---
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'NOAA NCEI,'
    Place Published: 'Asheville, NC'
    Publisher: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
    Title: 'Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters [web page]'
    URL: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events/US/1980-2017
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 21310
    _uuid: 04aa6da1-18ac-435a-b31d-f4f65da727df
    reftype: Web Page
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  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/04aa6da1-18ac-435a-b31d-f4f65da727df.yaml
  identifier: 04aa6da1-18ac-435a-b31d-f4f65da727df
  uri: /reference/04aa6da1-18ac-435a-b31d-f4f65da727df
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Fahey, D.W.; S. Doherty; K.A. Hibbard; A. Romanou; P.C. Taylor'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0513WCR
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 73-113
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: Physical Drivers of Climate Change
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21560
    _uuid: 0615b4ff-d185-4e14-9d4d-5bea1ce6ca51
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/scientific-basis
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0615b4ff-d185-4e14-9d4d-5bea1ce6ca51.yaml
  identifier: 0615b4ff-d185-4e14-9d4d-5bea1ce6ca51
  uri: /reference/0615b4ff-d185-4e14-9d4d-5bea1ce6ca51
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Knutson, T.; J.P. Kossin; C. Mears; J. Perlwitz; M.F. Wehner'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    DOI: 10.7930/J01834ND
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 114-132
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21561
    _uuid: 0725eae6-7458-4ec2-8f66-880d88118148
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/detection-attribution
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0725eae6-7458-4ec2-8f66-880d88118148.yaml
  identifier: 0725eae6-7458-4ec2-8f66-880d88118148
  uri: /reference/0725eae6-7458-4ec2-8f66-880d88118148
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'EPA,'
    Institution: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
    Pages: 271
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Series Volume: EPA 430‐R‐17‐001
    Title: 'Multi-model Framework for Quantitative Sectoral Impacts Analysis: A Technical Report for the Fourth National Climate Assessment'
    URL: https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?dirEntryId=335095
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21365
    _uuid: 0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94.yaml
  identifier: 0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94
  uri: /reference/0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'U.S. Federal Government,'
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: 'U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit: Case Studies [web site]'
    URL: https://toolkit.climate.gov/case-studies
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 26065
    _uuid: 102c643a-31f7-4881-b0cb-74335c20bf6f
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/c3287d59-8610-464b-8316-653076d3a3a2
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/102c643a-31f7-4881-b0cb-74335c20bf6f.yaml
  identifier: 102c643a-31f7-4881-b0cb-74335c20bf6f
  uri: /reference/102c643a-31f7-4881-b0cb-74335c20bf6f
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Perlwitz, J.; T. Knutson; J.P. Kossin; A.N. LeGrande'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0RV0KVQ
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 161-184
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: Large-Scale Circulation and Climate Variability
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21563
    _uuid: 1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/circulation-variability
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b.yaml
  identifier: 1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b
  uri: /reference/1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Hibbard, K.A.; F.M. Hoffman; D. Huntzinger; T.O. West'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0416V6X
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 277-302
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: Changes in Land Cover and Terrestrial Biogeochemistry
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21568
    _uuid: 1b0ce605-0f6c-4e1f-8fea-71e87cb4304f
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/land-cover
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1b0ce605-0f6c-4e1f-8fea-71e87cb4304f.yaml
  identifier: 1b0ce605-0f6c-4e1f-8fea-71e87cb4304f
  uri: /reference/1b0ce605-0f6c-4e1f-8fea-71e87cb4304f
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'ERS,'
    Description: 6
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: USDA Economic Research Service (ERS)
    Title: 'Nonmetro County Poverty Rates, 2011-2015 Average [chart]'
    URL: https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/chart-gallery/gallery/chart-detail/?chartId=82280
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 26131
    _uuid: 1f9c41a2-775b-41e7-b93f-fd10e077ee66
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/d075900e-87fd-4368-85ff-508d41df5dac
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1f9c41a2-775b-41e7-b93f-fd10e077ee66.yaml
  identifier: 1f9c41a2-775b-41e7-b93f-fd10e077ee66
  uri: /reference/1f9c41a2-775b-41e7-b93f-fd10e077ee66
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; B. DeAngelo; S. Doherty; K. Hayhoe; R. Horton; J.P. Kossin; P.C. Taylor; A.M. Waple; C.P. Weaver'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0DJ5CTG
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 12-34
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: Executive summary
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21558
    _uuid: 21f65069-74b3-4bf7-bc09-0f359b825aad
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/executive-summary
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/21f65069-74b3-4bf7-bc09-0f359b825aad.yaml
  identifier: 21f65069-74b3-4bf7-bc09-0f359b825aad
  uri: /reference/21f65069-74b3-4bf7-bc09-0f359b825aad
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Access Year: 2018
    Author: 'NOAA,'
    Publisher: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
    Title: 'Smoke from Canadian Wildfires Travels Over United States [image]'
    URL: https://www.nnvl.noaa.gov/images/high_resolution/2082v1_20170817-AERO.png
    _record_number: 26737
    _uuid: 261fd2fd-96e9-4e5d-af1e-d8f578d7a876
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/f7dd0032-81c4-4acf-8850-88cddb38518a
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/261fd2fd-96e9-4e5d-af1e-d8f578d7a876.yaml
  identifier: 261fd2fd-96e9-4e5d-af1e-d8f578d7a876
  uri: /reference/261fd2fd-96e9-4e5d-af1e-d8f578d7a876
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Vose, R.S.; D.R. Easterling; K.E. Kunkel; A.N. LeGrande; M.F. Wehner'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0N29V45
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 185-206
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: Temperature Changes in the United States
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21564
    _uuid: 29960c69-6168-4fb0-9af0-d50bdd91acd3
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/temperature-change
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/29960c69-6168-4fb0-9af0-d50bdd91acd3.yaml
  identifier: 29960c69-6168-4fb0-9af0-d50bdd91acd3
  uri: /reference/29960c69-6168-4fb0-9af0-d50bdd91acd3
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: "America's Pledge,"
    Institution: Bloomberg Philanthropies
    Pages: 123
    Place Published: 'New York, NY'
    Title: "America's Pledge Phase 1 Report: States, Cities, and Businesses in the United States Are Stepping Up on Climate Action"
    URL: https://www.bbhub.io/dotorg/sites/28/2017/11/AmericasPledgePhaseOneReportWeb.pdf
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 25212
    _uuid: 30eb7358-a674-4a33-8b7e-1661355e81f0
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/americas-pledge-phase-1-report-states-cities-businesses-united-states-are-stepping-up-on-climate-action
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/30eb7358-a674-4a33-8b7e-1661355e81f0.yaml
  identifier: 30eb7358-a674-4a33-8b7e-1661355e81f0
  uri: /reference/30eb7358-a674-4a33-8b7e-1661355e81f0
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'The volume of groundwater stored in the subsurface in the United States decreased by almost 1000 km3 during 1900–2008. The aquifer systems with the three largest volumes of storage depletion include the High Plains aquifer, the Mississippi Embayment section of the Gulf Coastal Plain aquifer system, and the Central Valley of California. Depletion rates accelerated during 1945–1960, averaging 13.6 km3/year during the last half of the century, and after 2000 increased again to about 24 km3/year. Depletion intensity is a new parameter, introduced here, to provide a more consistent basis for comparing storage depletion problems among various aquifers by factoring in time and areal extent of the aquifer. During 2001–2008, the Central Valley of California had the largest depletion intensity. Groundwater depletion in the United States can explain 1.4% of observed sea‐level rise during the 108‐year study period and 2.1% during 2001–2008. Groundwater depletion must be confronted on local and regional scales to help reduce demand (primarily in irrigated agriculture) and/or increase supply.'
    Author: 'Konikow, Leonard F.'
    DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12306
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Groundwater
    Pages: 2-9
    Title: Long‐term groundwater depletion in the United States
    Volume: 53
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 25377
    _uuid: 35520257-6694-45bb-a0bf-bd14ba88a77c
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1111/gwat.12306
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/35520257-6694-45bb-a0bf-bd14ba88a77c.yaml
  identifier: 35520257-6694-45bb-a0bf-bd14ba88a77c
  uri: /reference/35520257-6694-45bb-a0bf-bd14ba88a77c
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 9
    DOI: 10.7930/J0H41PB6
    Editor: "Melillo, Jerry M.\rTerese (T.C.) Richmond,\rYohe, Gary W."
    Number of Pages: 148
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: 'Highlights of Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment'
    URL: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights
    Year: 2014
    _chapter: '["Ch. 0: About this Report FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 4711
    _uuid: 372aedbf-1493-48d9-8703-5bec046576fe
    reftype: Edited Book
  child_publication: /report/nca3-highlights
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/372aedbf-1493-48d9-8703-5bec046576fe.yaml
  identifier: 372aedbf-1493-48d9-8703-5bec046576fe
  uri: /reference/372aedbf-1493-48d9-8703-5bec046576fe
- attrs:
    Author: 'Kløve, Bjørn; Ala-Aho, Pertti; Bertrand, Guillaume; Gurdak, Jason J.; Kupfersberger, Hans; Kværner, Jens; Muotka, Timo; Mykrä, Heikki; Preda, Elena; Rossi, Pekka; Uvo, Cintia Bertacchi; Velasco, Elzie; Pulido-Velazquez, Manuel'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.06.037
    Date: 2014/10/10/
    ISSN: 0022-1694
    Issue: Part B
    Journal: Journal of Hydrology
    Keywords: Groundwater; Climate; Ecosystems; Global change; Land use; Management
    Pages: 250-266
    Title: Climate change impacts on groundwater and dependent ecosystems
    Volume: 518
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 23219
    _uuid: 38d66cb7-6270-4fa1-8e12-215ddb0a37c5
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.06.037
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/38d66cb7-6270-4fa1-8e12-215ddb0a37c5.yaml
  identifier: 38d66cb7-6270-4fa1-8e12-215ddb0a37c5
  uri: /reference/38d66cb7-6270-4fa1-8e12-215ddb0a37c5
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Sweet, W.V.; R. Horton; R.E. Kopp; A.N. LeGrande; A. Romanou'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0VM49F2
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 333-363
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: Sea Level Rise
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21570
    _uuid: 3bae2310-7572-47e2-99a4-9e4276764934
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/sea-level-rise
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3bae2310-7572-47e2-99a4-9e4276764934.yaml
  identifier: 3bae2310-7572-47e2-99a4-9e4276764934
  uri: /reference/3bae2310-7572-47e2-99a4-9e4276764934
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 9
    Abstract: 'The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) was established in 1990 to “assist the Nation and the world to understand, assess, predict, and respond to human-induced and natural processes of global change.”1 A key responsibility for the program is to conduct National Climate Assessments (NCAs) every 4 years.2 These assessments are intended to inform the nation about “observed changes in climate, the current status of the climate, and anticipated trends for the future.” The USGCRP hopes that government entities from federal agencies to small municipalities, citizens, communities, and businesses will rely on these assessments of climate- related risks for planning and decision-making. The third NCA (NCA3) was published in 2014 and work on the fourth is beginning. The USGCRP asked the Board on Environmental Change and Society of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to conduct a workshop to explore ways to frame the NCA4 and subsequent NCA reports in terms of risks to society. The workshop was intended to collect experienced views on how to characterize and communicate information about climate-related hazards, risks, and opportunities that will support decision makers in their efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce vulnerability to likely changes in climate, and increase resilience to those changes. Characterizing Risk in Climate Change Assessments summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.'
    Author: 'National Academies of Sciences Engineering & Medicine,'
    DOI: 10.17226/23569
    ISBN: 978-0-309-44551-1
    Keywords: Environment and Environmental Studies
    Language: English
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: The National Academies Press
    Series Editor: 'Beatty, Alexandra'
    Title: 'Characterizing Risk in Climate Change Assessments: Proceedings of a Workshop'
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 23652
    _uuid: 3df7d31f-d9ce-4eab-8db0-87937fd3111f
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /book/characterizing-risk-climate-change-assessments-proceedings-workshop
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3df7d31f-d9ce-4eab-8db0-87937fd3111f.yaml
  identifier: 3df7d31f-d9ce-4eab-8db0-87937fd3111f
  uri: /reference/3df7d31f-d9ce-4eab-8db0-87937fd3111f
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: "Sleeter, Benjamin M.\rSohl, Terry L.\rLoveland, Thomas R.\rAuch, Roger F.\rAcevedo, William\rDrummond, Mark A.\rSayler, Kristi L.\rStehman, Stephen V."
    DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.03.006
    ISSN: 0959-3780
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Global Environmental Change
    Keywords: "Land use\rLand cover\rEcoregions\rLandsat\rUrbanization\rForestry\rAgriculture"
    Pages: 733-748
    Title: Land-cover change in the conterminous United States from 1973 to 2000
    URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378013000538
    Volume: 23
    Year: 2013
    _chapter: '["Ch. 13: Land Use and Land Cover Change FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 4175
    _uuid: 437471ba-9fe3-4547-b193-7bf3ec00fbf3
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.03.006
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/437471ba-9fe3-4547-b193-7bf3ec00fbf3.yaml
  identifier: 437471ba-9fe3-4547-b193-7bf3ec00fbf3
  uri: /reference/437471ba-9fe3-4547-b193-7bf3ec00fbf3
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Kossin, J.P.; T. Hall; T. Knutson; K.E. Kunkel; R.J. Trapp; D.E. Waliser; M.F. Wehner'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    DOI: 10.7930/J07S7KXX
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 257-276
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: Extreme Storms
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21567
    _uuid: 52ce1b63-1b04-4728-9f1b-daee39af665e
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/extreme-storms
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/52ce1b63-1b04-4728-9f1b-daee39af665e.yaml
  identifier: 52ce1b63-1b04-4728-9f1b-daee39af665e
  uri: /reference/52ce1b63-1b04-4728-9f1b-daee39af665e
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Jewett, L.; A. Romanou'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0QV3JQB
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 364-392
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: Ocean Acidification and Other Ocean Changes
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21571
    _uuid: 5d047224-4e72-46d1-87f5-042c9617472d
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/ocean-acidification
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5d047224-4e72-46d1-87f5-042c9617472d.yaml
  identifier: 5d047224-4e72-46d1-87f5-042c9617472d
  uri: /reference/5d047224-4e72-46d1-87f5-042c9617472d
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Taylor, P.C.; W. Maslowski; J. Perlwitz; D.J. Wuebbles'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    DOI: 10.7930/J00863GK
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 303-332
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: Arctic Changes and their Effects on Alaska and the Rest of the United States
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21569
    _uuid: 61d6757d-3f7a-4e90-add7-b03de796c6c4
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/arctic
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/61d6757d-3f7a-4e90-add7-b03de796c6c4.yaml
  identifier: 61d6757d-3f7a-4e90-add7-b03de796c6c4
  uri: /reference/61d6757d-3f7a-4e90-add7-b03de796c6c4
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.R. Easterling; K. Hayhoe; T. Knutson; R.E. Kopp; J.P. Kossin; K.E. Kunkel; A.N. LeGrande; C. Mears; W.V. Sweet; P.C. Taylor; R.S. Vose; M.F. Wehner'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    DOI: 10.7930/J08S4N35
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 35-72
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: Our Globally Changing Climate
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21559
    _uuid: 666daffe-2c3b-4e2d-9157-16b989860618
    reftype: Book Section
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    Author: 'Kopp, R.E.; D.R. Easterling; T. Hall; K. Hayhoe; R. Horton; K.E. Kunkel; A.N. LeGrande'
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    Publisher: Island Press
    Title: 'Climate Change and Pacific Islands: Indicators and Impacts. Report for the 2012 Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assessment (PIRCA)'
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    Author: EPA
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    Title: 'Climate Change Indicators in the United States, 2016. 4th edition'
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    Author: USGCRP
    DOI: 10.7930/J0J964J6
    Pages: 470
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    Secondary Author: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
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    Author: 'ERS,'
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    Author: 'GCRA,'
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    Name of Act: Global Change Research Act of 1990
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    Title: 'Global Change Research Act (Public Law 101-606, 104 Stat. 3096-3104), signed on November 16, 1990'
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    Abstract: 'Climate change poses many challenges that affect society and the natural world. With these challenges, however, come opportunities to respond. By taking steps to adapt to and mitigate climate change, the risks to society and the impacts of continued climate change can be lessened. The National Climate Assessment, coordinated by the U.S. Global Change Research Program, is a mandated report intended to inform response decisions. Required to be developed every four years, these reports provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date evaluation of climate change impacts available for the United States, making them a unique and important climate change document. The draft Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) report reviewed here addresses a wide range of topics of high importance to the United States and society more broadly, extending from human health and community well-being, to the built environment, to businesses and economies, to ecosystems and natural resources. This report evaluates the draft NCA4 to determine if it meets the requirements of the federal mandate, whether it provides accurate information grounded in the scientific literature, and whether it effectively communicates climate science, impacts, and responses for general audiences including the public, decision makers, and other stakeholders.'
    Author: 'National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine,'
    DOI: 10.17226/25013
    ISBN: 978-0-309-47169-5
    Keywords: Earth Sciences; Environment and Environmental Studies
    Language: English
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: The National Academies Press
    Title: Review of the Draft Fourth National Climate Assessment
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    Author: 'Hayhoe, K.; J. Edmonds; R.E. Kopp; A.N. LeGrande; B.M. Sanderson; M.F. Wehner; D.J. Wuebbles'
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    DOI: 10.7930/J0WH2N54
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 133-160
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: 'Climate Models, Scenarios, and Projections'
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    Author: 'NRC,'
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    Publisher: 'National Research Council, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Academies Press'
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    Title: 'Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change. America’s Climate Choices: Panel on Informing Effective Decisions and Actions Related to Climate Change'
    URL: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12784
    Year: 2010
    _chapter: '["Ch. 26: Decision Support FINAL","Ch. 29: Research Needs FINAL","Ch. 28: Adaptation FINAL","RF 12"]'
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    Author: 'Wehner, M.F.; J.R. Arnold; T. Knutson; K.E. Kunkel; A.N. LeGrande'
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    Title: 'Droughts, Floods, and Wildfires'
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    Author: 'Kassel, Kathleen; Alex Melton; Rosanna Mentzer Morrison'
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    Title: 'Selected charts from Ag and Food Statistics: Charting the Essentials'
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    Author: 'U.S. Federal Government,'
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    Title: 'U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit: Tribal Nations [web site]'
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    Author: 'Meeker, Danielle; Kettle, Nathan'
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    Place Published: Fairbanks
    Title: A synthesis of climate adaptation planning needs in Alaska Native communities
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    Author: 'Wolfe, David W.; DeGaetano, Arthur T.; Peck, Gregory M.; Carey, Mary; Ziska, Lewis H.; Lea-Cox, John; Kemanian, Armen R.; Hoffmann, Michael P.; Hollinger, David Y.'
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    Journal: Climatic Change
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    Author: 'Sweet, W.V.; R.E. Kopp; C.P. Weaver; J. Obeysekera; R.M. Horton; E.R. Thieler; C. Zervas '
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    Abstract: 'Increased forest fire activity across the western continental United States (US) in recent decades has likely been enabled by a number of factors, including the legacy of fire suppression and human settlement, natural climate variability, and human-caused climate change. We use modeled climate projections to estimate the contribution of anthropogenic climate change to observed increases in eight fuel aridity metrics and forest fire area across the western United States. Anthropogenic increases in temperature and vapor pressure deficit significantly enhanced fuel aridity across western US forests over the past several decades and, during 2000–2015, contributed to 75% more forested area experiencing high (>1 σ) fire-season fuel aridity and an average of nine additional days per year of high fire potential. Anthropogenic climate change accounted for ∼55% of observed increases in fuel aridity from 1979 to 2015 across western US forests, highlighting both anthropogenic climate change and natural climate variability as important contributors to increased wildfire potential in recent decades. We estimate that human-caused climate change contributed to an additional 4.2 million ha of forest fire area during 1984–2015, nearly doubling the forest fire area expected in its absence. Natural climate variability will continue to alternate between modulating and compounding anthropogenic increases in fuel aridity, but anthropogenic climate change has emerged as a driver of increased forest fire activity and should continue to do so while fuels are not limiting.'
    Author: 'Abatzoglou, John T.; Williams, A. Park'
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607171113
    Date: 'October 18, 2016'
    Issue: 42
    Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    Pages: 11770-11775
    Title: Impact of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire across western US forests
    Volume: 113
    Year: 2016
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    Author: 'Easterling, D.R.; J.R. Arnold; T. Knutson; K.E. Kunkel; A.N. LeGrande; L.R. Leung; R.S. Vose; D.E. Waliser; M.F. Wehner'
    Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'
    Chapter: 7
    DOI: 10.7930/J0H993CC
    Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock'
    Pages: 207-230
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: Precipitation Change in the United States
    Year: 2017
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    Access Year: 2018
    Author: 'NOAA,'
    Place Published: 'Asheville, NC'
    Publisher: NOAA National Climatic Data Center
    Title: North American Drought Monitor in June 2011
    URL: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/drought/nadm/maps/en/201106#map-selection
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    Author: USGCRP
    DOI: 10.7930/J0R49NQX
    Number of Pages: 312
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: 'The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment'
    Year: 2016
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    Author: 'Mastrandrea, Michael D.; Christopher B. Field; Thomas F. Stocker; Ottmar Edenhofer; Kristie L. Ebi; David J. Frame; Hermann Held; Elmar Kriegler; Katharine J. Mach; Patrick R. Matschoss; Gian-Kasper Plattner; Gary W. Yohe; Francis W. Zwiers'
    Institution: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
    Pages: 7
    Title: Guidance Note for Lead Authors of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on Consistent Treatment of Uncertainties
    URL: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/supporting-material/uncertainty-guidance-note.pdf
    Year: 2010
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    Author: 'USGCRP,'
    DOI: 10.7930/SOCCR2.2018
    Institution: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Notes: https://www.carboncyclescience.us/state-carbon-cycle-report-soccr
    Pages: 877
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Series Editor: 'Cavallaro, N.; G. Shrestha; R. Birdsey; M. Mayes; R. Najjar; S. Reed; P. Romero-Lankao; Z. Zhu'
    Title: 'Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR2): A Sustained Assessment Report'
    URL: http://carbon2018.globalchange.gov/
    Year: 2018
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