--- - attrs: Author: 'Masson, V.; Marchadier, C.; Adolphe, L.; Aguejdad, R.; Avner, P.; Bonhomme, M.; Bretagne, G.; Briottet, X.; Bueno, B.; de Munck, C.; Doukari, O.; Hallegatte, S.; Hidalgo, J.; Houet, T.; Le Bras, J.; Lemonsu, A.; Long, N.; Moine, M. P.; Morel, T.; Nolorgues, L.; Pigeon, G.; Salagnac, J. L.; Viguié, V.; Zibouche, K.' DOI: 10.1016/j.uclim.2014.03.004 Date: 2014/12/01/ ISSN: 2212-0955 Journal: Urban Climate Keywords: Systemic modelling; Urban Heat Island; Adaptation; Cities; Climate Change Pages: 407-429 Title: 'Adapting cities to climate change: A systemic modelling approach' Volume: 10 Year: 2014 _record_number: 24350 _uuid: f38b1c9b-3c1e-4408-9549-6e32437955ae reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.uclim.2014.03.004 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f38b1c9b-3c1e-4408-9549-6e32437955ae.yaml identifier: f38b1c9b-3c1e-4408-9549-6e32437955ae uri: /reference/f38b1c9b-3c1e-4408-9549-6e32437955ae - attrs: Abstract: 'Background Mangroves are a group of highly salt-tolerant woody plants. The high water use efficiency of mangroves under saline conditions suggests that regulation of water transport is a crucial component of their salinity tolerance.Scope This review focuses on the processes that contribute to the ability of mangroves to maintain water uptake and limit water loss to the soil and the atmosphere under saline conditions, from micro to macro scales. These processes include: (1) efficient filtering of the incoming water to exclude salt; (2) maintenance of internal osmotic potentials lower than that of the rhizosphere; (3) water-saving properties; and (4) efficient exploitation of less-saline water sources when these become available.Conclusions Mangroves are inherently plastic and can change their structure at the root, leaf and stand levels in response to salinity in order to exclude salt from the xylem stream, maintain leaf hydraulic conductance, avoid cavitation and regulate water loss (e.g. suberization of roots and alterations of leaf size, succulence and angle, hydraulic anatomy and biomass partitioning). However, much is still unknown about the regulation of water uptake in mangroves, such as how they sense and respond to heterogeneity in root zone salinity, the extent to which they utilize non-stomatally derived CO2 as a water-saving measure and whether they can exploit atmospheric water sources.' Author: 'Reef, Ruth; Lovelock, Catherine E.' DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu174 ISSN: 0305-7364 Issue: 3 Journal: Annals of Botany Notes: 10.1093/aob/mcu174 Pages: 385-395 Title: Regulation of water balance in mangroves Volume: 115 Year: 2015 _record_number: 24370 _uuid: f397a46b-de54-4373-9bd2-23e5550f7358 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1093/aob/mcu174 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f397a46b-de54-4373-9bd2-23e5550f7358.yaml identifier: f397a46b-de54-4373-9bd2-23e5550f7358 uri: /reference/f397a46b-de54-4373-9bd2-23e5550f7358 - attrs: .reference_type: 9 Author: 'Mitsch, William J.; James G. Gosselink' Edition: 4th ISBN: "0471699675\r978-0471699675" Place Published: New York Publisher: Wiley Title: Wetlands Year: 2007 _record_number: 26338 _uuid: f3efb037-04cf-442a-8d41-812d21f7a6c8 reftype: Book child_publication: /book/3569d7ad-da4f-40c9-a13b-456b277e8e73 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f3efb037-04cf-442a-8d41-812d21f7a6c8.yaml identifier: f3efb037-04cf-442a-8d41-812d21f7a6c8 uri: /reference/f3efb037-04cf-442a-8d41-812d21f7a6c8 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Access Date: April 25 Author: 'ERS,' Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Publisher: 'USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS)' Title: 'Atlas of Rural and Small-Town America [web tool]' URL: https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/atlas-of-rural-and-small-town-america/ Year: 2017 _record_number: 26341 _uuid: f4f8dff1-bf58-4d82-93ff-5ffabfa1231d reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/514851df-05ff-4be8-9a97-d745bb2dcc94 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f4f8dff1-bf58-4d82-93ff-5ffabfa1231d.yaml identifier: f4f8dff1-bf58-4d82-93ff-5ffabfa1231d uri: /reference/f4f8dff1-bf58-4d82-93ff-5ffabfa1231d - attrs: Abstract: 'Recent evidence indicates that climate change and intensification of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has increased variation in sea level. Although widespread impacts on intertidal ecosystems are anticipated to arise from the sea level seesaw associated with climate change, none have yet been demonstrated. Intertidal ecosystems, including mangrove forests are among those ecosystems that are highly vulnerable to sea level rise, but they may also be vulnerable to sea level variability and extreme low sea level events. During 16 years of monitoring of a mangrove forest in Mangrove Bay in north Western Australia, we documented two forest dieback events, the most recent one being coincident with the large-scale dieback of mangroves in the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia. Diebacks in Mangrove Bay were coincident with periods of very low sea level, which were associated with increased soil salinization of 20–30% above pre-event levels, leading to canopy loss, reduced Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and reduced recruitment. Our study indicates that an intensification of ENSO will have negative effects on some mangrove forests in parts of the Indo-Pacific that will exacerbate other pressures.' Author: 'Lovelock, Catherine E.; Feller, Ilka C.; Reef, Ruth; Hickey, Sharyn; Ball, Marilyn C.' DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01927-6 Date: 2017/05/10 ISSN: 2045-2322 Issue: 1 Journal: Scientific Reports Pages: Article 1680 Title: Mangrove dieback during fluctuating sea levels Volume: 7 Year: 2017 _record_number: 24347 _uuid: f5a55fe1-97ad-4a32-bbdd-e75a76eb679a reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/s41598-017-01927-6 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f5a55fe1-97ad-4a32-bbdd-e75a76eb679a.yaml identifier: f5a55fe1-97ad-4a32-bbdd-e75a76eb679a uri: /reference/f5a55fe1-97ad-4a32-bbdd-e75a76eb679a - attrs: Author: 'Census Bureau,' Last Update Date: March 26 Message Number: CB15-56 Publisher: U.S. Census Brueau Title: 'Press release: New Census Bureau Population Estimates Reveal Metro Areas and Counties That Propelled Growth in Florida and the Nation' Title of Entry: 'Press release: New Census Bureau Population Estimates Reveal Metro Areas and Counties That Propelled Growth in Florida and the Nation' Title of WebLog: Census Newsroom URL: https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2015/cb15-56.html Year: 2015 _record_number: 24451 _uuid: f5faf77d-e40f-4647-9042-0535a3b2511e reftype: Blog child_publication: /webpage/884cbf2c-8785-428b-9134-c32980e95519 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f5faf77d-e40f-4647-9042-0535a3b2511e.yaml identifier: f5faf77d-e40f-4647-9042-0535a3b2511e uri: /reference/f5faf77d-e40f-4647-9042-0535a3b2511e - attrs: Abstract: 'Salt marshes in the southeastern United States have recently experienced massive die-off, one of many examples of widespread degradation in marine and coastal ecosystems. Although intense drought is thought to be the primary cause of this die-off, we found snail grazing to be a major contributing factor. Survey of marsh die-off areas in three states revealed high-density fronts of snails on die-off edges at 11 of 12 sites. Exclusion experiments demonstrated that snails actively converted marshes to exposed mudflats. Salt addition and comparative field studies suggest that drought-induced stress and grazers acted synergistically and to varying degrees to cause initial plant death. After these disturbances, snail fronts formed on die-off edges and subsequently propagated through healthy marsh, leading to cascading vegetation loss. These results, combined with model analyses, reveal strong interactions between increasing climatic stress and grazer pressure, both potentially related to human environmental impacts, which amplify the likelihood and intensity of runaway collapse in these coastal systems.' Author: 'Silliman, Brian R.; van de Koppel, Johan; Bertness, Mark D.; Stanton, Lee E.; Mendelssohn, Irving A.' DOI: 10.1126/science.1118229 Issue: 5755 Journal: Science Pages: 1803-1806 Title: 'Drought, snails, and large-scale die-off of southern U.S. salt marshes' Volume: 310 Year: 2005 _record_number: 24376 _uuid: f642c166-4880-4ce0-b798-d00f4ce73486 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.1118229 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f642c166-4880-4ce0-b798-d00f4ce73486.yaml identifier: f642c166-4880-4ce0-b798-d00f4ce73486 uri: /reference/f642c166-4880-4ce0-b798-d00f4ce73486 - attrs: .reference_type: 63 Author: 'Scott, Rick' Date: September 9 Place Published: 'Tallahassee, FL' Title: Gov. Scott issues updates on Hurricane Irma preparedness URL: https://www.flgov.com/2017/09/09/gov-scott-issues-updates-on-hurricane-irma-preparedness-10/ Year: 2017 _record_number: 26312 _uuid: f76804ad-7d6a-4ea2-9d45-51e0465a4ec1 reftype: Press Release child_publication: /generic/923b4e3b-9180-4de8-936a-ab455f908ea3 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f76804ad-7d6a-4ea2-9d45-51e0465a4ec1.yaml identifier: f76804ad-7d6a-4ea2-9d45-51e0465a4ec1 uri: /reference/f76804ad-7d6a-4ea2-9d45-51e0465a4ec1 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Abstract: 'Human‐caused climate change is predicted to affect the frequency of hazard‐linked extremes. Unusually large wildfires are a type of extreme event that is constrained by climate and can be a hazard to society but also an important ecological disturbance. This chapter focuses on changes in the frequency of extreme monthly area burned by wildfires for the end of the 21st century for a wildfire‐prone region in the southeast United States. Predicting changes in area burned is complicated by the large and varied uncertainties in how the climate will change and in the models used to predict those changes. The chapter characterizes and quantifies multiple sources of uncertainty and propagate the expanded prediction intervals of future area burned. It illustrates that while accounting for multiple sources of uncertainty in global change science problems is a difficult task, it will be necessary in order to properly assess the risk of increased exposure to these society‐relevant events.' Author: 'Terando, Adam J.; Brian Reich; Krishna Pacifici; Jennifer Costanza; Alexa McKerrow; Jaime A. Collazo ' Book Title: 'Natural Hazard Uncertainty Assessment: Modeling and Decision Support' DOI: 10.1002/9781119028116.ch16 Editor: Karin Riley; Peter Webley; Matthew Thompson ISBN: "9781119028116\r9781119027867" Pages: 245-256 Publisher: American Geophysical Union Series Volume: Geophysical Monograph Series 223 Title: 'Uncertainty quantification and propagation for projections of extremes in monthly area burned under climate change: A case study in the coastal plain of Georgia, USA' Year: 2016 _record_number: 25181 _uuid: f7c694dd-7e4f-4a29-be1b-1834614b3e14 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /book/702ab4d9-d271-4240-9b53-b0441cdc4279 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f7c694dd-7e4f-4a29-be1b-1834614b3e14.yaml identifier: f7c694dd-7e4f-4a29-be1b-1834614b3e14 uri: /reference/f7c694dd-7e4f-4a29-be1b-1834614b3e14 - attrs: Abstract: 'Episodes of severe weather in the United States, such as the present abundance of rainfall in California, are brandished as tangible evidence of the future costs of current climate trends. Hsiang et al. collected national data documenting the responses in six economic sectors to short-term weather fluctuations. These data were integrated with probabilistic distributions from a set of global climate models and used to estimate future costs during the remainder of this century across a range of scenarios (see the Perspective by Pizer). In terms of overall effects on gross domestic product, the authors predict negative impacts in the southern United States and positive impacts in some parts of the Pacific Northwest and New England.Science, this issue p. 1362; see also p. 1330Estimates of climate change damage are central to the design of climate policies. Here, we develop a flexible architecture for computing damages that integrates climate science, econometric analyses, and process models. We use this approach to construct spatially explicit, probabilistic, and empirically derived estimates of economic damage in the United States from climate change. The combined value of market and nonmarket damage across analyzed sectors—agriculture, crime, coastal storms, energy, human mortality, and labor—increases quadratically in global mean temperature, costing roughly 1.2% of gross domestic product per +1°C on average. Importantly, risk is distributed unequally across locations, generating a large transfer of value northward and westward that increases economic inequality. By the late 21st century, the poorest third of counties are projected to experience damages between 2 and 20% of county income (90% chance) under business-as-usual emissions (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5).' Author: 'Hsiang, Solomon; Kopp, Robert; Jina, Amir; Rising, James; Delgado, Michael; Mohan, Shashank; Rasmussen, D. J.; Muir-Wood, Robert; Wilson, Paul; Oppenheimer, Michael; Larsen, Kate; Houser, Trevor' DOI: 10.1126/science.aal4369 Issue: 6345 Journal: Science Pages: 1362-1369 Title: Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States Volume: 356 Year: 2017 _record_number: 23965 _uuid: fad9e8ec-8951-4daa-9a9c-e093ef86af16 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.aal4369 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/fad9e8ec-8951-4daa-9a9c-e093ef86af16.yaml identifier: fad9e8ec-8951-4daa-9a9c-e093ef86af16 uri: /reference/fad9e8ec-8951-4daa-9a9c-e093ef86af16 - attrs: .publisher: Nature Publishing Group .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Wahl, Thomas; Jain, Shaleen; Bender, Jens; Meyers, Steven D.; Luther, Mark E.' DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2736 ISSN: 1758-678X Issue: 12 Journal: Nature Climate Change Pages: 1093-1097 Title: Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm surge and rainfall for major US cities Volume: 5 Year: 2015 _record_number: 21544 _uuid: faea1d4f-493d-4545-bea1-1703ad92ac95 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nclimate2736 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/faea1d4f-493d-4545-bea1-1703ad92ac95.yaml identifier: faea1d4f-493d-4545-bea1-1703ad92ac95 uri: /reference/faea1d4f-493d-4545-bea1-1703ad92ac95 - attrs: .reference_type: 9 Author: 'Kozlowski, T. T.; Pallardy, S. G.' ISBN: 978-0-12-424210-4 Place Published: San Diego Publisher: Academic Press Series Editor: 'Roy, Jacques' Series Volume: Physiological Ecology Title: Growth Control in Woody Plants Year: 1997 _record_number: 24340 _uuid: fb5567e7-7296-4ea0-8749-76c74eae20d5 reftype: Book child_publication: /book/growth-control-woody-plants href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/fb5567e7-7296-4ea0-8749-76c74eae20d5.yaml identifier: fb5567e7-7296-4ea0-8749-76c74eae20d5 uri: /reference/fb5567e7-7296-4ea0-8749-76c74eae20d5 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'City of Charleston,' Institution: Mayor's Office Pages: 17 Place Published: 'Charleston, SC' Title: Sea level rise strategy URL: http://www.charleston-sc.gov/DocumentCenter/View/10089 Year: 2015 _record_number: 24443 _uuid: fb8a8ec4-cc8b-4b20-8230-5bbaf2ce992f reftype: Report child_publication: /report/sea-level-rise-strategy href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/fb8a8ec4-cc8b-4b20-8230-5bbaf2ce992f.yaml identifier: fb8a8ec4-cc8b-4b20-8230-5bbaf2ce992f uri: /reference/fb8a8ec4-cc8b-4b20-8230-5bbaf2ce992f - attrs: Abstract: 'The fire-dependent longleaf pine–wiregrass (Pinus palustris Mill.–Aristida beyrichiana Trin. & Rupr.) savannas of the southeastern United States provide a unique opportunity to examine the relationship between productivity and species richness in a natural ecosystem because of the extremely high number of species and their range across a wide ecological amplitude (sandhills to edges of wetlands). We used a natural gradient to examine how plant species richness and plant community structure vary with standing crop biomass (which in this system is proportional to annual net productivity) as a function of soil moisture and nitrogen mineralization rates in a frequently burned longleaf pine–wiregrass savanna. Highest ground cover biomass and highest species richness were found at the same position along the gradient, the wet-mesic sites. Relative differences in species richness among site types were independent of scale, ranging from 0.01 m2 to 100 m2. Nitrogen availability was negatively correlated with species richness. Dominance of wiregrass (in terms of biomass) was consistent across the gradient and not correlated with species richness. Regardless of site type, the community structure of the savannas was characterized by many perennial species with infrequent occurrences, a factor in the low temporal heterogeneity (percent similarity between seasons and years) and high within-site spatial heterogeneity (percent dissimilarity of vegetation composition). The coexistence of numerous species is likely due to the high frequency of fire that removes competing hardwood vegetation and litter and to the suite of fire-adapted perennial species that, once established, are able to persist. Our results suggest that soil moisture is an important factor regulating both the number of species present and community production within the defined gradient of this study.' Author: 'Kirkman, L. Katherine; Mitchell, Robert J.; Helton, R. Carol; Drew, Mark B.' DOI: 10.2307/3558437 Issue: 11 Journal: American Journal of Botany Pages: 2119-2128 Title: Productivity and species richness across an environmental gradient in a fire-dependent ecosystem Volume: 88 Year: 2001 _record_number: 26315 _uuid: fc131998-4745-465f-8cf2-3f140e6e479c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.2307/3558437 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/fc131998-4745-465f-8cf2-3f140e6e479c.yaml identifier: fc131998-4745-465f-8cf2-3f140e6e479c uri: /reference/fc131998-4745-465f-8cf2-3f140e6e479c - attrs: Author: "Clark, James S.; Iverson, Louis; Woodall, Christopher W.; Allen, Craig D.; Bell, David M.; Bragg, Don C.; D'Amato, Anthony W.; Davis, Frank W.; Hersh, Michelle H.; Ibanez, Ines; Jackson, Stephen T.; Matthews, Stephen; Pederson, Neil; Peters, Matthew; Schwartz, Mark W.; Waring, Kristen M.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E." DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13160 ISSN: 1365-2486 Issue: 7 Journal: Global Change Biology Keywords: climate change; drought; forest dieback; forest management Pages: 2329-2352 Title: 'The impacts of increasing drought on forest dynamics, structure, and biodiversity in the United States' Volume: 22 Year: 2016 _record_number: 21186 _uuid: fc6e40e3-32d7-4d49-82c5-8fe3d9845886 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1111/gcb.13160 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/fc6e40e3-32d7-4d49-82c5-8fe3d9845886.yaml identifier: fc6e40e3-32d7-4d49-82c5-8fe3d9845886 uri: /reference/fc6e40e3-32d7-4d49-82c5-8fe3d9845886 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Ross Strategic,' Institution: Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies Pages: 19 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Title: 'International Water and Climate Forum, 2015. Synthesis Report' URL: http://www.waterclimateforum.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/WaterClimateForumSynthesisReport_04Mar2016.pdf Year: 2016 _record_number: 24414 _uuid: fe86238e-eab4-4c02-a7dd-19bcd96a2613 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/international-water-climate-forum-2015-synthesis-report href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/fe86238e-eab4-4c02-a7dd-19bcd96a2613.yaml identifier: fe86238e-eab4-4c02-a7dd-19bcd96a2613 uri: /reference/fe86238e-eab4-4c02-a7dd-19bcd96a2613 - attrs: Abstract: 'We present a novel approach to characterize the spatiotemporal evolution of regional cooling across the eastern United States (commonly called the U.S. warming hole), by defining a spatially explicit boundary around the region of most persistent cooling. The warming hole emerges after a regime shift in 1958 where annual maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures decreased by 0.83°C and 0.46°C, respectively. The annual warming hole consists of two distinct seasonal modes, one located in the southeastern United States during winter and spring and the other in the midwestern United States during summer and autumn. A correlation analysis indicates that the seasonal modes differ in causation. Winter temperatures in the warming hole are significantly correlated with the Meridional Circulation Index, North Atlantic Oscillation, and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. However, the variability of ocean-atmosphere circulation modes is insufficient to explain the summer temperature patterns of the warming hole.' Author: 'Partridge, T. F.; Winter, J. M.; Osterberg, E. C.; Hyndman, D. W.; Kendall, A. D.; Magilligan, F. J.' DOI: 10.1002/2017GL076463 Issue: 4 Journal: Geophysical Research Letters Pages: 2055-2063 Title: Spatially distinct seasonal patterns and forcings of the U.S. warming hole Volume: 45 Year: 2018 _record_number: 26297 _uuid: ff46ee1f-ac7c-41c9-97d7-a728c02617a2 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/2017GL076463 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/ff46ee1f-ac7c-41c9-97d7-a728c02617a2.yaml identifier: ff46ee1f-ac7c-41c9-97d7-a728c02617a2 uri: /reference/ff46ee1f-ac7c-41c9-97d7-a728c02617a2