---
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'FEWS NET,'
    Publisher: Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET) and U.S. Agency for International Development
    Title: 'Large Assistance Needs and Famine Risk Continue in 2018 [Infographic]'
    URL: https://fews.net/sites/default/files/Food_assistance_needs_Peak_Needs_2018-Final.pdf
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 26733
    _uuid: 00193d52-610b-44b0-8e81-7eeb2fe96d19
    reftype: Web Page
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  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/00193d52-610b-44b0-8e81-7eeb2fe96d19.yaml
  identifier: 00193d52-610b-44b0-8e81-7eeb2fe96d19
  uri: /reference/00193d52-610b-44b0-8e81-7eeb2fe96d19
- attrs:
    Edition: New York
    Issue Date: 'April 24, 2016'
    Newspaper: New York Times
    Pages: A15
    Place Published: New York
    Reporter: 'Fernandez, Manny'
    Start Page: A15
    Title: U.S.-Mexico teamwork where the Rio Grande is but a ribbon.
    URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/23/us/us-mexico-teamwork-where-the-rio-grande-is-but-a-ribbon.html?_r=1
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22143
    _uuid: 048880d1-642f-4a92-94a9-e9ae57c4d69f
    reftype: Newspaper Article
  child_publication: /generic/2dd9f5f1-0b8a-4018-bc3d-540f35b48ae1
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/048880d1-642f-4a92-94a9-e9ae57c4d69f.yaml
  identifier: 048880d1-642f-4a92-94a9-e9ae57c4d69f
  uri: /reference/048880d1-642f-4a92-94a9-e9ae57c4d69f
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Emerging global supply chains not only increased efficiency in production and delivery but also natural-disaster risks. Based on two recent major natural disasters in Japan and Thailand, this article discusses the increasing natural disaster risks due to the development of global supply chains and identifies the impact of natural disasters on global supply chains. The results indicate that the risk of natural disasters is not confined by geographical boundaries, as negative effects can spill over globally throughout the supply chains and affect all the entities involved including firms, governments, financial institutions and end consumers. The article argues that enhancing disaster resilience becomes increasingly important in this context for maintaining the competitiveness of firms and the health and strength of the whole economy. Both firms and governments need to take disaster risks into consideration in supply-chain management to avoid supply-chain disruptions and subsequent negative effects. The article proposes some strategies to build resilient supply chains against natural disasters, emphasizing collaboration between the public and private sectors.'
    Author: 'Abe, Masato; Linghe Ye'
    DOI: 10.1177/0972150913501606
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Global Business Review
    Keywords: 'Natural disaster risk,global supply chain,resilience,supply chain management,disruption,Japanese firm,Thailand'
    Pages: 567-586
    Title: 'Building resilient supply chains against natural disasters: The cases of Japan and Thailand'
    Volume: 14
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 22093
    _uuid: 059a31f7-7dd5-4088-b1c1-0c353f18cf3b
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1177/0972150913501606
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/059a31f7-7dd5-4088-b1c1-0c353f18cf3b.yaml
  identifier: 059a31f7-7dd5-4088-b1c1-0c353f18cf3b
  uri: /reference/059a31f7-7dd5-4088-b1c1-0c353f18cf3b
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Until recently, most writings on the relationship between climate change and security were highly speculative. The IPCC assessment reports to date offer little if any guidance on this issue and occasionally pay excessive attention to questionable sources. The articles published in this special issue form the largest collection of peer-reviewed writings on the topic to date. The number of such studies remains small compared to those that make up the natural science base of the climate issue, and there is some confusion whether it is the effect of ‘climate’ or ‘weather’ that is being tested. The results of the studies vary, and firm conclusions cannot always be drawn. Nevertheless, research in this area has made considerable progress. More attention is being paid to the specific causal mechanisms linking climate change to conflict, such as changes in rainfall and temperature, natural disasters, and economic growth. Systematic climate data are used in most of the articles and climate projections in some. Several studies are going beyond state-based conflict to look at possible implications for other kinds of violence, such as intercommunal conflict. Overall, the research reported here offers only limited support for viewing climate change as an important influence on armed conflict. However, framing the climate issue as a security problem could possibly influence the perceptions of the actors and contribute to a self-fulfilling prophecy.'
    Author: 'Gleditsch, Nils Petter'
    DOI: 10.1177/0022343311431288
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Journal of Peace Research
    Keywords: 'armed conflict,climate change,security,war'
    Pages: 3-9
    Title: 'Whither the weather? Climate change and conflict'
    Volume: 49
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 22075
    _uuid: 069f4158-18f0-475d-a33e-8b21a935be8c
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1177/0022343311431288
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/069f4158-18f0-475d-a33e-8b21a935be8c.yaml
  identifier: 069f4158-18f0-475d-a33e-8b21a935be8c
  uri: /reference/069f4158-18f0-475d-a33e-8b21a935be8c
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'UNISDR,'
    Institution: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)
    Notes: 'ISBN: 978-92-1-132042-8'
    Pages: 311
    Place Published: 'Geneva, Switzerland'
    Title: Global assessment report (GAR) on disaster risk reduction 2015
    URL: https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/42809
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 26161
    _uuid: 06cddfdc-2771-4803-98cf-31136413ac1f
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/global-assessment-report-gar-on-disaster-risk-reduction-2015
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/06cddfdc-2771-4803-98cf-31136413ac1f.yaml
  identifier: 06cddfdc-2771-4803-98cf-31136413ac1f
  uri: /reference/06cddfdc-2771-4803-98cf-31136413ac1f
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Trostle, R.; Marti, D.; Rosen, S.; Westcott, P.'
    Institution: 'U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service'
    Issue: ' NCA'
    Pages: 29
    Report Number: 'Outlook No. WRS-1103  '
    Title: 'Why Have Food Commodity Prices Risen Again? Outlook No. WRS-1103 '
    URL: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/wrs-international-agriculture-and-trade-outlook/wrs1103.aspx
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 15662
    _uuid: 076458a1-018a-4056-b943-e178110f0726
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/why-have-food-commodity-prices-risen-again-outlook-no-wrs-1103
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/076458a1-018a-4056-b943-e178110f0726.yaml
  identifier: 076458a1-018a-4056-b943-e178110f0726
  uri: /reference/076458a1-018a-4056-b943-e178110f0726
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 1
    Author: 'IPCC,'
    Editor: "Field, C.B.\rBarros, V.\rStocker, T.F.\rQin, D.\rDokken, D.J.\rEbi, K.L.\rMastrandrea, M.D.\rMach, K.J.\rPlattner, G.-K.\rAllen, S.K.\rTignor, M.\rMidgley, P.M."
    Number of Pages: 582
    Place Published: 'Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA'
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press
    Reviewer: 089d8050-f4c8-4d07-bc35-25bf61691be3
    Title: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
    URL: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srex/SREX_Full_Report.pdf
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: '["Ch. 9: Human Health FINAL","Ch. 25: Coastal Zone FINAL","Ch. 26: Decision Support FINAL","Ch. 24: Oceans FINAL","RG 10 Coasts","Ch. 4: Energy Supply and Use FINAL","Ch. 28: Adaptation FINAL","Ch. 7: Forests FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 1579
    _uuid: 089d8050-f4c8-4d07-bc35-25bf61691be3
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /report/ipcc-srex
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/089d8050-f4c8-4d07-bc35-25bf61691be3.yaml
  identifier: 089d8050-f4c8-4d07-bc35-25bf61691be3
  uri: /reference/089d8050-f4c8-4d07-bc35-25bf61691be3
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'Office of Insular Affairs,'
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: U.S. Department of the Interior
    Title: 'Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations [web site]'
    URL: https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/politicatypes
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 26157
    _uuid: 095a97b6-7de7-4deb-9d4b-0a99ce944b07
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/7641856c-7a6e-41fb-8f26-c8c6f00d5511
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/095a97b6-7de7-4deb-9d4b-0a99ce944b07.yaml
  identifier: 095a97b6-7de7-4deb-9d4b-0a99ce944b07
  uri: /reference/095a97b6-7de7-4deb-9d4b-0a99ce944b07
- attrs:
    Author: 'Sternberg, Troy'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.02.004
    Date: 2012/05/01/
    ISSN: 0143-6228
    Journal: Applied Geography
    Keywords: Drought; China; Egypt; Bread; Standard precipitation index; Arab spring; Wheat
    Pages: 519-524
    Title: 'Chinese drought, bread and the Arab Spring'
    Volume: 34
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 22047
    _uuid: 0d48b3ae-c8ee-45f2-9830-3a243e64f592
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.02.004
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0d48b3ae-c8ee-45f2-9830-3a243e64f592.yaml
  identifier: 0d48b3ae-c8ee-45f2-9830-3a243e64f592
  uri: /reference/0d48b3ae-c8ee-45f2-9830-3a243e64f592
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'US CLIVAR Scientific Steering Committee,'
    Institution: US CLIVAR Project Office
    Pages: 85
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Series Volume: Report 2013-7
    Title: US Climate Variability & Predictability Program Science Plan
    URL: https://usclivar.org/sites/default/files/US_CLIVAR_Science_Plan.pdf
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 22042
    _uuid: 0f3e5aca-fcf0-44c7-b642-3955d96d3bfc
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/usclivar-scienceplan-2013
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0f3e5aca-fcf0-44c7-b642-3955d96d3bfc.yaml
  identifier: 0f3e5aca-fcf0-44c7-b642-3955d96d3bfc
  uri: /reference/0f3e5aca-fcf0-44c7-b642-3955d96d3bfc
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 1
    Author: 'Stern, N.'
    ISBN: 9780521700801
    Number of Pages: 712
    Place Published: 'Cambridge, New York'
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press
    Reviewer: 11481bc3-26e1-4e99-89f9-9b441801fcb6
    Title: The Economics of Climate Change. The Stern Review
    Year: 2007
    _chapter: '["Ch. 26: Decision Support FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 2949
    _uuid: 11481bc3-26e1-4e99-89f9-9b441801fcb6
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /report/stern-review-2007
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/11481bc3-26e1-4e99-89f9-9b441801fcb6.yaml
  identifier: 11481bc3-26e1-4e99-89f9-9b441801fcb6
  uri: /reference/11481bc3-26e1-4e99-89f9-9b441801fcb6
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'USAID,'
    Institution: U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
    Pages: 7
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Title: 'Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Infrastructure: Preparing for Change - Overview'
    URL: https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/addressing-climate-change-impacts-infrastructure-preparing-change-overview
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 22124
    _uuid: 13c07df9-f9bd-4290-a24d-2f2c374eb377
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/addressing-climate-change-impacts-on-infrastructure-preparing-change-overview
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/13c07df9-f9bd-4290-a24d-2f2c374eb377.yaml
  identifier: 13c07df9-f9bd-4290-a24d-2f2c374eb377
  uri: /reference/13c07df9-f9bd-4290-a24d-2f2c374eb377
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: "Wilder, M.\rGarfin, G.\rGanster, P.\rEakin, H.\rRomero-Lankao, P.\rLara-Valencia, F.\rCortez-Lara, A. A.\rMumme, S.\rNeri, C.\rMuñoz-Arriola, F."
    Book Title: 'Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest United States: A Report Prepared for the National Climate Assessment'
    Editor: "Garfin, G.\rJardine, A.\rMerideth, R.\rBlack, Mary\rLeRoy, Sarah"
    ISBN: 9781610914468
    Pages: 340–384
    Place Published: 'Washington, D.C.'
    Publisher: Island Press
    Reviewer: 143f2380-6a22-4149-a682-c10c62615d69
    Title: 'Ch. 16: Climate change and U.S.-Mexico border communities'
    URL: http://swccar.org/sites/all/themes/files/SW-NCA-color-FINALweb.pdf
    Year: 2013
    _chapter: '["Ch. 20: Southwest FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 4006
    _uuid: 143f2380-6a22-4149-a682-c10c62615d69
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /book/c9625c65-c20f-4163-87fe-cebf734f7836
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/143f2380-6a22-4149-a682-c10c62615d69.yaml
  identifier: 143f2380-6a22-4149-a682-c10c62615d69
  uri: /reference/143f2380-6a22-4149-a682-c10c62615d69
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'IPCC,'
    Institution: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
    Pages: 151
    Place Published: 'Geneva, Switzerland'
    Series Editor: 'R.K. Pachauri; L.A. Meyer '
    Title: 'Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'
    URL: http://ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 22102
    _uuid: 15129c59-d64f-408a-8c67-582838d5565a
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/climate-change-2014-synthesis-report-contribution-working-groups-i-ii-iii-fifth-assessment-report-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/15129c59-d64f-408a-8c67-582838d5565a.yaml
  identifier: 15129c59-d64f-408a-8c67-582838d5565a
  uri: /reference/15129c59-d64f-408a-8c67-582838d5565a
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'USCG,'
    Institution: U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Headquarters
    Pages: 47
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Report Number: CG-DCO-X
    Title: United States Coast Guard Arctic strategy
    URL: https://www.uscg.mil/Portals/0/Strategy/cg_arctic_strategy.pdf
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 26156
    _uuid: 1789d408-4d3f-4a88-afb2-80f95b1f8e9c
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/united-states-coast-guard-arctic-strategy
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1789d408-4d3f-4a88-afb2-80f95b1f8e9c.yaml
  identifier: 1789d408-4d3f-4a88-afb2-80f95b1f8e9c
  uri: /reference/1789d408-4d3f-4a88-afb2-80f95b1f8e9c
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Access Date: Sep 11
    Access Year: 2017
    Author: 'World Climate Research Programme,'
    Place Published: 'Geneva, Switzerland'
    Publisher: World Climate Research Programme
    Title: WCRP website
    URL: https://www.wcrp-climate.org/
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 22033
    _uuid: 17f5c5c1-6bfa-448e-bed0-4934f97a21ea
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/3cb017ed-bde5-4802-b145-fdb6d4d3d78b
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/17f5c5c1-6bfa-448e-bed0-4934f97a21ea.yaml
  identifier: 17f5c5c1-6bfa-448e-bed0-4934f97a21ea
  uri: /reference/17f5c5c1-6bfa-448e-bed0-4934f97a21ea
- attrs:
    Abstract: "Suppliers are increasingly being asked to share information about their vulnerability to climate change and their strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Their responses vary widely. We theorize and empirically identify several factors associated with suppliers being especially willing to share this information with buyers, focusing on attributes of the buyers seeking this information and of the suppliers being asked to provide it. We test our hypotheses using data from the Carbon Disclosure Project's Supply Chain Program, a collaboration of multinational corporations requesting such information from thousands of suppliers in 49 countries. We find evidence that suppliers are more likely to share this information when requests from buyers are more prevalent, when buyers appear committed to using the information, when suppliers belong to more profitable industries, and when suppliers are located in countries with greenhouse gas regulations. We find evidence that these factors also influence the comprehensiveness of the information suppliers share and their willingness to share the information publicly."
    Author: 'Jira, Chonnikarn; Michael W. Toffel'
    DOI: 10.1287/msom.1120.0420
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Manufacturing & Service Operations Management
    Keywords: 'econometric analysis,empirical research,environmental operations,sustainable operations,quality management,supply chain management,risk management'
    Notes: (Fern)
    Pages: 559-577
    Title: Engaging supply chains in climate change
    Volume: 15
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 22103
    _uuid: 197d3eac-636e-4579-ba44-915778bf24a9
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1287/msom.1120.0420
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/197d3eac-636e-4579-ba44-915778bf24a9.yaml
  identifier: 197d3eac-636e-4579-ba44-915778bf24a9
  uri: /reference/197d3eac-636e-4579-ba44-915778bf24a9
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Perlwitz, J.; T. Knutson; J.P. Kossin; A.N. LeGrande'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0RV0KVQ
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 161-184
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: Large-Scale Circulation and Climate Variability
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21563
    _uuid: 1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/circulation-variability
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b.yaml
  identifier: 1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b
  uri: /reference/1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'NIDIS,'
    Publisher: U.S. National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS)
    Title: North American Drought Monitor
    URL: https://www.drought.gov/nadm/content/overview
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 22111
    _uuid: 1e8f16ae-e62c-48e3-be6e-b0891c82eaef
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/4d011407-a268-4a09-bd8d-f2b7bd6039ff
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1e8f16ae-e62c-48e3-be6e-b0891c82eaef.yaml
  identifier: 1e8f16ae-e62c-48e3-be6e-b0891c82eaef
  uri: /reference/1e8f16ae-e62c-48e3-be6e-b0891c82eaef
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'A changing climate and more frequent extreme weather events pose challenges to the oil and gas sector. Identifying how these changes will affect oil and gas extraction, transportation, processing, and delivery, and how these industries can adapt to or mitigate any adverse impacts will be vital to this sector’s supply security. This work presents an overview of the sector’s vulnerability to a changing climate. It addresses the potential for Natech hazards and proposes risk reduction measures, including mitigation and adaptation options. Assessment frameworks to ensure the safety of people, the environment, and investments in the oil and gas sector in the face of climate change are presented and their limitations discussed. It is argued that a comprehensive and systemic analysis framework for risk assessment is needed. The paper concludes that climate change and extreme weather events represent a real physical threat to the oil and gas sector, particularly in low-lying coastal areas and areas exposed to extreme weather events. The sector needs to take climate change seriously, assess its own vulnerability, and take appropriate measures to prevent or mitigate any potentially negative effects.'
    Author: 'Cruz, Ana Maria; Krausmann, Elisabeth'
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-013-0891-4
    Date: November 01
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Climatic Change
    Pages: 41-53
    Title: Vulnerability of the oil and gas sector to climate change and extreme weather events
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 121
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 22084
    _uuid: 1fbbca41-de13-448c-ba68-940e6dcb5a28
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-013-0891-4
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1fbbca41-de13-448c-ba68-940e6dcb5a28.yaml
  identifier: 1fbbca41-de13-448c-ba68-940e6dcb5a28
  uri: /reference/1fbbca41-de13-448c-ba68-940e6dcb5a28
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: "Joyce, Linda A.\rRunning, Steven W.\rBreshears, David D.\rDale, Virginia H.\rMalmsheimer, Robert W.\rSampson, R. Neil\rSohngen, Brent\rWoodall, Christopher W."
    Book Title: 'Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0Z60KZC
    Editor: "Melillo, Jerry M.\rTerese (T.C.) Richmond,\rYohe, Gary W."
    Pages: 175-194
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Reviewer: 212b019e-f046-40a4-bc19-5e752527fb1c
    Title: 'Ch. 7: Forests'
    URL: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/forests
    Year: 2014
    _chapter: '["Ch. 0: About this Report FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 4718
    _uuid: 212b019e-f046-40a4-bc19-5e752527fb1c
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/nca3/chapter/forests
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  identifier: 212b019e-f046-40a4-bc19-5e752527fb1c
  uri: /reference/212b019e-f046-40a4-bc19-5e752527fb1c
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 9
    Abstract: 'As climate has warmed over recent years, a new pattern of more frequent and more intense weather events has unfolded across the globe. Climate models simulate such changes in extreme events, and some of the reasons for the changes are well understood. Warming increases the likelihood of extremely hot days and nights, favors increased atmospheric moisture that may result in more frequent heavy rainfall and snowfall, and leads to evaporation that can exacerbate droughts. Even with evidence of these broad trends, scientists cautioned in the past that individual weather events couldn't be attributed to climate change. Now, with advances in understanding the climate science behind extreme events and the science of extreme event attribution, such blanket statements may not be accurate. The relatively young science of extreme event attribution seeks to tease out the influence of human-cause climate change from other factors, such as natural sources of variability like El Niño, as contributors to individual extreme events. Event attribution can answer questions about how much climate change influenced the probability or intensity of a specific type of weather event. As event attribution capabilities improve, they could help inform choices about assessing and managing risk, and in guiding climate adaptation strategies. This report examines the current state of science of extreme weather attribution, and identifies ways to move the science forward to improve attribution capabilities.'
    Author: NAS
    DOI: 10.17226/21852
    ISBN: 978-0-309-38094-2
    Keywords: Earth Sciences; Environment and Environmental Studies
    Language: English
    Number of Pages: 186
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: The National Academies Press
    Title: Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 19570
    _uuid: 2180df56-f5ec-49e5-9733-d61778bf49d1
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /report/nas-attribution-extreme-weather-2016
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2180df56-f5ec-49e5-9733-d61778bf49d1.yaml
  identifier: 2180df56-f5ec-49e5-9733-d61778bf49d1
  uri: /reference/2180df56-f5ec-49e5-9733-d61778bf49d1
- attrs:
    Abstract: "How do income shocks affect armed conflict? Theory suggests two opposite effects. If labour is used to appropriate resources violently, higher wages may lower conflict by reducing labour supplied to appropriation. This is the opportunity cost effect. Alternatively, a rise in contestable income may increase violence by raising gains from appropriation. This is the rapacity effect. Our article exploits exogenous price shocks in international commodity markets and a rich dataset on civil war in Colombia to assess how different income shocks affect conflict. We examine changes in the price of agricultural goods (which are labour intensive) as well as natural resources (which are not). We focus on Colombia's two largest exports, coffee and oil. We find that a sharp fall in coffee prices during the 1990s lowered wages and increased violence differentially in municipalities cultivating more coffee. This is consistent with the coffee shock inducing an opportunity cost effect. In contrast, a rise in oil prices increased both municipal revenue and violence differentially in the oil region. This is consistent with the oil shock inducing a rapacity effect. We also show that this pattern holds in six other agricultural and natural resource sectors, providing evidence that price shocks affect conflict in different directions depending on the type of the commodity."
    Author: 'Dube, Oeindrila; Vargas, Juan F.'
    DOI: 10.1093/restud/rdt009
    ISSN: 0034-6527
    Issue: 4
    Journal: The Review of Economic Studies
    Notes: 10.1093/restud/rdt009
    Pages: 1384-1421
    Title: 'Commodity price shocks and civil conflict: Evidence from Colombia'
    Volume: 80
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 22080
    _uuid: 21dfc644-70cb-4784-a6fb-df36f23bf7da
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1093/restud/rdt009
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/21dfc644-70cb-4784-a6fb-df36f23bf7da.yaml
  identifier: 21dfc644-70cb-4784-a6fb-df36f23bf7da
  uri: /reference/21dfc644-70cb-4784-a6fb-df36f23bf7da
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'SEC,'
    Institution: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
    Title: 'Filing Form 10-K: PepsiCo, Inc.'
    URL: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/77476/000007747616000066/pepsico201510-k.htm
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22135
    _uuid: 24e784d9-009b-4d88-b96f-768e99d1c4fb
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/filing-form-10-k-pepsico-inc
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/24e784d9-009b-4d88-b96f-768e99d1c4fb.yaml
  identifier: 24e784d9-009b-4d88-b96f-768e99d1c4fb
  uri: /reference/24e784d9-009b-4d88-b96f-768e99d1c4fb