---
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Extreme heat episodes are becoming more common worldwide, including in tropical areas of Australia, India, and Puerto Rico. Higher frequency, duration, and intensity of extreme heat episodes are triggering public health issues in most mid-latitude and continental cities. With urbanization, land use and land cover have affected local climate directly and indirectly encouraging the Urban Heat Island effect with potential impacts on heat-related morbidity and mortality among urban populations. However, this association is not completely understood in tropical islands such as Puerto Rico. The present study examines the effects of heat in two municipalities (San Juan and Bayamón) within the San Juan metropolitan area on overall and cause-specific mortality among the population between 2009 and 2013. The number of daily deaths attributed to selected causes (cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, chronic lower respiratory disease, pneumonia, and kidney disease) coded and classified according to the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases was analyzed. The relations between elevated air surface temperatures on cause-specific mortality were modeled. Separate Poisson regression models were fitted to explain the total number of deaths as a function of daily maximum and minimum temperatures, while adjusting for seasonal patterns. Results show a significant increase in the effect of high temperatures on mortality, during the summers of 2012 and 2013. Stroke (relative risk = 16.80, 95% CI 6.81–41.4) and cardiovascular diseases (relative risk = 16.63, 95% CI 10.47–26.42) were the primary causes of death most associated with elevated summer temperatures. Better understanding of how these heat events affect the health of the population will provide a useful tool for decision makers to address and mitigate the effects of the increasing temperatures on public health. The enhanced temperature forecast may be a crucial component in decision making during the National Weather Service Heat Watches, Advisories, and Warning process.'
    Author: 'Méndez-Lázaro, Pablo A.; Pérez-Cardona, Cynthia M.; Rodríguez, Ernesto; Martínez, Odalys; Taboas, Mariela; Bocanegra, Arelis; Méndez-Tejeda, Rafael'
    DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1291-z
    Date: December 15
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Journal: International Journal of Biometeorology
    Title: 'Climate change, heat, and mortality in the tropical urban area of San Juan, Puerto Rico.'
    Type of Article: journal article
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 25024
    _uuid: cb5c02d3-6e9e-4dc5-8eaa-b87f57030bbf
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00484-016-1291-z
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cb5c02d3-6e9e-4dc5-8eaa-b87f57030bbf.yaml
  identifier: cb5c02d3-6e9e-4dc5-8eaa-b87f57030bbf
  uri: /reference/cb5c02d3-6e9e-4dc5-8eaa-b87f57030bbf
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Heatwaves present a significant health risk and the hazard is likely to escalate with the increased future temperatures presently predicted by climate change models. The impact of heatwaves is often felt strongest in towns and cities where populations are concentrated and where the climate is often unintentionally modified to produce an urban heat island effect; where urban areas can be significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas. The purpose of this interdisciplinary study is to integrate remotely sensed urban heat island data alongside commercial social segmentation data via a spatial risk assessment methodology in order to highlight potential heat health risk areas and build the foundations for a climate change risk assessment. This paper uses the city of Birmingham, UK as a case study area.'
    Author: 'Tomlinson, Charlie J.; Chapman, Lee; Thornes, John E.; Baker, Christopher J.'
    DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-10-42
    Date: June 17
    ISSN: 1476-072X
    Issue: 1
    Journal: International Journal of Health Geographics
    Pages: 42
    Title: 'Including the urban heat island in spatial heat health risk assessment strategies:  A case study for Birmingham, UK'
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 10
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 24998
    _uuid: fd10f97c-39c6-4f3a-8306-aead1a368908
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1186/1476-072x-10-42
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/fd10f97c-39c6-4f3a-8306-aead1a368908.yaml
  identifier: fd10f97c-39c6-4f3a-8306-aead1a368908
  uri: /reference/fd10f97c-39c6-4f3a-8306-aead1a368908