---
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Abstract: 'Societies are addressing increasingly complex governance challenges that necessitate collaboration between many organizations. Harnessing the emergent abilities of these collective efforts requires new administrative strategies and techniques, but if done well also provides promise for addressing important social challenges. In Maricopa County Arizona the Department of Public Health reports 632 confirmed heat-associated deaths from 2006 to 2013. In response, public health and other organizations coordinate across the County with a collection of public and private organizations and non-profit groups to provide services for heat relief as cooling centers during the summer. Here we show how participatory modeling can be used as a tool to enable this ad-hoc collaborative network to self-organize to provide more efficient service. The voluntary nature of the network imposes a structure on cooling service provision as the locations and open hours of centers are largely based on other ongoing operations. There are consequently both gaps and redundancies in spatial and temporal cooling center availability that exist when the network is examined from a system perspective. Over the last year, we engaged members of the heat relief community in central Arizona in a participatory modeling effort to help improve a simple prototype agent-based model that visualizes relevant components of the regional Heat Relief Network’s function. Through this process, the members developed systemic awareness of both the challenges and opportunities of coordination across the network. This effort helped network members begin to see cooling centers from a systems perspective, leverage their ability to see dynamic cooling center availability spatially and temporally and thus increase opportunities to align services along both dimensions. Our collaboration with the Heat Relief Network in central Arizona highlights participatory modeling as an innovative means for translating evidence to practice and facilitating knowledge dissemination, two important elements for successful applications on complexity governance.'
    Author: 'Uebelherr, Joshua; Hondula, David M.; Johnston, Erik W.'
    Book Title: 'Innovation Networks for Regional Development: Concepts, Case Studies, and Agent-Based Models'
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43940-2_9
    Editor: 'Vermeulen, Ben; Paier, Manfred'
    ISBN: 978-3-319-43940-2
    Pages: 215-236
    Place Published: Cham
    Publisher: Springer International Publishing
    Title: Using participatory modeling to enable local innovation through complexity governance
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 25988
    _uuid: beced1bd-55b2-4716-9154-cdccc23e3114
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /book/ee637891-77c2-4593-8bf9-39f1f0fb564b
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/beced1bd-55b2-4716-9154-cdccc23e3114.yaml
  identifier: beced1bd-55b2-4716-9154-cdccc23e3114
  uri: /reference/beced1bd-55b2-4716-9154-cdccc23e3114
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Cooley, Heather; Michael Cohen; Rapichan Phurisamban; Guillaume Gruère'
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlr3bx95v48-en
    Institution: OECD Publishing
    Pages: 29
    Place Published: Paris
    Series Volume: 'OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers No. 96'
    Title: 'Water Risk Hotspots for Agriculture: The Case of the Southwest United States'
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 23956
    _uuid: bf7e284b-6333-477d-883f-23e002742a6c
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/water-risk-hotspots-agriculture-case-southwest-united-states
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/bf7e284b-6333-477d-883f-23e002742a6c.yaml
  identifier: bf7e284b-6333-477d-883f-23e002742a6c
  uri: /reference/bf7e284b-6333-477d-883f-23e002742a6c
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Lewitus, Alan J.; Horner, Rita A.; Caron, David A.; Garcia-Mendoza, Ernesto; Hickey, Barbara M.; Hunter, Matthew; Huppert, Daniel D.; Kudela, Raphael M.; Langlois, Gregg W.; Largier, John L.; Lessard, Evelyn J.; RaLonde, Raymond; Rensel, J.E. Jack; Strutton, Peter G.; Trainer, Vera L.; Tweddle, Jacqueline F.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2012.06.009
    ISSN: 1878-1470
    Journal: Harmful Algae
    Pages: 133-159
    Title: 'Harmful algal blooms along the North American west coast region: History, trends, causes, and impacts'
    Volume: 19
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 17114
    _uuid: bf9e1e12-177e-4d6a-bae5-c9ed434d64b2
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.hal.2012.06.009
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/bf9e1e12-177e-4d6a-bae5-c9ed434d64b2.yaml
  identifier: bf9e1e12-177e-4d6a-bae5-c9ed434d64b2
  uri: /reference/bf9e1e12-177e-4d6a-bae5-c9ed434d64b2
- attrs:
    Author: 'Cheung, William W. L.; Brodeur, Richard D.; Okey, Thomas A.; Pauly, Daniel'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2014.09.003
    Date: 2015/01/01/
    ISSN: 0079-6611
    Journal: Progress in Oceanography
    Pages: 19-31
    Title: Projecting future changes in distributions of pelagic fish species of Northeast Pacific shelf seas
    Volume: 130
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 23741
    _uuid: bfd896fb-e6cf-45bb-90fc-46742079789c
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.09.003
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/bfd896fb-e6cf-45bb-90fc-46742079789c.yaml
  identifier: bfd896fb-e6cf-45bb-90fc-46742079789c
  uri: /reference/bfd896fb-e6cf-45bb-90fc-46742079789c
- attrs:
    .publisher: Springer Netherlands
    .reference_type: 0
    Alternate Journal: Climatic Change
    Author: "Gautam, Mahesh R.\rChief, Karletta\rSmith, William J., Jr."
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-013-0737-0
    Date: Cotober 2013
    Epub Date: 2013/04/09
    ISSN: 0165-0009
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Climatic Change
    Language: English
    Pages: 585-599
    Title: 'Climate change in arid lands and Native American socioeconomic vulnerability: The case of the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe'
    URL: http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10584-013-0737-0.pdf
    Volume: 120
    Year: 2013
    _chapter: '["Ch. 20: Southwest FINAL","Ch. 12: Indigenous FINAL","Ch. 1: Overview FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 3909
    _uuid: c1162288-6379-4b60-b573-d0f8482d8fa0
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-013-0737-0
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c1162288-6379-4b60-b573-d0f8482d8fa0.yaml
  identifier: c1162288-6379-4b60-b573-d0f8482d8fa0
  uri: /reference/c1162288-6379-4b60-b573-d0f8482d8fa0
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Projections of possible precipitation change in California under global warming have been subject to considerable uncertainty because California lies between the region anticipated to undergo increases in precipitation at mid-to-high latitudes and regions of anticipated decrease in the subtropics. Evaluation of the large-scale model experiments for phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) suggests a greater degree of agreement on the sign of the winter (December–February) precipitation change than in the previous such intercomparison, indicating a greater portion of California falling within the increased precipitation zone. While the resolution of global models should not be relied on for accurate depiction of topographic rainfall distribution within California, the precipitation changes depend substantially on large-scale shifts in the storm tracks arriving at the coast. Significant precipitation increases in the region arriving at the California coast are associated with an eastward extension of the region of strong Pacific jet stream, which appears to be a robust feature of the large-scale simulated changes. This suggests that effects of this jet extension in steering storm tracks toward the California coast constitute an important factor that should be assessed for impacts on incoming storm properties for high-resolution regional model assessments.'
    Author: 'Neelin, J. David; Baird Langenbrunner; Joyce E. Meyerson; Alex Hall; Neil Berg'
    DOI: 10.1175/jcli-d-12-00514.1
    Issue: 17
    Journal: Journal of Climate
    Keywords: 'North America,Climate change,Hydrology,Climate models'
    Pages: 6238-6256
    Title: California winter precipitation change under global warming in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 Ensemble
    Volume: 26
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 23835
    _uuid: c137667f-ab0a-49fb-a324-1f5e2b9ad3e5
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00514.1
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c137667f-ab0a-49fb-a324-1f5e2b9ad3e5.yaml
  identifier: c137667f-ab0a-49fb-a324-1f5e2b9ad3e5
  uri: /reference/c137667f-ab0a-49fb-a324-1f5e2b9ad3e5
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Although declining oxygen concentration has been reported for the oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) of the tropical oceans and the North Pacific Ocean, consistent with model predictions of the effects of global warming, its ecological impacts are poorly understood. We report the apparent impact of declining oxygen on midwater fishes within the OMZ of the southern California Current (CC). Principal component analysis of the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) ichthyoplankton time series from 1951 to 2008 indicates that the dominant temporal pattern (principal component 1 [PC1]) represents the marked decline of the region’s mesopelagic fishes during periods of reduced oxygen. Of the 27 taxa with loadings > 0.5 on PC1, 24 were mesopelagic. PC1 was strongly correlated with intermediate-water oxygen concentrations (r = 0.75, p < 0.05), which were about 20% lower in the past decade and the 1950s than in the period from 1970 to 1995. The abundance of mesopelagic fishes represented by PC1 was reduced, on average, by 63% between periods of high and low oxygen concentrations. We hypothesize that the underlying mechanism is the shoaling of the hypoxic boundary layer during periods of reduced oxygen, which renders the mesopelagic fauna more vulnerable to visually orienting predators. The mesopelagic fish fauna provides a vital trophodynamic link between the marine plankton and many higher predators. The decline of deepwater fish populations has profound implications for commercial fisheries, marine food webs and marine conservation: climate models predict a 20 to 40% decline in global deepwater oxygen concentrations over the coming century.'
    Author: 'Koslow, J. Anthony; Goericke, Ralf; Lara-Lopez, Ana; Watson, William'
    DOI: 10.3354/meps09270
    Journal: Marine Ecology Progress Series
    Notes: 10.3354/meps09270
    Pages: 207-218
    Title: Impact of declining intermediate-water oxygen on deepwater fishes in the California Current
    Volume: 436
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 23801
    _uuid: c142629b-17fd-48b5-9e56-c57bca0523c2
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.3354/meps09270
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c142629b-17fd-48b5-9e56-c57bca0523c2.yaml
  identifier: c142629b-17fd-48b5-9e56-c57bca0523c2
  uri: /reference/c142629b-17fd-48b5-9e56-c57bca0523c2
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Both obesity and strenuous outdoor work are known risk factors for heat-related illness (HRI). These risk factors may be compounded by more and longer periods of extreme heat in the southeastern U.S. To quantify occupational risk and investigate the possible predictive value of a GIS-based tool, a weighted occupation-based metabolic equivalent (MET) index was created. The correlation between current MET-weighted employment rates or obesity rates and 2012 HRI report rates in Alabama were then determined. With the current dataset, results indicate occupational and obesity rates may explain some of the geographical variation seen in HRI report rates, although results are not statistically significant with this limited dataset. Mapping occupational and physiological risk factors with HRI rates may be useful for environmental and occupational health professionals to identify “hotspots” that may require special attention.'
    Author: 'Crider, Kyle G.; Maples, Elizabeth H.; Gohlke, Julia M.'
    Date: Jul-Aug
    ISSN: 0022-0892
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Journal of Environmental Health
    Name of Database: PMC
    Notes: "25185323[pmid]\rJ Environ Health"
    Pages: 16-22
    Title: Incorporating occupational risk in heat stress vulnerability mapping
    URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4211285/
    Volume: 77
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 23751
    _uuid: c170c3ae-9595-4908-a5a8-18062e153fcf
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/pmid-25185323
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c170c3ae-9595-4908-a5a8-18062e153fcf.yaml
  identifier: c170c3ae-9595-4908-a5a8-18062e153fcf
  uri: /reference/c170c3ae-9595-4908-a5a8-18062e153fcf
- attrs:
    Author: 'Choudhary, Ekta; Vaidyanathan, Ambarish'
    ISSN: 1545-8636
    Issue: 13
    Journal: MMWR Surveillance Summaries
    Pages: 1-10
    Title: 'Heat stress illness hospitalizations—Environmental public health tracking program, 20 States, 2001-2010.'
    URL: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6313a1.htm
    Volume: 63
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 23742
    _uuid: c2022b30-10b5-40f8-b14b-82c43209dd3d
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/heat-stress-illness-hospitalizationsenvironmental-public-health-tracking-program-20-states-2001-2010
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c2022b30-10b5-40f8-b14b-82c43209dd3d.yaml
  identifier: c2022b30-10b5-40f8-b14b-82c43209dd3d
  uri: /reference/c2022b30-10b5-40f8-b14b-82c43209dd3d
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Elias, Emile; Caiti Steele; Kris Havstad; Kerri Steenwerth; Jeanne Chambers; Helena Deswood; Amber Kerr; Albert Rango; Mark Schwartz; Peter Stine; Rachel Steele'
    Institution: 'U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Research Station'
    Pages: 76
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Series Editor: 'Anderson, Terry'
    Series Volume: Miscellaneaous publication
    Title: Southwest Regional Climate Hub and California Subsidiary Hub Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies
    URL: https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_journals/2015/rmrs_2015_elias_e001.pdf
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 23955
    _uuid: c29be9d3-c558-41ec-979c-f8d0c0b6f0e6
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/southwest-regional-climate-hub-california-subsidiary-hub-assessment-climate-change-vulnerability-adaptation-mitigation-strategies
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c29be9d3-c558-41ec-979c-f8d0c0b6f0e6.yaml
  identifier: c29be9d3-c558-41ec-979c-f8d0c0b6f0e6
  uri: /reference/c29be9d3-c558-41ec-979c-f8d0c0b6f0e6
- attrs:
    Author: 'Berman, Jesse D.; Ebisu, Keita; Peng, Roger D.; Dominici, Francesca; Bell, Michelle L.'
    DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30002-5
    Date: 2017/04/01/
    ISSN: 2542-5196
    Issue: 1
    Journal: The Lancet Planetary Health
    Pages: e17-e25
    Title: 'Drought and the risk of hospital admissions and mortality in older adults in western USA from 2000 to 2013: A retrospective study	'
    Volume: 1
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21858
    _uuid: c2e222fc-c5e0-4e34-8f28-ab1fad575053
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30002-5
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c2e222fc-c5e0-4e34-8f28-ab1fad575053.yaml
  identifier: c2e222fc-c5e0-4e34-8f28-ab1fad575053
  uri: /reference/c2e222fc-c5e0-4e34-8f28-ab1fad575053
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Stephens, S. L.; Agee, J. K.; Fulé, P. Z.; North, M. P.; Romme, W. H.; Swetnam, T. W.; Turner, M. G.'
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1240294
    Issue: 6154
    Journal: Science
    Pages: 41-42
    Title: Managing forests and fire in changing climates
    Volume: 342
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 20988
    _uuid: c387ad96-7868-4751-89f7-d0d62911b346
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.1240294
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c387ad96-7868-4751-89f7-d0d62911b346.yaml
  identifier: c387ad96-7868-4751-89f7-d0d62911b346
  uri: /reference/c387ad96-7868-4751-89f7-d0d62911b346
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: IPCC
    Pages: 1132
    Place Published: 'Cambridge, UK and New York, NY'
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press
    Secondary Author: 'Field, C.B.; Barros, V.R.; Dokken, D. J.; Mach,K.J.; Mastrandrea, M.D.; Bilir, T. E.; Chatterjee, M.; Ebi,K.L.; Estrada,Y.O.; Genova, R. C.; Girma,B.; Kissel, E. S.; Levy, A. N.; MacCracken, S.; Mastrandrea, P. R.; White, L. L.'
    Title: 'Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'
    URL: http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 17681
    _uuid: c390e13f-8517-40a9-a236-ac4dede3a7a0
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar5-wg2-parta
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c390e13f-8517-40a9-a236-ac4dede3a7a0.yaml
  identifier: c390e13f-8517-40a9-a236-ac4dede3a7a0
  uri: /reference/c390e13f-8517-40a9-a236-ac4dede3a7a0
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 9
    Author: 'IPCC,'
    Editor: "Solomon, S.\r\nD. Qin\r\nM. Manning\r\n Z. Chen\r\nM. Marquis\r\nK.B. Averyt\r\nM. Tignor\r\nH.L. Miller"
    ISBN: 978 0521 88009-1
    Number of Pages: 996
    Place Published: 'Cambridge, U.K, New York, NY, USA'
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press
    Reviewer: c54b9473-cdc3-4f22-97a8-4df5253f9682
    Title: 'Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'
    URL: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_wg1_report_the_physical_science_basis.htm
    Year: 2007
    _chapter: '["Ch. 25: Coastal Zone FINAL","Ch. 15: Biogeochemical FINAL","Ch. 12: Indigenous FINAL","RF 3","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","Ch. 6: Agriculture FINAL","Ch. 4: Energy Supply and Use FINAL","Ch. 17: Southeast and Caribbean FINAL","Ch. 27: Mitigation FINAL","Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 263
    _uuid: c54b9473-cdc3-4f22-97a8-4df5253f9682
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar4-wg1
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c54b9473-cdc3-4f22-97a8-4df5253f9682.yaml
  identifier: c54b9473-cdc3-4f22-97a8-4df5253f9682
  uri: /reference/c54b9473-cdc3-4f22-97a8-4df5253f9682
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 9
    Author: "Vogel, Jason; Smith, Joel; O'Grady, Megan; Flemming, Paul; Heyn, Kavita; Adams, Alison; Pierson, Don; Brooks, Keely; Behar, David"
    Place Published: 'Las Vegas, NV'
    Publisher: Water Utility Climate Alliance
    Title: 'Actionable Science in Practice: Co-producing Climate Change Information for Water Utility Vulnerability Assessments'
    URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280492176_Actionable_Science_in_Practice_Co-producing_Climate_Change_Information_for_Water_Utility_Vulnerability_Assessments
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 26393
    _uuid: c54bb72b-a4af-41f4-9f0a-1464f047610d
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /book/actionable-science-practice-co-producing-climate-change-information-water-utility-vulnerability-assessments
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c54bb72b-a4af-41f4-9f0a-1464f047610d.yaml
  identifier: c54bb72b-a4af-41f4-9f0a-1464f047610d
  uri: /reference/c54bb72b-a4af-41f4-9f0a-1464f047610d
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'The sensitivity of agricultural productivity to climate has not been sufficiently quantified. The total factor productivity (TFP) of the US agricultural economy has grown continuously for over half a century, with most of the growth typically attributed to technical change. Many studies have examined the effects of local climate on partial productivity measures such as crop yields and economic returns, but these measures cannot account for national-level impacts. Quantifying the relationships between TFP and climate is critical to understanding whether current US agricultural productivity growth will continue into the future. We analyze correlations between regional climate variations and national TFP changes, identify key climate indices, and build a multivariate regression model predicting the growth of agricultural TFP based on a physical understanding of its historical relationship with climate. We show that temperature and precipitation in distinct agricultural regions and seasons explain ∼70% of variations in TFP growth during 1981–2010. To date, the aggregate effects of these regional climate trends on TFP have been outweighed by improvements in technology. Should these relationships continue, however, the projected climate changes could cause TFP to drop by an average 2.84 to 4.34% per year under medium to high emissions scenarios. As a result, TFP could fall to pre-1980 levels by 2050 even when accounting for present rates of innovation. Our analysis provides an empirical foundation for integrated assessment by linking regional climate effects to national economic outcomes, offering a more objective resource for policy making.'
    Author: 'Liang, Xin-Zhong; Wu, You; Chambers, Robert G.; Schmoldt, Daniel L.; Gao, Wei; Liu, Chaoshun; Liu, Yan-An; Sun, Chao; Kennedy, Jennifer A.'
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615922114
    Date: 'March 21, 2017'
    Issue: 12
    Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    Pages: E2285-E2292
    Title: Determining climate effects on US total agricultural productivity
    Volume: 114
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 21170
    _uuid: c5857041-2594-47cf-a6bc-3fab052fa903
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1615922114
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c5857041-2594-47cf-a6bc-3fab052fa903.yaml
  identifier: c5857041-2594-47cf-a6bc-3fab052fa903
  uri: /reference/c5857041-2594-47cf-a6bc-3fab052fa903
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'The Southwestern US is a five-state region that has supported animal agriculture since the late 16th Century when European settlers crossed the Rio Grande into present day west Texas and southern New Mexico with herds of cattle, sheep, goats and horses. For the past 400 years the rangeland livestock industry, in its many forms and manifestations, has developed management strategies and conservation practices that impart resilience to the climatic extremes, especially prolonged droughts, that are common and extensive across this region. Livestock production from rangelands in the southwest (SW) is adapted to low rainfall and high ambient temperatures, but will have to continue to adapt management strategies, such as reduced stocking rates, proper grazing management practices, employing animal genetics suited to arid environments with less herbaceous production, erosion control conservation practices, and alternative forage supplies, in an increasingly arid and variable climatic environment. Even though the aging demographics of western ranchers could be a deterrent to implementing various adaptations, there are examples of creative management coalitions to cope with climatic change that are emerging in the SW that can serve as instructive examples. More importantly, there are additional opportunities for incorporation of transformative practices and technologies that can sustain animal agriculture in the SW in a warmer environment. Animal agriculture in the SW is inherently resilient, and has the capacity to adapt and transform as needed to the climatic changes that are now occurring and will continue to occur across this region. However, producers and land managers will need to thoroughly understand the vulnerabilities and sensitivities that face them as well as the ecological characteristics of their specific landscapes in order to cope with the emerging climatic changes across the SW region.'
    Author: 'Havstad, K. M.; Brown, J. R.; Estell, R.; Elias, E.; Rango, A.; Steele, C.'
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-016-1834-7
    Date: November 08
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Journal: Climatic Change
    Title: Vulnerabilities of southwestern U.S. rangeland-based animal agriculture to climate change
    Type of Article: journal article
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 23531
    _uuid: c779538d-b066-4e38-8527-ff3f7552f26e
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-016-1834-7
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c779538d-b066-4e38-8527-ff3f7552f26e.yaml
  identifier: c779538d-b066-4e38-8527-ff3f7552f26e
  uri: /reference/c779538d-b066-4e38-8527-ff3f7552f26e
- attrs:
    Author: 'West, J. Jason; Smith, Steven J.; Silva, Raquel A.; Naik, Vaishali; Zhang, Yuqiang; Adelman, Zachariah; Fry, Meridith M.; Anenberg, Susan; Horowitz, Larry W.; Lamarque, Jean-Francois'
    DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2009
    Date: 10//print
    ISSN: 1758-678X
    Issue: 10
    Journal: Nature Climate Change
    Pages: 885-889
    Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
    Title: Co-benefits of mitigating global greenhouse gas emissions for future air quality and human health
    Type of Article: Letter
    Volume: 3
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 21695
    _uuid: c826f3cd-fcd9-46b1-b781-f33ff27d0680
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1038/nclimate2009
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c826f3cd-fcd9-46b1-b781-f33ff27d0680.yaml
  identifier: c826f3cd-fcd9-46b1-b781-f33ff27d0680
  uri: /reference/c826f3cd-fcd9-46b1-b781-f33ff27d0680
- attrs:
    Author: 'State of California,'
    Pages: 4
    Place Published: 'Sacramento, CA'
    Publisher: 'State of California, Executive Department'
    Title: 'Executive Order B-40-17 (Terminating the January 17, 2014 Drought State of Emergency in all California Counties except Fresno, Kings, Tulare, and Tuolumne)'
    URL: https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/4.7.17_Exec_Order_B-40-17.pdf
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 23917
    _uuid: c8a744d8-11d1-420b-ab72-f175efb028d9
    reftype: Government Document
  child_publication: /report/executive-order-b-40-17
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c8a744d8-11d1-420b-ab72-f175efb028d9.yaml
  identifier: c8a744d8-11d1-420b-ab72-f175efb028d9
  uri: /reference/c8a744d8-11d1-420b-ab72-f175efb028d9
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'GNEB,'
    Institution: Good Neighbor Environmental Board
    Pages: 90
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Report Number: EPA 202-R-16-001
    Title: 'Climate Change and Resilient Communities Along the U.S.-Mexico Border: The Role of Federal Agencies'
    URL: https://irsc.sdsu.edu/docs/17th_gneb_report_publication_120516_final_508.pdf
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 26158
    _uuid: c8ae5ca2-1afd-4b7c-972b-0bf99c24d12e
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/climate-change-resilient-communities-along-us-mexico-border-role-federal-agencies
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c8ae5ca2-1afd-4b7c-972b-0bf99c24d12e.yaml
  identifier: c8ae5ca2-1afd-4b7c-972b-0bf99c24d12e
  uri: /reference/c8ae5ca2-1afd-4b7c-972b-0bf99c24d12e
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Barbero, R.; Abatzoglou, J.T.; Larkin, N.K.; Kolden, C.A.; Stocks, B.'
    DOI: 10.1071/WF15083
    ISSN: 1448-5516
    Journal: International Journal of Wildland Fire
    Title: Climate change presents increased potential for very large fires in the contiguous United States
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 19295
    _uuid: ca5c4b38-9aa8-4edc-9aea-42f1625cc45b
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1071/WF15083
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/ca5c4b38-9aa8-4edc-9aea-42f1625cc45b.yaml
  identifier: ca5c4b38-9aa8-4edc-9aea-42f1625cc45b
  uri: /reference/ca5c4b38-9aa8-4edc-9aea-42f1625cc45b
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Summary 1 Tropospheric ozone (O3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are significant drivers of plant growth and chemical composition. We hypothesized that exposure to elevated concentrations of O3 and CO2, singly and in combination, would modify the chemical composition of Trifolium and thus alter its digestibility and nutritive quality for ruminant herbivores. 2 We tested our hypothesis by collecting samples of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) and White Clover (Trifolium repens) from the understoreys of Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides)–Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) communities that had been exposed since 1998 to ambient air, elevated CO2, elevated O3 or elevated CO2 + O3 at the Aspen Free-Air CO2 and O3 Enrichment (FACE) site located near Rhinelander, WI, USA. Foliage samples were analysed for (1) concentrations of N, total cell wall constituents, lignin and soluble phenolics; and (2) in vitro dry-matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro cell-wall digestibility (IVCWD) using batch cultures of ruminal micro-organisms. 3 Significant air-treatment effects were observed for lignin concentration, IVDMD and IVCWD, and between Red and White Clover for all dependent variables. No air treatment × clover species interactions were detected. 4 Exposure to elevated O3 resulted in increased concentration of lignin and decreased IVDMD and IVCWD compared with exposure to ambient air, and the response was similar regardless of whether plants had been coexposed to elevated CO2. Exposure to elevated CO2 alone did not affect chemical composition or in vitro digestibility, nor did it ameliorate the negative effect of elevated O3 on these determinants of nutritive quality for ruminant herbivores. 5 In contrast to recent reports of a protective effect of elevated CO2 against growth reduction in plants under O3 stress, our results indicate that elevated CO2 would not be expected to ameliorate the negative impact of elevated O3 on nutritive quality of Trifolium under projected future global climate scenarios.'
    Author: 'Muntifering, R. B.; Chappelka, A. H.; Lin, J. C.; Karnosky, D. F.; Somers, G. L.'
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01093.x
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Functional Ecology
    Pages: 269-275
    Title: Chemical composition and digestibility of Trifolium exposed to elevated ozone and carbon dioxide in a free-air (FACE) fumigation system
    Volume: 20
    Year: 2006
    _record_number: 25974
    _uuid: ca9cdd27-f128-4a98-83bd-d8b40b2429cf
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01093.x
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/ca9cdd27-f128-4a98-83bd-d8b40b2429cf.yaml
  identifier: ca9cdd27-f128-4a98-83bd-d8b40b2429cf
  uri: /reference/ca9cdd27-f128-4a98-83bd-d8b40b2429cf
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'BACKGROUND: Extremes of temperature are associated with short-term increases in daily mortality. OBJECTIVES: We set out to identify subpopulations and mortality causes with increased susceptibility to temperature extremes. METHODS: We conducted a case-only analysis using daily mortality and hourly weather data from 50 U.S. cities for the period 1989–2000, covering a total of 7,789,655 deaths. We used distributions of daily minimum and maximum temperature in each city to define extremely hot days (≥ 99th percentile) and extremely cold days (≤ 1st percentile), respectively. For each (hypothesized) effect modifier, a city-specific logistic regression model was fitted and an overall estimate calculated in a subsequent meta-analysis. RESULTS: Older subjects [odds ratio (OR) = 1.020; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.005–1.034], diabetics (OR = 1.035; 95% CI, 1.010–1.062), blacks (OR = 1.037; 95% CI, 1.016–1.059), and those dying outside a hospital (OR = 1.066; 95% CI, 1.036–1.098) were more susceptible to extreme heat, with some differences observed between those dying from a cardiovascular disease and other decedents. Cardiovascular deaths (OR = 1.053; 95% CI, 1.036–1.070), and especially cardiac arrest deaths (OR =1.137; 95% CI, 1.051–1.230), showed a greater relative increase on extremely cold days, whereas the increase in heat-related mortality was marginally higher for those with coexisting atrial fibrillation (OR = 1.059; 95% CI, 0.996–1.125). CONCLUSIONS: In this study we identified several subpopulations and mortality causes particularly susceptible to temperature extremes. This knowledge may contribute to establishing health programs that would better protect the vulnerable.'
    Author: 'Medina-Ramón, Mercedes; Zanobetti, Antonella; Cavanagh, David Paul; Schwartz, Joel'
    DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9074
    Date: "07/06\r02/06/received\r07/05/accepted"
    ISSN: "0091-6765\r1552-9924"
    Issue: 9
    Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives
    Name of Database: PMC
    Notes: "ehp0114-001331[PII]\r16966084[pmid]\rEnviron Health Perspect"
    Pages: 1331-1336
    Publisher: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
    Title: 'Extreme temperatures and mortality: Assessing effect modification by personal characteristics and specific cause of death in a multi-city case-only analysis'
    Volume: 114
    Year: 2006
    _record_number: 23824
    _uuid: cc49dc7d-d481-4103-a681-a17fe17d35c2
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1289/ehp.9074
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cc49dc7d-d481-4103-a681-a17fe17d35c2.yaml
  identifier: cc49dc7d-d481-4103-a681-a17fe17d35c2
  uri: /reference/cc49dc7d-d481-4103-a681-a17fe17d35c2
- attrs:
    Author: 'Crooks, James Lewis; Wayne E. Cascio; Madelyn S. Percy; Jeanette Reyes; Lucas M. Neas; Elizabeth D. Hilborn'
    DOI: 10.1289/EHP216
    Issue: 11
    Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives
    Pages: 1735-1743
    Title: 'The association between dust storms and daily non-accidental mortality in the United States, 1993–2005'
    Volume: 124
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 23754
    _uuid: ccc19864-47c9-4e36-af43-fbc650359f44
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1289/EHP216
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/ccc19864-47c9-4e36-af43-fbc650359f44.yaml
  identifier: ccc19864-47c9-4e36-af43-fbc650359f44
  uri: /reference/ccc19864-47c9-4e36-af43-fbc650359f44
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Urban crime may be an important but overlooked public health impact of rising ambient temperatures. We conducted a time series analysis of associations between temperature and crimes in Philadelphia, PA, for years 2006–2015. We obtained daily crime data from the Philadelphia Police Department, and hourly temperature and dew point data from the National Centers for Environmental Information. We calculated the mean daily heat index and daily deviations from each year’s seasonal mean heat index value. We used generalized additive models with a quasi-Poisson distribution, adjusted for day of the week, public holiday, and long-term trends and seasonality, to estimate relative rates (RR) and 95% confidence intervals. We found that the strongest associations were with violent crime and disorderly conduct. For example, relative to the median of the distribution of mean daily heat index values, the rate of violent crimes was 9% (95% CI 6–12%) higher when the mean daily heat index was at the 99th percentile of the distribution. There was a positive, linear relationship between deviations of the daily mean heat index from the seasonal mean and rates of violent crime and disorderly conduct, especially in cold months. Overall, these analyses suggest that disorderly conduct and violent crimes are highest when temperatures are comfortable, especially during cold months. This work provides important information regarding the temporal patterns of crime activity.'
    Author: 'Schinasi, Leah H.; Hamra, Ghassan B.'
    DOI: 10.1007/s11524-017-0181-y
    Date: December 01
    ISSN: 1468-2869
    Issue: 6
    Journal: Journal of Urban Health
    Pages: 892-900
    Title: 'A time series analysis of associations between daily temperature and crime events in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania'
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 94
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 25981
    _uuid: cd84eaa2-f9fd-449f-ba51-39ded685b0cb
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s11524-017-0181-y
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cd84eaa2-f9fd-449f-ba51-39ded685b0cb.yaml
  identifier: cd84eaa2-f9fd-449f-ba51-39ded685b0cb
  uri: /reference/cd84eaa2-f9fd-449f-ba51-39ded685b0cb
- attrs:
    Author: 'Sprigg, William A.; Nickovic, Slobodan; Galgiani, John N.; Pejanovic, Goran; Petkovic, Slavko; Vujadinovic, Mirjam; Vukovic, Ana; Dacic, Milan; DiBiase, Scott; Prasad, Anup; El-Askary, Hesham'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2014.03.001
    Date: 2014/09/01/
    ISSN: 1875-9637
    Journal: Aeolian Research
    Keywords: Airborne dust; Haboob; Dust storm; Forecasts; Valley fever; Disease surveillance
    Pages: 53-73
    Title: 'Regional dust storm modeling for health services: The case of valley fever'
    Volume: 14
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 23861
    _uuid: cea75900-8720-40d7-9195-93bb86f46c4b
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.aeolia.2014.03.001
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cea75900-8720-40d7-9195-93bb86f46c4b.yaml
  identifier: cea75900-8720-40d7-9195-93bb86f46c4b
  uri: /reference/cea75900-8720-40d7-9195-93bb86f46c4b
- attrs:
    Author: 'Elias, Emile; Rango, Al; Smith, Ryann; Maxwell, Connie; Steele, Caiti; Havstad, Kris'
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1936-704X.2016.03218.x
    ISSN: 1936-704X
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education
    Keywords: climate change; agriculture; water resources; Southwest Climate Hub
    Pages: 46-61
    Title: 'Climate change, agriculture and water resources in the southwestern United States'
    Volume: 158
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 23761
    _uuid: cf615c2d-2a18-48a7-b28e-a4d0c18f8d19
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2016.03218.x
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cf615c2d-2a18-48a7-b28e-a4d0c18f8d19.yaml
  identifier: cf615c2d-2a18-48a7-b28e-a4d0c18f8d19
  uri: /reference/cf615c2d-2a18-48a7-b28e-a4d0c18f8d19
- attrs:
    Author: 'Ramajo, Laura; Pérez-León, Elia; Hendriks, Iris E.; Marbà, Núria; Krause-Jensen, Dorte; Sejr, Mikael K.; Blicher, Martin E.; Lagos, Nelson A.; Olsen, Ylva S.; Duarte, Carlos M.'
    DOI: 10.1038/srep19374
    Date: "01/18\r06/10/received\r12/07/accepted"
    ISSN: 2045-2322
    Journal: Scientific Reports
    Name of Database: PMC
    Pages: 19374
    Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
    Title: Food supply confers calcifiers resistance to ocean acidification
    Volume: 6
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 22282
    _uuid: cf677518-2ff0-4462-8d41-e48e8655ba18
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1038/srep19374
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cf677518-2ff0-4462-8d41-e48e8655ba18.yaml
  identifier: cf677518-2ff0-4462-8d41-e48e8655ba18
  uri: /reference/cf677518-2ff0-4462-8d41-e48e8655ba18
- attrs:
    Author: 'Mikkelson, Kristin M.; Dickenson, Eric R. V.; Maxwell, Reed M.; McCray, John E.; Sharp, Jonathan O.'
    DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1724
    Date: 10/28/online
    Journal: Nature Climate Change
    Pages: 218-222
    Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
    Title: Water-quality impacts from climate-induced forest die-off
    Volume: 3
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 23827
    _uuid: cf6f7e45-0307-4587-a2ae-6e6625d8d486
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1038/nclimate1724
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cf6f7e45-0307-4587-a2ae-6e6625d8d486.yaml
  identifier: cf6f7e45-0307-4587-a2ae-6e6625d8d486
  uri: /reference/cf6f7e45-0307-4587-a2ae-6e6625d8d486
- attrs:
    Author: 'Ward, Frank A.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.024
    Date: 2014/01/16/
    ISSN: 0022-1694
    Journal: Journal of Hydrology
    Keywords: Irrigation; Drought adaptation; Salinity; River basin; Water conservation programs
    Pages: 114-127
    Title: Economic impacts on irrigated agriculture of water conservation programs in drought
    Volume: 508
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 23880
    _uuid: cf96b502-57a2-4b76-bffc-750e1bf668d6
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.024
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cf96b502-57a2-4b76-bffc-750e1bf668d6.yaml
  identifier: cf96b502-57a2-4b76-bffc-750e1bf668d6
  uri: /reference/cf96b502-57a2-4b76-bffc-750e1bf668d6
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Long, Matthew C.; Deutsch, Curtis; Ito, Taka'
    DOI: 10.1002/2015GB005310
    ISSN: 1944-9224
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Global Biogeochemical Cycles
    Keywords: 'climate variability; dissolve oxygen; ocean biogeochemistry; 1616 Climate variability; 1627 Coupled models of the climate system; 4805 Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling'
    Pages: 381-397
    Title: Finding forced trends in oceanic oxygen
    Volume: 30
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 20030
    _uuid: d04b2c86-5ca0-42e0-9792-2f319c15cd7e
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1002/2015GB005310
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d04b2c86-5ca0-42e0-9792-2f319c15cd7e.yaml
  identifier: d04b2c86-5ca0-42e0-9792-2f319c15cd7e
  uri: /reference/d04b2c86-5ca0-42e0-9792-2f319c15cd7e
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Megadroughts are comparable in severity to the worst droughts of the 20th century but are of much longer duration. A megadrought in the American Southwest would impose unprecedented stress on the limited water resources of the area, making it critical to evaluate future risks not only under different climate change mitigation scenarios but also for different aspects of regional hydroclimate. We find that changes in the mean hydroclimate state, rather than its variability, determine megadrought risk in the American Southwest. Estimates of megadrought probabilities based on precipitation alone tend to underestimate risk. Furthermore, business-as-usual emissions of greenhouse gases will drive regional warming and drying, regardless of large precipitation uncertainties. We find that regional temperature increases alone push megadrought risk above 70, 90, or 99% by the end of the century, even if precipitation increases moderately, does not change, or decreases, respectively. Although each possibility is supported by some climate model simulations, the latter is the most common outcome for the American Southwest in Coupled Model Intercomparison 5 generation models. An aggressive reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions cuts megadrought risks nearly in half.'
    Author: 'Ault, Toby R.; Mankin, Justin S.; Cook, Benjamin I.; Smerdon, Jason E.'
    DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600873
    Issue: 10
    Journal: Science Advances
    Pages: 'e1600873 '
    Title: 'Relative impacts of mitigation, temperature, and precipitation on 21st-century megadrought risk in the American Southwest'
    Volume: 2
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 23659
    _uuid: d06fadc5-a5e3-463c-85d0-f78c07c6ade9
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1126/sciadv.1600873
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d06fadc5-a5e3-463c-85d0-f78c07c6ade9.yaml
  identifier: d06fadc5-a5e3-463c-85d0-f78c07c6ade9
  uri: /reference/d06fadc5-a5e3-463c-85d0-f78c07c6ade9
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Payne, Ashley E.; Magnusdottir, Gudrun'
    DOI: 10.1002/2015JD023586
    ISSN: 2169-8996
    Issue: 21
    Journal: Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
    Keywords: atmospheric rivers; CMIP5 evaluation; North Pacific; RCP 8.5; moisture transport; 1610 Atmosphere; 1620 Climate dynamics; 1626 Global climate models; 3305 Climate change and variability; 4313 Extreme events
    Pages: '11,173-11,190'
    Title: An evaluation of atmospheric rivers over the North Pacific in CMIP5 and their response to warming under RCP 8.5
    Volume: 120
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 19753
    _uuid: d13ddcaa-9080-4fab-9514-c45365ed3740
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1002/2015JD023586
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d13ddcaa-9080-4fab-9514-c45365ed3740.yaml
  identifier: d13ddcaa-9080-4fab-9514-c45365ed3740
  uri: /reference/d13ddcaa-9080-4fab-9514-c45365ed3740
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Stone, Brian Jr.; Vargo, Jason; Liu, Peng; Habeeb, Dana; DeLucia, Anthony; Trail, Marcus; Hu, Yongtao; Russell, Armistead'
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100852
    ISSN: 1932-6203
    Issue: 6
    Journal: PLoS ONE
    Pages: e100852
    Title: Avoided heat-related mortality through climate adaptation strategies in three US cities
    Volume: 9
    Year: 2014
    _chapter: Ch2
    _record_number: 19132
    _uuid: d3a3ca44-1e49-41ee-9063-dc1be22dec3c
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1371/journal.pone.0100852
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d3a3ca44-1e49-41ee-9063-dc1be22dec3c.yaml
  identifier: d3a3ca44-1e49-41ee-9063-dc1be22dec3c
  uri: /reference/d3a3ca44-1e49-41ee-9063-dc1be22dec3c
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'The climate warming effects of accelerated urbanization along with projected global climate change raise an urgent need for sustainable mitigation and adaptation strategies to cool urban climates. Our modeling results show that historical urbanization in the Los Angeles and San Diego metropolitan areas has increased daytime urban air temperature by 1.3 °C, in part due to a weakening of the onshore sea breeze circulation. We find that metropolis-wide adoption of cool roofs can meaningfully offset this daytime warming, reducing temperatures by 0.9 °C relative to a case without cool roofs. Residential cool roofs were responsible for 67% of the cooling. Nocturnal temperature increases of 3.1 °C from urbanization were larger than daytime warming, while nocturnal temperature reductions from cool roofs of 0.5 °C were weaker than corresponding daytime reductions. We further show that cool roof deployment could partially counter the local impacts of global climate change in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Assuming a scenario in which there are dramatic decreases in greenhouse gas emissions in the 21st century (RCP2.6), mid- and end-of-century temperature increases from global change relative to current climate are similarly reduced by cool roofs from 1.4 °C to 0.6 °C. Assuming a scenario with continued emissions increases throughout the century (RCP8.5), mid-century warming is significantly reduced by cool roofs from 2.0 °C to 1.0 °C. The end-century warming, however, is significantly offset only in small localized areas containing mostly industrial/commercial buildings where cool roofs with the highest albedo are adopted. We conclude that metropolis-wide adoption of cool roofs can play an important role in mitigating the urban heat island effect, and offsetting near-term local warming from global climate change. Global-scale reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are the only way of avoiding long-term warming, however. We further suggest that both climate mitigation and adaptation can be pursued simultaneously using ‘cool photovoltaics’.'
    Author: 'Vahmani, P.; F. Sun; A. Hall; G. Ban-Weiss'
    DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/11/12/124027
    ISSN: 1748-9326
    Issue: 12
    Journal: Environmental Research Letters
    Pages: 124027
    Title: Investigating the climate impacts of urbanization and the potential for cool roofs to counter future climate change in Southern California
    Volume: 11
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 23701
    _uuid: d3dc6208-1d6e-4652-9639-3cf034c9670f
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/12/124027
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d3dc6208-1d6e-4652-9639-3cf034c9670f.yaml
  identifier: d3dc6208-1d6e-4652-9639-3cf034c9670f
  uri: /reference/d3dc6208-1d6e-4652-9639-3cf034c9670f
- attrs:
    Author: 'Erbs, Martin; Manderscheid, Remy; Jansen, Gisela; Seddig, Sylvia; Pacholski, Andreas; Weigel, Hans-Joachim'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2009.11.009
    Date: 2010/02/15/
    ISSN: 0167-8809
    Issue: 1-2
    Journal: 'Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment'
    Keywords: Elevated carbon dioxide; FACE; Microelements; Stoichiometry
    Pages: 59-68
    Title: Effects of free-air CO2 enrichment and nitrogen supply on grain quality parameters and elemental composition of wheat and barley grown in a crop rotation
    Volume: 136
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 25965
    _uuid: d4ab8d07-bc4d-4dc5-b056-2bb84cad1dcf
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.agee.2009.11.009
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d4ab8d07-bc4d-4dc5-b056-2bb84cad1dcf.yaml
  identifier: d4ab8d07-bc4d-4dc5-b056-2bb84cad1dcf
  uri: /reference/d4ab8d07-bc4d-4dc5-b056-2bb84cad1dcf
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Brown, M.E.; J.M. Antle; P. Backlund; E.R. Carr; W.E. Easterling; M.K. Walsh; C. Ammann; W. Attavanich; C.B. Barrett; M.F. Bellemare; V. Dancheck; C. Funk; K. Grace; J.S.I. Ingram; H. Jiang; H. Maletta; T. Mata; A. Murray; M. Ngugi; D. Ojima; B. O’Neill; C. Tebaldi'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0862DC7
    Institution: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Pages: 146
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Title: 'Climate Change, Global Food Security, and the U.S. Food System'
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 23655
    _uuid: d51156cc-0034-4afc-b2b7-1ad99efde458
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/usda-climate-change-global-food-security-us-food-system-2015
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d51156cc-0034-4afc-b2b7-1ad99efde458.yaml
  identifier: d51156cc-0034-4afc-b2b7-1ad99efde458
  uri: /reference/d51156cc-0034-4afc-b2b7-1ad99efde458
- attrs:
    Author: 'Chung, Esther K.; Siegel, Benjamin S.; Garg, Arvin; Conroy, Kathleen; Gross, Rachel S.; Long, Dayna A.; Lewis, Gena; Osman, Cynthia J.; Jo Messito, Mary; Wade, Roy; Shonna Yin, H.; Cox, Joanne; Fierman, Arthur H.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2016.02.004
    Date: 2016/05/01/
    ISSN: 1538-5442
    Issue: 5
    Journal: Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care
    Pages: 135-153
    Title: 'Screening for social determinants of health among children and families living in poverty: A guide for clinicians'
    Volume: 46
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 23743
    _uuid: d54f9bb4-ee19-404e-bb21-19c98f4842aa
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.cppeds.2016.02.004
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d54f9bb4-ee19-404e-bb21-19c98f4842aa.yaml
  identifier: d54f9bb4-ee19-404e-bb21-19c98f4842aa
  uri: /reference/d54f9bb4-ee19-404e-bb21-19c98f4842aa
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Judge, Jenna; Newkirk, Sarah; Leo, Kelly; Heady, Walter; Hayden, Maya; Veloz, Sam; Cheng, Tiffany; Battalio, Bob; Ursell, Tara; Small, Mary'
    Institution: The Nature Conservancy
    Pages: 38
    Place Published: 'Arlington, VA'
    Title: 'Case Studies of Natural Shoreline Infrastructure in Coastal California: A Component of Identification of Natural Infrastructure Options for Adapting to Sea Level Rise (California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment)'
    URL: http://scc.ca.gov/files/2017/11/tnc_Natural-Shoreline-Case-Study_hi.pdf
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 26370
    _uuid: d6207568-7594-4593-9bc9-1056a517f56e
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/case-studies-natural-shoreline-infrastructure-coastal-california-component-identification-natural-infrastructure-options-adapting-sea-level-rise-californias-fourth-climate-change-assessment
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d6207568-7594-4593-9bc9-1056a517f56e.yaml
  identifier: d6207568-7594-4593-9bc9-1056a517f56e
  uri: /reference/d6207568-7594-4593-9bc9-1056a517f56e
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Drought monitoring and drought planning are complex endeavors. Measures of precipitation or streamflow provide little context for understanding how social and environmental systems impacted by drought are responding. Here the authors report on collaborative work with the Hopi Tribe—a Native American community in the U.S. Southwest—to develop a drought information system that is responsive to local needs. A strategy is presented for developing a system that is based on an assessment of how drought is experienced by Hopi citizens and resource managers, that can incorporate local observations of drought impacts as well as conventional indicators, and that brings together local expertise with conventional science-based observations. The system described here is meant to harness as much available information as possible to inform tribal resource managers, political leaders, and citizens about drought conditions and to also engage these local drought stakeholders in observing, thinking about, and helping to guide planning for drought.'
    Author: 'Ferguson, Daniel B.; Anna Masayesva; Alison M. Meadow; Michael A. Crimmins'
    DOI: 10.1175/wcas-d-15-0060.1
    Issue: 4
    Journal: 'Weather, Climate, and Society'
    Keywords: 'Geographic location/entity,North America,Applications,Local effects,Planning,Policy,Societal impacts'
    Pages: 345-359
    Title: 'Rain gauges to range conditions: Collaborative development of a drought information system to support local decision-making'
    Volume: 8
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 25966
    _uuid: d630a483-2475-4fbb-b942-e5068ac04971
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1175/wcas-d-15-0060.1
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d630a483-2475-4fbb-b942-e5068ac04971.yaml
  identifier: d630a483-2475-4fbb-b942-e5068ac04971
  uri: /reference/d630a483-2475-4fbb-b942-e5068ac04971
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Margolis, Helene G.'
    Book Title: Global Climate Change and Public Health
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8417-2_6
    Editor: 'Pinkerton, Kent E.; Rom, William N.'
    ISBN: 978-1-4614-8416-5
    Pages: 85-120
    Place Published: 'New York, NY'
    Publisher: Humana Press
    Series Volume: Respiratory Medicine 7
    Title: 'Heat waves and rising temperatures: Human health impacts and the determinants of vulnerability'
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 23817
    _uuid: d66b7bc2-05ee-4b9a-ace3-d73e20d2750f
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /book/0da35c81-e322-4cf3-839b-74663afd9cac
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d66b7bc2-05ee-4b9a-ace3-d73e20d2750f.yaml
  identifier: d66b7bc2-05ee-4b9a-ace3-d73e20d2750f
  uri: /reference/d66b7bc2-05ee-4b9a-ace3-d73e20d2750f
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Long-term declines in oxygen concentrations are evident throughout much of the ocean interior and are particularly acute in midwater oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). These regions are defined by extremely low oxygen concentrations (<20–45 μmol kg−1), cover wide expanses of the ocean, and are associated with productive oceanic and coastal regions. OMZs have expanded over the past 50 years, and this expansion is predicted to continue as the climate warms worldwide. Shoaling of the upper boundaries of the OMZs accompanies OMZ expansion, and decreased oxygen at shallower depths can affect all marine organisms through multiple direct and indirect mechanisms. Effects include altered microbial processes that produce and consume key nutrients and gases, changes in predator-prey dynamics, and shifts in the abundance and accessibility of commercially fished species. Although many species will be negatively affected by these effects, others may expand their range or exploit new niches. OMZ shoaling is thus likely to have major and far-reaching consequences.'
    Author: 'Gilly, William F.; J. Michael Beman; Steven Y. Litvin; Bruce H. Robison'
    DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120710-100849
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Annual Review of Marine Science
    Keywords: 'hypoxia,ecology,oceans,microbial,mesopelagic,fisheries'
    Pages: 393-420
    Title: Oceanographic and biological effects of shoaling of the oxygen minimum zone
    Volume: 5
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 23768
    _uuid: d721e218-0d4a-47ef-81a1-a148a38bca7c
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1146/annurev-marine-120710-100849
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d721e218-0d4a-47ef-81a1-a148a38bca7c.yaml
  identifier: d721e218-0d4a-47ef-81a1-a148a38bca7c
  uri: /reference/d721e218-0d4a-47ef-81a1-a148a38bca7c
- attrs:
    Author: 'Hongoh, V.; Berrang-Ford, L.; Scott, M. E.; Lindsay, L. R.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.05.015
    Date: 2012/04/01/
    ISSN: 0143-6228
    Journal: Applied Geography
    Keywords: Species distribution; Range expansion; Climate change; Geographic information systems
    Pages: 53-62
    Title: 'Expanding geographical distribution of the mosquito, Culex pipiens, in Canada under climate change'
    Volume: 33
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 23781
    _uuid: d7564231-5587-4333-abe1-3caef085fd98
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.05.015
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d7564231-5587-4333-abe1-3caef085fd98.yaml
  identifier: d7564231-5587-4333-abe1-3caef085fd98
  uri: /reference/d7564231-5587-4333-abe1-3caef085fd98
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'The rate at which global mean sea level (GMSL) rose during the 20th century is uncertain, with little consensus between various reconstructions that indicate rates of rise ranging from 1.3 to 2 mm⋅y−1. Here we present a 20th-century GMSL reconstruction computed using an area-weighting technique for averaging tide gauge records that both incorporates up-to-date observations of vertical land motion (VLM) and corrections for local geoid changes resulting from ice melting and terrestrial freshwater storage and allows for the identification of possible differences compared with earlier attempts. Our reconstructed GMSL trend of 1.1 ± 0.3 mm⋅y−1 (1σ) before 1990 falls below previous estimates, whereas our estimate of 3.1 ± 1.4 mm⋅y−1 from 1993 to 2012 is consistent with independent estimates from satellite altimetry, leading to overall acceleration larger than previously suggested. This feature is geographically dominated by the Indian Ocean–Southern Pacific region, marking a transition from lower-than-average rates before 1990 toward unprecedented high rates in recent decades. We demonstrate that VLM corrections, area weighting, and our use of a common reference datum for tide gauges may explain the lower rates compared with earlier GMSL estimates in approximately equal proportion. The trends and multidecadal variability of our GMSL curve also compare well to the sum of individual contributions obtained from historical outputs of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. This, in turn, increases our confidence in process-based projections presented in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.'
    Author: 'Dangendorf, Sönke; Marcos, Marta; Wöppelmann, Guy; Conrad, Clinton P.; Frederikse, Thomas; Riva, Riccardo'
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616007114
    Database Provider: www.pnas.org.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu
    Date: 2017/06/06/
    ISSN: '0027-8424, 1091-6490'
    Issue: 23
    Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    Keywords: tide gauges; fingerprints; global mean sea level; vertical land motion
    Language: en
    Pages: 5946-5951
    Title: Reassessment of 20th century global mean sea level rise
    Volume: 114
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 22415
    _uuid: d7ed19d6-e5ac-4b44-b686-0a8a16fc431b
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1616007114
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d7ed19d6-e5ac-4b44-b686-0a8a16fc431b.yaml
  identifier: d7ed19d6-e5ac-4b44-b686-0a8a16fc431b
  uri: /reference/d7ed19d6-e5ac-4b44-b686-0a8a16fc431b
- attrs:
    Author: 'Goldtooth, Tom B. K.'
    DOI: 10.1353/wic.2010.0006
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Wicazo Sa Review
    Pages: 11-28
    Title: 'The State of Indigenous America Series: Earth Mother, piñons, and apple pie'
    Volume: 25
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 23770
    _uuid: d85480cf-5a9d-4389-9af4-38bf32473e7a
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1353/wic.2010.0006
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d85480cf-5a9d-4389-9af4-38bf32473e7a.yaml
  identifier: d85480cf-5a9d-4389-9af4-38bf32473e7a
  uri: /reference/d85480cf-5a9d-4389-9af4-38bf32473e7a
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Norgaard, Kari Marie; Kirsten Vinyeta; Leaf Hillman; Bill Tripp; Frank Lake    '
    Institution: 'Karuk Tribe, Department of Natural Resources'
    Pages: 205
    Place Published: 'Happy Camp, CA'
    Title: 'Karuk Tribe Climate Vulnerability Assessment: Assessing Vulnerabilities from the Increased Frequency of High Severity Fire'
    URL: https://karuktribeclimatechangeprojects.wordpress.com/climate-vulnerabilty-assessment/
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 23929
    _uuid: d87facce-04fc-4296-b7ce-54a8df65d503
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/karuk-tribe-climate-vulnerability-assessment-assessing-vulnerabilities-increased-frequency-high-severity-fire
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d87facce-04fc-4296-b7ce-54a8df65d503.yaml
  identifier: d87facce-04fc-4296-b7ce-54a8df65d503
  uri: /reference/d87facce-04fc-4296-b7ce-54a8df65d503
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: "Brown, H.E.\rA. Comrie\rD. Drechsler\rC.M. Barker\rR. Basu\rT. Brown\rA. Gershunov\rA.M. Kilpatrick\rW.K. Reisen\rD.M. Ruddell"
    Book Title: 'Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest United States: A Report Prepared for the National Climate Assessment'
    Editor: "Garfin, G.\rJardine, A.\rMerideth, R.\rBlack, Mary\rLeRoy, Sarah."
    ISBN: 9781610914468
    Pages: 312-339
    Place Published: 'Washington, D.C.'
    Publisher: Island Press
    Reviewer: d8bd2def-be9b-47e3-84de-199bcd26c31d
    Title: 'Ch. 15: Human health'
    URL: http://swccar.org/sites/all/themes/files/SW-NCA-color-FINALweb.pdf
    Year: 2013
    _chapter: '["Ch. 20: Southwest FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 828
    _uuid: d8bd2def-be9b-47e3-84de-199bcd26c31d
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /book/c9625c65-c20f-4163-87fe-cebf734f7836
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d8bd2def-be9b-47e3-84de-199bcd26c31d.yaml
  identifier: d8bd2def-be9b-47e3-84de-199bcd26c31d
  uri: /reference/d8bd2def-be9b-47e3-84de-199bcd26c31d
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Wilhelmi, Olga; De Sherbinin, Alex; Hayden, Mary'
    Book Title: Ecologies and Politics of Health
    Editor: Brian King; Kelley A. Crews
    ISBN: 978-0-415-59066-2
    Pages: 219-238
    Place Published: 'Oxon, UK and New York NY'
    Publisher: Routledge
    Series Volume: Routledge Studies in Human Geography 41
    Title: Exposure to heat stress in urban environments
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 23899
    _uuid: d8c02480-fd9d-40a0-96e2-8432fc460329
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /book/1e32608a-2d0a-4501-83ef-ba1a7c7cdbf1
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d8c02480-fd9d-40a0-96e2-8432fc460329.yaml
  identifier: d8c02480-fd9d-40a0-96e2-8432fc460329
  uri: /reference/d8c02480-fd9d-40a0-96e2-8432fc460329
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: "Climate change will affect the abundance and seasonality of West Nile virus (WNV) vectors, altering the risk of virus transmission to humans. Using downscaled general circulation model output, we calculate a WNV vector's response to climate change across the southern United States using process-based modeling. In the eastern United States, Culex quinquefasciatus response to projected climate change displays a latitudinal and elevational gradient. Projected summer population depressions as a result of increased immature mortality and habitat drying are most severe in the south and almost absent further north; extended spring and fall survival is ubiquitous. Much of California also exhibits a bimodal pattern. Projected onset of mosquito season is delayed in the southwestern United States because of extremely dry and hot spring and summers; however, increased temperature and late summer and fall rains extend the mosquito season. These results are unique in being a broad-scale calculation of the projected impacts of climate change on a WNV vector. The results show that, despite projected widespread future warming, the future seasonal response of C. quinquefasciatus populations across the southern United States will not be homogeneous, and will depend on specific combinations of local and regional conditions."
    Author: 'Morin, C. W.; Comrie, A. C.'
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307135110
    Date: Sep
    ISSN: 1091-6490
    Issue: 39
    Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    Keywords: disease; insect; ecology; culex-quinquefasciatus diptera; united-states; change scenarios; malaria; transmission; mosquito abundance; pipiens diptera; aedes-aegypti; culicidae; temperature; model
    Language: English
    Notes: 'Times Cited: 0 Morin, Cory W. Comrie, Andrew C. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments program via the Climate Assessment for the Southwest program at the University of Arizona This research was supported in part by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments program via the Climate Assessment for the Southwest program at the University of Arizona. Natl acad sciences Washington'
    Pages: 15620-15625
    Title: Regional and seasonal response of a West Nile virus vector to climate change
    Volume: 110
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 4871
    _uuid: d8fa9745-f20f-4681-8eec-586cc6b8d369
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1307135110
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d8fa9745-f20f-4681-8eec-586cc6b8d369.yaml
  identifier: d8fa9745-f20f-4681-8eec-586cc6b8d369
  uri: /reference/d8fa9745-f20f-4681-8eec-586cc6b8d369
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'SNWA,'
    Institution: Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA)
    Pages: 56
    Place Published: 'Las Vegas, NV'
    Title: 2017 Water Resources Plan
    URL: https://www.snwa.com/assets/pdf/water-resource-plan.pdf
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 26387
    _uuid: d9d9811c-006a-40fc-baa7-1b79f123593c
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/2017-water-resources-plan
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d9d9811c-006a-40fc-baa7-1b79f123593c.yaml
  identifier: d9d9811c-006a-40fc-baa7-1b79f123593c
  uri: /reference/d9d9811c-006a-40fc-baa7-1b79f123593c