--- - attrs: Abstract: 'This study explores the potential effectiveness of metropolitan land cover change as a climate change adaptation strategy for managing rising temperatures in a large and rapidly warming metropolitan region of the United States. Through the integration of a mesoscale meteorological model with estimated land cover data for the Atlanta, Georgia region in 2010, this study quantifies the influence of extensive land cover change at the periphery of a large metropolitan region on temperature within the city center. The first study to directly model a metropolitan scale heat transfer mechanism, we find both enhanced tree canopy and impervious cover hi the suburban zones of the Atlanta region to produce statistically significant cooling and warming effects in the urban core. Based on these findings, we conclude that urban heat island management both within and beyond the central developed core of large cities may provide an effective climate change adaptation strategy for large metropolitan regions.' Author: 'Stone, B.; Vargo, J.; Liu, P.; Hu, Y. T.; Russell, A.' DOI: 10.1021/es304352e Date: Jul ISSN: 0013-936X Issue: 14 Journal: Environmental Science & Technology Keywords: SE; UHI; Adaptation; urban; lULCC; urbanization; heat Pages: 7780-7786 Title: 'Climate change adaptation through urban heat management in Atlanta, Georgia' Volume: 47 Year: 2013 _record_number: 22853 _uuid: 16013b5e-faaa-4bdd-8c33-cd46dba8f9e9 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1021/es304352e href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/16013b5e-faaa-4bdd-8c33-cd46dba8f9e9.yaml identifier: 16013b5e-faaa-4bdd-8c33-cd46dba8f9e9 uri: /reference/16013b5e-faaa-4bdd-8c33-cd46dba8f9e9 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Mitchum, G. T.' Institution: Florida Climate Institute Pages: 20 Place Published: 'Gainesville, FL' Title: 'Sea Level Changes in the Southeastern United States: Past, Present and Future' URL: http://www.FloridaClimateInstitute.org/images/reports/201108mitchum_sealevel.pdf Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 17: Southeast and Caribbean FINAL"]' _record_number: 2064 _uuid: 168f6b1a-bf79-4887-9c82-1a27dcd1c98b reftype: Report child_publication: /report/flcliminst-slchangesse-2011 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/168f6b1a-bf79-4887-9c82-1a27dcd1c98b.yaml identifier: 168f6b1a-bf79-4887-9c82-1a27dcd1c98b uri: /reference/168f6b1a-bf79-4887-9c82-1a27dcd1c98b - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'EPA,' Institution: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Pages: 2 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Series Volume: EPA 800-Q-15-004 Title: 'Case Study: Water and Wastewater Utilities Planning for Climate Change. Seminole Tribe of Florida' URL: https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100SHVY.txt Year: 2015 _record_number: 24426 _uuid: 16ee02b9-7d19-452f-918e-e8d544df6e02 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/case-study-water-wastewater-utilities-planning-climate-change-seminole-tribe-florida href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/16ee02b9-7d19-452f-918e-e8d544df6e02.yaml identifier: 16ee02b9-7d19-452f-918e-e8d544df6e02 uri: /reference/16ee02b9-7d19-452f-918e-e8d544df6e02 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Cangialosi, John P. ; Latto, Andrew S. ; Berg, Robbie' Date: 'June 30, 2018' Institution: National Hurricane Center Pages: 111 Title: 'Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Irma (AL112017), 30 August-12 September 2017' URL: https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL112017_Irma.pdf Year: 2018 _record_number: 26322 _uuid: 19c657a0-c610-4a01-ad9b-bee46c5c0a7e reftype: Report child_publication: /report/tropical-cyclone-report-hurricane-irma-al112017-30-august-12-september-2017 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/19c657a0-c610-4a01-ad9b-bee46c5c0a7e.yaml identifier: 19c657a0-c610-4a01-ad9b-bee46c5c0a7e uri: /reference/19c657a0-c610-4a01-ad9b-bee46c5c0a7e - attrs: Author: 'Bianchi, Thomas S.; Allison, Mead A.; Zhao, Jun; Li, Xinxin; Comeaux, Rebecca S.; Feagin, Rusty A.; Kulawardhana, R. Wasantha' DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2012.12.007 Date: 2013/03/01/ ISSN: 0272-7714 Journal: 'Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science' Keywords: coastal wetlands; climate change; carbon sequestration; biomarkers; Gulf of Mexico Pages: 7-16 Title: 'Historical reconstruction of mangrove expansion in the Gulf of Mexico: Linking climate change with carbon sequestration in coastal wetlands' Volume: 119 Year: 2013 _record_number: 24295 _uuid: 1a5a85de-ee48-4d72-9a36-1c098b320f61 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.ecss.2012.12.007 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1a5a85de-ee48-4d72-9a36-1c098b320f61.yaml identifier: 1a5a85de-ee48-4d72-9a36-1c098b320f61 uri: /reference/1a5a85de-ee48-4d72-9a36-1c098b320f61 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Sarofim, Marcus C.; Saha, Shubhayu; Hawkins, Michelle D.; Mills, David M.; Hess, Jeremy; Horton, Radley; Kinney, Patrick; Schwartz, Joel; St. Juliana, Alexis' Book Title: 'The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment' DOI: 10.7930/J0MG7MDX Pages: 43–68 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Title: 'Ch. 2: Temperature-related death and illness' Year: 2016 _record_number: 19374 _uuid: 1ad1d794-bc57-4e48-ab28-0e2b65767cb9 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016/chapter/temperature-related-death-and-illness href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1ad1d794-bc57-4e48-ab28-0e2b65767cb9.yaml identifier: 1ad1d794-bc57-4e48-ab28-0e2b65767cb9 uri: /reference/1ad1d794-bc57-4e48-ab28-0e2b65767cb9 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Howell, Benita J.' Book Title: 'Culture, Environment, and Conservation in the Appalachian South' Editor: Benita J. Howell ISBN: "0-252-02705-1\r\n0-252-07022-4\r\n978-0252070228" Pages: 1-16 Place Published: Urbana and Chicago (IL) Publisher: University of Illinois Press Title: 'Appalachian culture and environmental planning: Expanding the role of cultural sciences' Year: 2002 _record_number: 24415 _uuid: 1b783f6e-d878-4908-9761-f0af84cf7b62 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /book/748e037e-edd6-494d-ad61-d2537f419d15 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1b783f6e-d878-4908-9761-f0af84cf7b62.yaml identifier: 1b783f6e-d878-4908-9761-f0af84cf7b62 uri: /reference/1b783f6e-d878-4908-9761-f0af84cf7b62 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Oswalt, Sonja N.; Smith, W. Brad; Miles, Patrick D.; Pugh, Scott A.' Institution: 'USDA, Forest Service, Washington Office' Pages: 218 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Series Volume: Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-91 Title: 'Forest Resources of the United States, 2012: A technical document supporting the Forest Service 2010 update of the RPA Assessment' URL: https://srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/47322 Year: 2014 _record_number: 21963 _uuid: 1b952677-0c30-43d4-b036-5bc4debc245b reftype: Report child_publication: /report/forest-resources-united-states-2012-technical-document-supporting-forest-service-2010-update-rpa-assessment href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1b952677-0c30-43d4-b036-5bc4debc245b.yaml identifier: 1b952677-0c30-43d4-b036-5bc4debc245b uri: /reference/1b952677-0c30-43d4-b036-5bc4debc245b - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Martin, Joe H.; Lawrence W. McEachron' Institution: 'Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Coastal Fisheries Division' Pages: 20 Place Published: 'Austin, TX' Series Volume: Management Data Series No. 118 Title: Historical annotated review of winter kills of marine organisms in Texas bays URL: https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/pwdpubs/media/mds_coastal/Series%202_MDS118.pdf Year: 1996 _record_number: 24410 _uuid: 1c389f43-4f1a-4f94-a537-3538aa444497 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/historical-annotated-review-winter-kills-marine-organisms-texas-bays href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1c389f43-4f1a-4f94-a537-3538aa444497.yaml identifier: 1c389f43-4f1a-4f94-a537-3538aa444497 uri: /reference/1c389f43-4f1a-4f94-a537-3538aa444497 - attrs: Abstract: 'There is strong evidence that global climate change over the last several decades has caused shifts in species distributions, species extinctions, and alterations in the functioning of ecosystems. However, because of high variability on short (i.e., diurnal, seasonal, and annual) timescales as well as the recency of a comprehensive instrumental record, it is difficult to detect or provide evidence for long-term, site-specific trends in ocean temperature. Here we analyze five in situ datasets from Florida Keys coral reef habitats, including historic measurements taken by lighthouse keepers, to provide three independent lines of evidence supporting approximately 0.8 °C of warming in sea surface temperature (SST) over the last century. Results indicate that the warming observed in the records between 1878 and 2012 can be fully accounted for by the warming observed in recent decades (from 1975 to 2007), documented using in situ thermographs on a mid-shore patch reef. The magnitude of warming revealed here is similar to that found in other SST datasets from the region and to that observed in global mean surface temperature. The geologic context and significance of recent ocean warming to coral growth and population dynamics are discussed, as is the future prognosis for the Florida reef tract.' Author: 'Kuffner, Ilsa B.; Lidz, Barbara H.; Hudson, J. Harold; Anderson, Jeffrey S.' DOI: 10.1007/s12237-014-9875-5 Date: May 01 ISSN: 1559-2731 Issue: 3 Journal: Estuaries and Coasts Pages: 1085-1096 Title: 'A century of ocean warming on Florida Keys coral reefs: Historic in situ observations' Type of Article: journal article Volume: 38 Year: 2015 _record_number: 24343 _uuid: 1ea5ba53-3e63-45ad-ae18-ce49750ea571 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s12237-014-9875-5 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1ea5ba53-3e63-45ad-ae18-ce49750ea571.yaml identifier: 1ea5ba53-3e63-45ad-ae18-ce49750ea571 uri: /reference/1ea5ba53-3e63-45ad-ae18-ce49750ea571 - attrs: Abstract: 'Tidal freshwater marshes exist in a dynamic environment where plant productivity, subsurface biogeochemical processes, and soil elevation respond to hydrological fluctuations over tidal to multi-decadal time scales. The objective of this study was to determine ecosystem responses to elevated salinity and increased water inputs, which are likely as sea level rise accelerates and saltwater intrudes into freshwater habitats. Since June 2008, in situ manipulations in a Zizaniopsis miliacea (giant cutgrass)-dominated tidal freshwater marsh in South Carolina have raised porewater salinities from freshwater to oligohaline levels and/or subtly increased the amount of water flowing through the system. Ecosystem-level fluxes of CO2 and CH4 have been measured to quantify rates of production and respiration. During the first 20 months of the experiment, the major impact of elevated salinity was a depression of plant productivity, whereas increasing freshwater inputs had a greater effect on rates of ecosystem CO2 emissions, primarily due to changes in soil processes. Net ecosystem production, the balance between gross ecosystem production and ecosystem respiration, decreased by 55% due to elevated salinity, increased by 75% when freshwater inputs were increased, and did not change when salinity and hydrology were both manipulated. These changes in net ecosystem production may impact the ability of marshes to keep up with rising sea levels since the accumulation of organic matter is critical in allowing tidal freshwater marshes to build soil volume. Thus, it is necessary to have regional-scale predictions of saltwater intrusion and water level changes relative to the marsh surface in order to accurately forecast the long-term sustainability of tidal freshwater marshes to future environmental change.' Author: 'Neubauer, Scott C.' DOI: 10.1007/s12237-011-9455-x Date: May 01 ISSN: 1559-2731 Issue: 3 Journal: Estuaries and Coasts Pages: 491-507 Title: Ecosystem responses of a tidal freshwater marsh experiencing saltwater intrusion and altered hydrology Type of Article: journal article Volume: 36 Year: 2013 _record_number: 24361 _uuid: 210ff194-e0eb-4eac-ad4b-db7ff6617004 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s12237-011-9455-x href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/210ff194-e0eb-4eac-ad4b-db7ff6617004.yaml identifier: 210ff194-e0eb-4eac-ad4b-db7ff6617004 uri: /reference/210ff194-e0eb-4eac-ad4b-db7ff6617004 - attrs: Author: 'Voiland, Adam' Last Update Date: September 6 Publisher: NASA Title: Hot water ahead for Hurricane Irma Title of Entry: Hot water ahead for Hurricane Irma Title of WebLog: NASA Earth Observatory URL: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/90912/hot-water-ahead-for-hurricane-irma Year: 2017 _record_number: 26304 _uuid: 2229a46c-bf7b-4f2f-a21b-10b6a40b6979 reftype: Blog child_publication: /webpage/a1feb72b-5171-4a1a-9fb4-fe633e6a2e90 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2229a46c-bf7b-4f2f-a21b-10b6a40b6979.yaml identifier: 2229a46c-bf7b-4f2f-a21b-10b6a40b6979 uri: /reference/2229a46c-bf7b-4f2f-a21b-10b6a40b6979 - attrs: Abstract: 'The Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus) is established in Everglades National Park and neighboring areas in south Florida. Beyond its substantial ecological impacts to native fauna in south Florida, concerns have been raised as to its potential to occupy other parts of the USA, even as far north as Washington, DC. During a recent period of cold weather, seven of nine captive Burmese pythons held in outdoor pens at our facility in north-central Florida died, or would have died absent our intervention. This cold-induced mortality occurred despite the presence of refugia with heat sources. Our findings cast doubt on the ability of free-ranging Burmese pythons to establish and persist beyond the subtropical environment of south Florida.' Author: 'Avery, Michael L.; Engeman, Richard M.; Keacher, Kandy L.; Humphrey, John S.; Bruce, William E.; Mathies, Tom C.; Mauldin, Richard E.' DOI: 10.1007/s10530-010-9761-4 Date: November 01 ISSN: 1573-1464 Issue: 11 Journal: Biological Invasions Pages: 3649-3652 Title: Cold weather and the potential range of invasive Burmese pythons Type of Article: journal article Volume: 12 Year: 2010 _record_number: 24291 _uuid: 24d568a5-3a01-4615-b034-4e659f5c9b4f reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10530-010-9761-4 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/24d568a5-3a01-4615-b034-4e659f5c9b4f.yaml identifier: 24d568a5-3a01-4615-b034-4e659f5c9b4f uri: /reference/24d568a5-3a01-4615-b034-4e659f5c9b4f - attrs: Abstract: 'Alien invasive insects such as gypsy moth, hemlock woolly adelgid, and emerald ash borer continue to disturb the mixed deciduous and hemlock forests of eastern North America by causing wide-scale defoliation, decline and/or mortality of their hosts. Some of the most devastating species are spreading in “defense free space”, causing extensive mortality of hosts that are inherently susceptible, perhaps due to their lack of coevolutionary history with the invader. These disturbances have altered the dynamics of canopy gaps, coarse woody debris, biogeochemical cycling, and ecological interactions among organisms in terrestrial and aquatic systems, with consequent effects on forest composition, structure, and function. Populations of indigenous species specialized to particular habitats and/or host trees are most likely to decrease, while some generalist and opportunistic species may increase in invaded forests, including exotic plants as their facilitation by alien insects sparks an “invasional meltdown”. Although poorly documented, alien insects may induce positive feedback effects on ecological processes and interactions. For example, effects of herbivory on foliar chemistry may indirectly alter tri-trophic interactions of indigenous herbivores on their shared hosts, slow rates of terrestrial nutrient cycling, and decrease productivity of aquatic habitats based on allochthonous inputs. Tactics used to eradicate or suppress alien insects in forests such as insecticide applications, biological control, and silvicultural prescriptions can also have ecological impacts. As alien insects continue to establish and spread in forests of eastern North America, their already pervasive effects on ecological interactions and ecosystem processes will continue to magnify.' Author: 'Gandhi, Kamal J. K.; Herms, Daniel A.' DOI: 10.1007/s10530-009-9627-9 Date: February 01 ISSN: 1573-1464 Issue: 2 Journal: Biological Invasions Pages: 389-405 Title: Direct and indirect effects of alien insect herbivores on ecological processes and interactions in forests of eastern North America Type of Article: journal article Volume: 12 Year: 2010 _record_number: 24318 _uuid: 26cbc6fe-9499-47ff-932d-9040f972f2f9 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10530-009-9627-9 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/26cbc6fe-9499-47ff-932d-9040f972f2f9.yaml identifier: 26cbc6fe-9499-47ff-932d-9040f972f2f9 uri: /reference/26cbc6fe-9499-47ff-932d-9040f972f2f9 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Gregg, Rachel M.; Reynier, Whitney A.; Score, Alessandra; Hilberg, Laura' Institution: EcoAdapt Pages: 214 Place Published: 'Bainbridge Island, WA' Title: 'State of climate adaptation in water resources management: Southeastern United States and U.S. Caribbean' URL: https://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/EcoAdapt_State%20of%20Adaptation_U.S.%20Southeast%20and%20Caribbean_December%202017.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 26319 _uuid: 274e822c-f2e8-453e-8fa8-6fc16658ab71 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/state-climate-adaptation-water-resources-management-southeastern-united-states-us-caribbean href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/274e822c-f2e8-453e-8fa8-6fc16658ab71.yaml identifier: 274e822c-f2e8-453e-8fa8-6fc16658ab71 uri: /reference/274e822c-f2e8-453e-8fa8-6fc16658ab71 - attrs: Author: 'Osland, Michael J.; Enwright, Nicholas M.; Day, Richard H.; Gabler, Christopher A.; Stagg, Camille L.; Grace, James B.' DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13084 ISSN: 1365-2486 Issue: 1 Journal: Global Change Biology Keywords: climate change; climate gradient; coastal wetlands; ecological threshold; ecological transition; foundation species; mangrove; salt flat; salt marsh; vulnerability assessment Pages: 1-11 Title: 'Beyond just sea-level rise: Considering macroclimatic drivers within coastal wetland vulnerability assessments to climate change' Volume: 22 Year: 2016 _record_number: 24365 _uuid: 28476a59-c86d-492e-aa97-ec61713f9775 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1111/gcb.13084 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/28476a59-c86d-492e-aa97-ec61713f9775.yaml identifier: 28476a59-c86d-492e-aa97-ec61713f9775 uri: /reference/28476a59-c86d-492e-aa97-ec61713f9775 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Amekudzi, Adjo; Crane, Matthew; Springstead, David; Rose, David; Batac, Tiffany' Institution: Federal Transit Administration Pages: 49 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Series Volume: 'FTA Report No. 0076 ' Title: Transit climate change adaptation assessment for the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority URL: https://www.transit.dot.gov/research-innovation/transit-climate-change-adaptation-assessment-metropolitan-atlanta-rapid-transit Year: 2013 _record_number: 24420 _uuid: 29100037-c24e-4309-b6a2-e4397db7ed01 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/transit-climate-change-adaptation-assessment-metropolitan-atlanta-rapid-transit-authority href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/29100037-c24e-4309-b6a2-e4397db7ed01.yaml identifier: 29100037-c24e-4309-b6a2-e4397db7ed01 uri: /reference/29100037-c24e-4309-b6a2-e4397db7ed01 - attrs: Abstract: 'Hurricane track forecasts have improved steadily over the past few decades, yet forecasting hurricane intensity remains challenging. Of special concern are the rare instances of tropical cyclones that intensify rapidly just before landfall, catching forecasters and populations off guard, thereby risking large casualties. Here, we review two historical examples of such events and use scaling arguments and models to show that rapid intensification just before landfall is likely to become increasingly frequent and severe as the globe warms.' Author: 'Emanuel, Kerry' DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-16-0134.1 Issue: 3 Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Pages: 495-501 Title: Will global warming make hurricane forecasting more difficult? Volume: 98 Year: 2017 _record_number: 26321 _uuid: 291e22bd-c8b7-409b-a4dd-2ca5ad9982e0 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/bams-d-16-0134.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/291e22bd-c8b7-409b-a4dd-2ca5ad9982e0.yaml identifier: 291e22bd-c8b7-409b-a4dd-2ca5ad9982e0 uri: /reference/291e22bd-c8b7-409b-a4dd-2ca5ad9982e0 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Williams, A.P.\rAllen, C.D.\rMacalady, A.K.\rGriffin, D.\rWoodhouse, C.A.\rMeko, D.M.\rSwetnam, T.W.\rRauscher, S.A.\rSeager, R.\rGrissino-Mayer, H.D.\rDean, J.S.\rCook, E.R.\rGangodagamage, C.\rCai, M.\rMcDowell, N.G." DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1693 Date: March 2013 ISSN: 1758-678X Issue: 3 Journal: Nature Climate Change Pages: 292-297 Title: Temperature as a potent driver of regional forest drought stress and tree mortality URL: http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v3/n3/pdf/nclimate1693.pdf Volume: 3 Year: 2013 _chapter: '["RF 10","Ch. 7: Forests FINAL"]' _record_number: 3436 _uuid: 298cdb3f-64e7-4ac9-814c-f8deefbf964b reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nclimate1693 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/298cdb3f-64e7-4ac9-814c-f8deefbf964b.yaml identifier: 298cdb3f-64e7-4ac9-814c-f8deefbf964b uri: /reference/298cdb3f-64e7-4ac9-814c-f8deefbf964b - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Vose, R.S.; D.R. Easterling; K.E. Kunkel; A.N. LeGrande; M.F. Wehner' Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I' DOI: 10.7930/J0N29V45 Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock' Pages: 185-206 Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Title: Temperature Changes in the United States Year: 2017 _record_number: 21564 _uuid: 29960c69-6168-4fb0-9af0-d50bdd91acd3 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/temperature-change href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/29960c69-6168-4fb0-9af0-d50bdd91acd3.yaml identifier: 29960c69-6168-4fb0-9af0-d50bdd91acd3 uri: /reference/29960c69-6168-4fb0-9af0-d50bdd91acd3 - attrs: Abstract: 'The urban environment has distinctive biophysical features in relation to surrounding rural areas. These include an altered energy exchange creating an urban heat island, and changes to hydrology such as increased surface runoff of rainwater. Such changes are, in part, a result of the altered surface cover of the urban area. For example less vegetated surfaces lead to a decrease in evaporative cooling, whilst an increase in surface sealing results in increased surface runoff. Climate change will amplify these distinctive features. This paper explores the important role that the green infrastructure, i.e. the greenspace network, of a city can play in adapting for climate change. It uses the conurbation of Greater Manchester as a case study site. The paper presents output from energy exchange and hydrological models showing surface temperature and surface runoff in relation to the green infrastructure under current and future climate scenarios. The implications for an adaptation strategy to climate change in the urban environment are discussed.' Author: 'Gill, S. E.; Handley, J. F.; Ennos, A. R.; Pauleit, S.' DOI: 10.2148/benv.33.1.115 Date: // Issue: 1 Journal: Built Environment Pages: 115-133 Title: 'Adapting cities for climate change: The role of the green infrastructure' Volume: 33 Year: 2007 _record_number: 24319 _uuid: 2ad1b98e-3231-40a2-801c-76321d8044b3 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.2148/benv.33.1.115 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2ad1b98e-3231-40a2-801c-76321d8044b3.yaml identifier: 2ad1b98e-3231-40a2-801c-76321d8044b3 uri: /reference/2ad1b98e-3231-40a2-801c-76321d8044b3 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Access Date: May 17 Author: 'Census Bureau, ' Publisher: U.S. Census Bureau Title: 'Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) [web site]' URL: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/asm.html Year: 2017 _record_number: 26305 _uuid: 2b2b6d39-933d-4dea-ba6c-96dc613c0525 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/25a14fdd-654b-42c5-9c30-da7bedbf3032 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2b2b6d39-933d-4dea-ba6c-96dc613c0525.yaml identifier: 2b2b6d39-933d-4dea-ba6c-96dc613c0525 uri: /reference/2b2b6d39-933d-4dea-ba6c-96dc613c0525 - attrs: .reference_type: 9 Author: 'Attaway, John A.' ISBN: "978-0944961032\r0944961037" Place Published: 'Ocala, FL' Publisher: Flordia Science Source Title: A History of Florida Citrus Freezes Year: 1997 _record_number: 24435 _uuid: 2bc3a5f0-95b4-46c5-b4bb-6984f01bb3fa reftype: Book child_publication: /book/history-florida-citrus-freezes href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2bc3a5f0-95b4-46c5-b4bb-6984f01bb3fa.yaml identifier: 2bc3a5f0-95b4-46c5-b4bb-6984f01bb3fa uri: /reference/2bc3a5f0-95b4-46c5-b4bb-6984f01bb3fa - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Global sea level rises and falls as ice sheets and glaciers melt and grow, providing an integrated picture of the changes in ice volume but little information about how much individual ice fields are contributing to those variations. Knowing the regional structure of ice variability during glaciations and deglaciations will clarify the mechanisms of the glacial cycle. Clark et al. (p. 710) compiled and analyzed more than 5000 radiocarbon and cosmogenic surface exposure ages in order to develop a record of maximum regional ice extent around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum. The responses of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres differed significantly, which reveals how the evolution of specific ice sheets affected sea level and provides insight into how insolation controlled the deglaciation.We used 5704 14C, 10Be, and 3He ages that span the interval from 10,000 to 50,000 years ago (10 to 50 ka) to constrain the timing of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in terms of global ice-sheet and mountain-glacier extent. Growth of the ice sheets to their maximum positions occurred between 33.0 and 26.5 ka in response to climate forcing from decreases in northern summer insolation, tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures, and atmospheric CO2. Nearly all ice sheets were at their LGM positions from 26.5 ka to 19 to 20 ka, corresponding to minima in these forcings. The onset of Northern Hemisphere deglaciation 19 to 20 ka was induced by an increase in northern summer insolation, providing the source for an abrupt rise in sea level. The onset of deglaciation of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet occurred between 14 and 15 ka, consistent with evidence that this was the primary source for an abrupt rise in sea level ~14.5 ka.' Author: 'Clark, Peter U.; Dyke, Arthur S.; Shakun, Jeremy D.; Carlson, Anders E.; Clark, Jorie; Wohlfarth, Barbara; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; Hostetler, Steven W.; McCabe, A. Marshall' DOI: 10.1126/science.1172873 Issue: 5941 Journal: Science Pages: 710-714 Title: The last glacial maximum Volume: 325 Year: 2009 _record_number: 20766 _uuid: 2bdf925b-cb89-4bc8-b4bc-cc7568308582 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.1172873 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2bdf925b-cb89-4bc8-b4bc-cc7568308582.yaml identifier: 2bdf925b-cb89-4bc8-b4bc-cc7568308582 uri: /reference/2bdf925b-cb89-4bc8-b4bc-cc7568308582 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'NOAA RCC,' Publisher: 'National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Regional Climate Centers (RCC)' Title: 'xmACIS2 [Applied Climate Information System online tool]' URL: http://xmacis.rcc-acis.org/ Year: 2017 _record_number: 24405 _uuid: 2c1cdc13-62d8-4e05-8e59-9002fc90a8f0 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/394f087e-0b9e-491b-8dfe-b845314bf6c9 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2c1cdc13-62d8-4e05-8e59-9002fc90a8f0.yaml identifier: 2c1cdc13-62d8-4e05-8e59-9002fc90a8f0 uri: /reference/2c1cdc13-62d8-4e05-8e59-9002fc90a8f0