor countries, a local drought is found to increase the likelihood of sustained violence. We interpret this as evidence of the reciprocal relationship between drought and conflict, whereby each phenomenon makes a group more vulnerable to the other.'
    Author: 'von Uexkull, Nina; Croicu, Mihai; Fjelde, Hanne; Buhaug, Halvard'
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607542113
    Date: 'November 1, 2016'
    Issue: 44
    Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    Pages: 12391-12396
    Title: Civil conflict sensitivity to growing-season drought
    Volume: 113
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22038
    _uuid: 5592b6e0-1793-4ad7-89cd-e979f53e7d22
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1607542113
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5592b6e0-1793-4ad7-89cd-e979f53e7d22.yaml
  identifier: 5592b6e0-1793-4ad7-89cd-e979f53e7d22
  uri: /reference/5592b6e0-1793-4ad7-89cd-e979f53e7d22
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: ACIA
    Institution: Cambridge University Press
    Pages: 1042
    Publisher: ACIA Secretariat and Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research
    Title: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
    URL: http://www.acia.uaf.edu/pages/scientific.html
    Year: 2005
    _record_number: 20141
    _uuid: 56f7d484-3935-4b75-b3c0-2265edae42c2
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/acia-2005
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/56f7d484-3935-4b75-b3c0-2265edae42c2.yaml
  identifier: 56f7d484-3935-4b75-b3c0-2265edae42c2
  uri: /reference/56f7d484-3935-4b75-b3c0-2265edae42c2
- attrs:
    Author: 'Rai, Amelia; Robinson, Julie A.; Tate-Brown, Judy; Buckley, Nicole; Zell, Martin; Tasaki, Kazuyuki; Karabadzhak, Georgy; Sorokin, Igor V.; Pignataro, Salvatore'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.06.030
    Date: 2016/09/01/
    ISSN: 0094-5765
    Journal: Acta Astronautica
    Pages: 463-474
    Title: Expanded benefits for humanity from the International Space Station
    Volume: 126
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22057
    _uuid: 5788812e-2a77-456a-a114-ff9d923aeddf
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.06.030
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5788812e-2a77-456a-a114-ff9d923aeddf.yaml
  identifier: 5788812e-2a77-456a-a114-ff9d923aeddf
  uri: /reference/5788812e-2a77-456a-a114-ff9d923aeddf
- attrs:
    Author: 'Dombrowski, U.; Ernst, S.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2014.06.012
    Date: 2014/01/01/
    ISSN: 2212-8271
    Journal: Procedia CIRP
    Keywords: Factory Life Cycle; Climate Change; Global Warming; Factory Planning; Advanced Industrial Management
    Pages: 337-342
    Title: Effects of climate change on factory life cycle
    Volume: 15
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 25763
    _uuid: 58b28591-2a59-4f75-bc7c-db2f1efc914d
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.procir.2014.06.012
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/58b28591-2a59-4f75-bc7c-db2f1efc914d.yaml
  identifier: 58b28591-2a59-4f75-bc7c-db2f1efc914d
  uri: /reference/58b28591-2a59-4f75-bc7c-db2f1efc914d
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'GFCS,'
    Place Published: 'Geneva, Switzerland'
    Publisher: 'Global Framework for Climate Services (GRCS) [web site]'
    Title: GRCS website
    URL: http://www.gfcs-climate.org/
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 22099
    _uuid: 5905712d-508b-4109-85e6-fb8a831c6e01
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/8acf1854-b87c-4dad-85aa-b341bc2fc2e3
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5905712d-508b-4109-85e6-fb8a831c6e01.yaml
  identifier: 5905712d-508b-4109-85e6-fb8a831c6e01
  uri: /reference/5905712d-508b-4109-85e6-fb8a831c6e01
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'This article reviews the economic impacts of climate change and the policy implications of the results. Current estimates indicate that climate change will likely have a limited impact on the economy and human welfare in the twenty-first century. In fact, the initial impacts of climate change may well be positive. However, in the long run the negative impacts dominate the positive ones. Negative impacts will be substantially greater in poorer, hotter, and lower-lying countries. Poverty reduction complements greenhouse gas emissions reduction as a means to reduce climate change impacts. Although climate change may affect the growth rate of the global economy and may trap more people in poverty, quantification of these impacts remains difficult. The optimal carbon tax in the near term is somewhere between a few tens and a few hundreds of dollars per ton of carbon.'
    Author: 'Tol, Richard S. J.'
    DOI: 10.1093/reep/rex027
    ISSN: 1750-6816
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Review of Environmental Economics and Policy
    Pages: 4-25
    Title: The economic impacts of climate change
    Volume: 12
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 25756
    _uuid: 596e5e36-2692-44df-943c-88681c51f60c
    reftype: Journal Article
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- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'Philanthropy Roundtable,'
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    Publisher: Philanthropy Roundtable
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    Author: DOD
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- attrs:
    Author: 'González-Delgado, Amir; Shukla, Manoj K.; DuBois, David W.; Flores-Márgez, Juan P.; Hernández Escamilla, Joel A.; Olivas, Evangelina'
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    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Beaver, Janice Cheryl'
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    Series Volume: CRS Report for Congress
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- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: "A rapidly growing body of research examines whether human conflict can be affected by climatic changes. Drawing from archaeology, criminology, economics, geography, history, political science, and psychology, we assemble and analyze the 60 most rigorous quantitative studies and document, for the first time, a striking convergence of results. We find strong causal evidence linking climatic events to human conflict across a range of spatial and temporal scales and across all major regions of the world. The magnitude of climate's influence is substantial: for each one standard deviation (1sigma) change in climate toward warmer temperatures or more extreme rainfall, median estimates indicate that the frequency of interpersonal violence rises 4% and the frequency of intergroup conflict rises 14%. Because locations throughout the inhabited world are expected to warm 2sigma to 4sigma by 2050, amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical impact of anthropogenic climate change."
    Author: 'Hsiang, S. M.; Burke, M.; Miguel, E.'
    Author Address: 'Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. shsiang@berkeley.edu'
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1235367
    Date: Sep 13
    ISSN: 1095-9203
    Issue: 6151
    Journal: Science
    Keywords: Climate; Climate Change/ statistics & numerical data; Conflict (Psychology); Crime/ statistics & numerical data; Humans; Literature Based Discovery; Violence/statistics & numerical data
    Language: eng
    Notes: "Hsiang, Solomon M Burke, Marshall Miguel, Edward Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. United States Science. 2013 Sep 13;341(6151):1235367. doi: 10.1126/science.1235367. Epub 2013 Aug 1."
    Pages: 1235367
    Title: Quantifying the influence of climate on human conflict
    Volume: 341
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 4568
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- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
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    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
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    Author: 'Peace, Janet; Katy Maher'
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- attrs:
    Author: 'Paz, Shlomit; Semenza, Jan C.'
    DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00256-7
    Date: 2016/02/20/
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    Title: 'El Niño and climate change - Contributing factors in the dispersal of Zika virus in the Americas?'
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- attrs:
    Author: 'Rajagopalan, K.; K. Chinayakanahalli; C.O. Stockle; R.L. Nelson; C.E. Kruger; M.P. Brady; K. Malek; S.T. Dinesh; M.E. Barber; A.F. Hamlet; G.G. Yorgey; J.C. Adam'
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    Volume: 54
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 22056
    _uuid: 65b54f14-ed24-4e9f-a6f3-7589ba9b5160
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  uri: /reference/65b54f14-ed24-4e9f-a6f3-7589ba9b5160
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Confirmed local transmission of Zika Virus (ZIKV) in Texas and Florida have heightened the need for early and accurate indicators of self-sustaining transmission in high risk areas across the southern United States. Given ZIKV’s low reporting rates and the geographic variability in suitable conditions, a cluster of reported cases may reflect diverse scenarios, ranging from independent introductions to a self-sustaining local epidemic.'
    Author: 'Castro, Lauren A.; Fox, Spencer J.; Chen, Xi; Liu, Kai; Bellan, Steven E.; Dimitrov, Nedialko B.; Galvani, Alison P.; Meyers, Lauren Ancel'
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    Date: May 04
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    Journal: BMC Infectious Diseases
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    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 17
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    Author: 'Sticklor, Russell'
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    Publisher: U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
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    Abstract: 'A growing body of evidence shows a causal relationship between extreme weather events and civil conflict incidence at the global level. We find that this causality is also valid for droughts and local violent conflicts in a within-country setting over a short time frame in the case of Somalia. We estimate that a one standard deviation increase in drought intensity and length raises the likelihood of conflict by 62%. We also find that drought affects conflict through livestock price changes, establishing livestock markets as the primary channel of transmission in Somalia.'
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    Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
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    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Chambwera, M.; Heal, G.; Dubeux, C.; Hallegatte, S.; Leclerc, L.; Markandya, A.; McCarl, B. A.; Mechler, R.; Neumann, J. E.'
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    Editor: 'Field, C. B.; Barros, V. R.; Dokken, D. J.; Mach, K. J.; Mastrandrea, M. D.; Bilir, T. E.; Chatterjee, M.; Ebi, K. L.; Estrada, Y. O.; Genova, R. C.; Girma, B.; Kissel, E. S.; Levy, A. N.; MacCracken, S.; Mastrandrea, P. R.; White, L. L.'
    Pages: 945-977
    Place Published: 'Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA'
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press
    Short Title: Economics of adaptation
    Title: Economics of adaptation
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 17673
    _uuid: 76d1846f-82d5-454b-974b-9a51954a05da
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar5-wg2-parta/chapter/wg2-ar5-chap17-final
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/76d1846f-82d5-454b-974b-9a51954a05da.yaml
  identifier: 76d1846f-82d5-454b-974b-9a51954a05da
  uri: /reference/76d1846f-82d5-454b-974b-9a51954a05da
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Stephanie C. Herring; Andrew Hoell; Martin P. Hoerling; James P. Kossin; Schreck III, Carl J.; Peter A. Stott'
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-ExplainingExtremeEvents2015.1
    Issue: 12
    Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
    Pages: S1-S145
    Title: Explaining extreme events of 2015 from a climate perspective
    Volume: 97
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 20827
    _uuid: 77026696-4273-40c2-9226-05e83bdf7ea9
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1175/BAMS-ExplainingExtremeEvents2015.1
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/77026696-4273-40c2-9226-05e83bdf7ea9.yaml
  identifier: 77026696-4273-40c2-9226-05e83bdf7ea9
  uri: /reference/77026696-4273-40c2-9226-05e83bdf7ea9
- attrs:
    Author: 'Fredericks, Anthony C.; Fernandez-Sesma, Ana'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2015.02.006
    Date: 2014/11/01/
    ISSN: 2214-9996
    Issue: 6
    Journal: Annals of Global Health
    Keywords: arbovirus; antiviral; California; chikungunya; dengue; flavivirus; vaccine
    Pages: 466-475
    Title: 'The burden of dengue and chikungunya worldwide: Implications for the southern United States and California'
    Volume: 80
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 22077
    _uuid: 79452198-3659-4878-b466-c3ee6da27325
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.02.006
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/79452198-3659-4878-b466-c3ee6da27325.yaml
  identifier: 79452198-3659-4878-b466-c3ee6da27325
  uri: /reference/79452198-3659-4878-b466-c3ee6da27325
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'USAID,'
    Institution: U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
    Pages: 25
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Title: 'Climate Risk Management for USAID Projects and Activities: A Mandatory Reference for ADS Chapter 201'
    URL: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1868/201mal_042817.pdf
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 22129
    _uuid: 79c201c5-4c2d-4c5f-96f6-b0bb6a6de89f
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/climate-risk-management-usaid-projects-activities-mandatory-reference-ads-chapter-201
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/79c201c5-4c2d-4c5f-96f6-b0bb6a6de89f.yaml
  identifier: 79c201c5-4c2d-4c5f-96f6-b0bb6a6de89f
  uri: /reference/79c201c5-4c2d-4c5f-96f6-b0bb6a6de89f
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Ørts Hansen, Carsten; Peter Grønsedt; Lindstrøm Graversen, Christian ; Christian Hendriksen'
    Institution: 'Copenhagen Business School, CBS Maritime'
    Notes: ISBN 978-87-93262-03-4
    Pages: 93
    Place Published: 'Copenhagen, Denmark'
    Title: Arctic Shipping – Commercial Opportunities and Challenges
    URL: https://services-webdav.cbs.dk/doc/CBS.dk/Arctic%20Shipping%20-%20Commercial%20Opportunities%20and%20Challenges.pdf
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22112
    _uuid: 7a75ac9e-f051-4a73-a809-e5a5f7faef34
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/arctic-shipping-commercial-opportunities-challenges
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7a75ac9e-f051-4a73-a809-e5a5f7faef34.yaml
  identifier: 7a75ac9e-f051-4a73-a809-e5a5f7faef34
  uri: /reference/7a75ac9e-f051-4a73-a809-e5a5f7faef34
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Social and political tensions keep on fueling armed conflicts around the world. Although each conflict is the result of an individual context-specific mixture of interconnected factors, ethnicity appears to play a prominent and almost ubiquitous role in many of them. This overall state of affairs is likely to be exacerbated by anthropogenic climate change and in particular climate-related natural disasters. Ethnic divides might serve as predetermined conflict lines in case of rapidly emerging societal tensions arising from disruptive events like natural disasters. Here, we hypothesize that climate-related disaster occurrence enhances armed-conflict outbreak risk in ethnically fractionalized countries. Using event coincidence analysis, we test this hypothesis based on data on armed-conflict outbreaks and climate-related natural disasters for the period 1980–2010. Globally, we find a coincidence rate of 9% regarding armed-conflict outbreak and disaster occurrence such as heat waves or droughts. Our analysis also reveals that, during the period in question, about 23% of conflict outbreaks in ethnically highly fractionalized countries robustly coincide with climatic calamities. Although we do not report evidence that climate-related disasters act as direct triggers of armed conflicts, the disruptive nature of these events seems to play out in ethnically fractionalized societies in a particularly tragic way. This observation has important implications for future security policies as several of the world’s most conflict-prone regions, including North and Central Africa as well as Central Asia, are both exceptionally vulnerable to anthropogenic climate change and characterized by deep ethnic divides.'
    Author: 'Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich; Donges, Jonathan F.; Donner, Reik V.; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim'
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601611113
    Date: 'August 16, 2016'
    Issue: 33
    Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    Pages: 9216-9221
    Title: Armed-conflict risks enhanced by climate-related disasters in ethnically fractionalized countries
    Volume: 113
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22049
    _uuid: 7b1fc35e-bf68-443f-a11a-272be556be6e
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1601611113
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7b1fc35e-bf68-443f-a11a-272be556be6e.yaml
  identifier: 7b1fc35e-bf68-443f-a11a-272be556be6e
  uri: /reference/7b1fc35e-bf68-443f-a11a-272be556be6e
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Wilson, Jill H.'
    Institution: Congressional Research Service
    Pages: 15
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Report Number: RS20844
    Title: 'Temporary Protected Status: Overview and Current Issues'
    URL: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/RS20844.pdf
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 26734
    _uuid: 7b822eca-94c6-4519-a714-10e2fb5c92dc
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/temporary-protected-status-overview-current-issues
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7b822eca-94c6-4519-a714-10e2fb5c92dc.yaml
  identifier: 7b822eca-94c6-4519-a714-10e2fb5c92dc
  uri: /reference/7b822eca-94c6-4519-a714-10e2fb5c92dc
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'FEWS NET,'
    Place Published: '[Washington, DC]'
    Publisher: 'USAID, FEWS NET'
    Title: Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) web site
    URL: http://www.fews.net/
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 22144
    _uuid: 7d62f13c-08f1-4970-b155-ede3fad2b41a
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/adfcf1d6-ea17-4648-90ac-2fb64710f1af
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7d62f13c-08f1-4970-b155-ede3fad2b41a.yaml
  identifier: 7d62f13c-08f1-4970-b155-ede3fad2b41a
  uri: /reference/7d62f13c-08f1-4970-b155-ede3fad2b41a
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Briggs, M.'
    Institution: 'World Wildlife Fund, Rio Grande–Rio Bravo Program'
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Title: Climate Adaptation in the Big Bend Region of the Chihuahuan Desert
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 26735
    _uuid: 80bbd74d-9d21-4c01-a19c-7411ff153b20
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/climate-adaptation-big-bend-region-chihuahuan-desert
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/80bbd74d-9d21-4c01-a19c-7411ff153b20.yaml
  identifier: 80bbd74d-9d21-4c01-a19c-7411ff153b20
  uri: /reference/80bbd74d-9d21-4c01-a19c-7411ff153b20
- attrs:
    Author: 'Parker, Thomas; Sean P. Carroll; Gregg Sanders; Jason E. King; Imes Chiu'
    ISSN: 1070-0692
    Journal: Joint Force Quarterly
    Pages: 54-61
    Title: The U.S. Pacific Command response to Super Typhoon Haiyan
    URL: http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-82/jfq-82_54-61_Parker-et-al.pdf
    Volume: 82
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22115
    _uuid: 80ea7182-f744-434a-a827-7e0656a51e41
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/us-pacific-command-response-super-typhoon-haiyan
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/80ea7182-f744-434a-a827-7e0656a51e41.yaml
  identifier: 80ea7182-f744-434a-a827-7e0656a51e41
  uri: /reference/80ea7182-f744-434a-a827-7e0656a51e41
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'Torresan, Laura Zink; Curt D. Storlazzi'
    DOI: 10.5066/F7QR4V4C
    Publisher: 'US Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center'
    Title: The Impact of Sea-Level Rise and Climate Change on Pacific Ocean Atolls That House Department of Defense Installations
    URL: https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/climate-change/atolls/
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 26155
    _uuid: 85bf61ce-6eca-4180-bab3-6e30df2a5f77
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/f0e20bc3-8695-4a6b-b8df-6449511f965a
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/85bf61ce-6eca-4180-bab3-6e30df2a5f77.yaml
  identifier: 85bf61ce-6eca-4180-bab3-6e30df2a5f77
  uri: /reference/85bf61ce-6eca-4180-bab3-6e30df2a5f77
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'WMO,'
    Institution: 'World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Global Framework for Climate Services'
    Place Published: 'Geneva, Switzerland'
    Title: Regional Climate Outlook Forum
    URL: https://library.wmo.int/opac/doc_num.php?explnum_id=3191
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22034
    _uuid: 8785260f-fe94-4347-a064-a068bae50618
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/regional-climate-outlook-forum
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8785260f-fe94-4347-a064-a068bae50618.yaml
  identifier: 8785260f-fe94-4347-a064-a068bae50618
  uri: /reference/8785260f-fe94-4347-a064-a068bae50618
- attrs:
    Abstract: "Armed conflict within nations has had disastrous humanitarian consequences throughout much of the world. Here we undertake the first comprehensive examination of the potential impact of global climate change on armed conflict in sub-Saharan Africa. We find strong historical linkages between civil war and temperature in Africa, with warmer years leading to significant increases in the likelihood of war. When combined with climate model projections of future temperature trends, this historical response to temperature suggests a roughly 54% increase in armed conflict incidence by 2030, or an additional 393,000 battle deaths if future wars are as deadly as recent wars. Our results suggest an urgent need to reform African governments' and foreign aid donors' policies to deal with rising temperatures."
    Author: 'Burke, Marshall B.; Miguel, Edward; Satyanath, Shanker; Dykema, John A.; Lobell, David B.'
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0907998106
    Date: 'December 8, 2009'
    Issue: 49
    Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    Pages: 20670-20674
    Title: Warming increases the risk of civil war in Africa
    Volume: 106
    Year: 2009
    _record_number: 22088
    _uuid: 8816e89b-8604-4ebf-9646-13b7352a2ecd
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.0907998106
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8816e89b-8604-4ebf-9646-13b7352a2ecd.yaml
  identifier: 8816e89b-8604-4ebf-9646-13b7352a2ecd
  uri: /reference/8816e89b-8604-4ebf-9646-13b7352a2ecd