--- - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'NWS,' Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Publisher: NOAA National Weather Service (NWS) Title: 'Average Rainfall Statistics: San Juan, PR' URL: https://www.weather.gov/sju/averagerainfall Year: 2018 _record_number: 26702 _uuid: 0049e302-7751-4977-91ff-0df54d0ab326 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/2c6723b1-748d-4cb0-b399-4028bcc542cc href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0049e302-7751-4977-91ff-0df54d0ab326.yaml identifier: 0049e302-7751-4977-91ff-0df54d0ab326 uri: /reference/0049e302-7751-4977-91ff-0df54d0ab326 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Dulvy, N.K.\rRogers, S.I.\rJennings, S.\rStelzenmüller, V.\rDye, S.R.\rSkjoldal, H.R." DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01488.x ISSN: 1365-2664 Issue: 4 Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Pages: 1029-1039 Title: 'Climate change and deepening of the North Sea fish assemblage: A biotic indicator of warming seas' Volume: 45 Year: 2008 _chapter: '["Ch. 24: Oceans FINAL","Ch. 8: Ecosystems FINAL"]' _record_number: 276 _uuid: 006ce4db-d72c-400a-a409-c6a536e55664 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01488.x href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/006ce4db-d72c-400a-a409-c6a536e55664.yaml identifier: 006ce4db-d72c-400a-a409-c6a536e55664 uri: /reference/006ce4db-d72c-400a-a409-c6a536e55664 - attrs: Author: 'Spalding, Mark D.; Ruffo, Susan; Lacambra, Carmen; Meliane, Imèn; Hale, Lynne Zeitlin; Shepard, Christine C.; Beck, Michael W.' DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.09.007 Date: 2014/03/01/ ISSN: 0964-5691 Journal: Ocean & Coastal Management Pages: 50-57 Title: 'The role of ecosystems in coastal protection: Adapting to climate change and coastal hazards' Volume: 90 Year: 2014 _record_number: 23998 _uuid: 01e8cafb-45c1-4883-b794-68fbdb7bc740 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.09.007 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/01e8cafb-45c1-4883-b794-68fbdb7bc740.yaml identifier: 01e8cafb-45c1-4883-b794-68fbdb7bc740 uri: /reference/01e8cafb-45c1-4883-b794-68fbdb7bc740 - attrs: Author: 'Ray, Deepak K.; Welch, Ronald M.; Lawton, Robert O.; Nair, Udaysankar S.' DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.09.004 Date: 2006/11/01/ ISSN: 0921-8181 Issue: 1 Journal: Global and Planetary Change Keywords: Mesoamerican Biological Corridor; rainfall; clouds; deforestation; Mesoamerica Pages: 150-162 Title: 'Dry season clouds and rainfall in northern Central America: Implications for the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor' Volume: 54 Year: 2006 _record_number: 25006 _uuid: 0267391d-4675-4cc3-a8cb-805c5d49cf6e reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.09.004 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0267391d-4675-4cc3-a8cb-805c5d49cf6e.yaml identifier: 0267391d-4675-4cc3-a8cb-805c5d49cf6e uri: /reference/0267391d-4675-4cc3-a8cb-805c5d49cf6e - attrs: Article Number: 416728 Author: 'Yang, Bohan; Meng, Fen; Ke, Xinli; Ma, Caixue' DOI: 10.1155/2015/416728 Journal: Advances in Meteorology Pages: Art. 416728 Title: 'The impact analysis of water body landscape pattern on urban heat island: A case study of Wuhan City' Volume: 2015 Year: 2015 _record_number: 24990 _uuid: 031acd90-9f05-4430-82fa-05cb8b15afc0 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1155/2015/416728 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/031acd90-9f05-4430-82fa-05cb8b15afc0.yaml identifier: 031acd90-9f05-4430-82fa-05cb8b15afc0 uri: /reference/031acd90-9f05-4430-82fa-05cb8b15afc0 - attrs: Author: 'Cazenave, Anny; Cozannet, Gonéri Le' DOI: 10.1002/2013EF000188 ISSN: 2328-4277 Issue: 2 Journal: Earth's Future Keywords: 'Ocean warming; land ice melt; sea level rise; regional variability; coastal impacts; shoreline erosion; 1641 Sea level change; 1630 Impacts of global change; 1807 Climate impacts; 4217 Coastal processes; 4556 Sea level: variations and mean' Pages: 15-34 Publisher: 'Wiley Periodicals, Inc.' Title: Sea level rise and its coastal impacts Volume: 2 Year: 2014 _record_number: 25061 _uuid: 0356feb8-19bb-4d02-bfc9-ce2686634a0f reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/2013EF000188 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0356feb8-19bb-4d02-bfc9-ce2686634a0f.yaml identifier: 0356feb8-19bb-4d02-bfc9-ce2686634a0f uri: /reference/0356feb8-19bb-4d02-bfc9-ce2686634a0f - attrs: Abstract: 'A coordinated set of global coupled climate model [atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM)] experiments for twentieth- and twenty-first-century climate, as well as several climate change commitment and other experiments, was run by 16 modeling groups from 11 countries with 23 models for assessment in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Since the assessment was completed, output from another model has been added to the dataset, so the participation is now 17 groups from 12 countries with 24 models. This effort, as well as the subsequent analysis phase, was organized by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) Working Group on Coupled Models (WGCM) Climate Simulation Panel, and constitutes the third phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3). The dataset is called the WCRP CMIP3 multimodel dataset, and represents the largest and most comprehensive international global coupled climate model experiment and multimodel analysis effort ever attempted. As of March 2007, the Program for Climate Model Diagnostics and Intercomparison (PCMDI) has collected, archived, and served roughly 32 TB of model data. With oversight from the panel, the multimodel data were made openly available from PCMDI for analysis and academic applications. Over 171 TB of data had been downloaded among the more than 1000 registered users to date. Over 200 journal articles, based in part on the dataset, have been published so far. Though initially aimed at the IPCC AR4, this unique and valuable resource will continue to be maintained for at least the next several years. Never before has such an extensive set of climate model simulations been made available to the international climate science community for study. The ready access to the multimodel dataset opens up these types of model analyses to researchers, including students, who previously could not obtain state-of-the-art climate model output, and thus represents a new era in climate change research. As a direct consequence, these ongoing studies are increasing the body of knowledge regarding our understanding of how the climate system currently works, and how it may change in the future.' Author: 'Meehl, Gerald A.; Curt Covey; Karl E. Taylor; Thomas Delworth; Ronald J. Stouffer; Mojib Latif; Bryant McAvaney; John F. B. Mitchell' DOI: 10.1175/bams-88-9-1383 Issue: 9 Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Pages: 1383-1394 Title: 'THE WCRP CMIP3 multimodel dataset: A new era in climate change research' Volume: 88 Year: 2007 _record_number: 25026 _uuid: 03abb6ea-0525-4fac-a321-121ca0727673 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/bams-88-9-1383 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/03abb6ea-0525-4fac-a321-121ca0727673.yaml identifier: 03abb6ea-0525-4fac-a321-121ca0727673 uri: /reference/03abb6ea-0525-4fac-a321-121ca0727673 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Barreto, Maritza; Dariel Narvaéz; Laura Marti; Elizabeth Díaz; Orlando Santaella; Nahir Cabrera; Tatiana Gladik; Zulimar Alvira; Leticia Silva; Alejandro Reyes' Institution: 'University of Puerto Rico, Planning School' Pages: 58 Place Published: 'Rio Piedras, PR' Title: Assessment of beach morphology at Puerto Rico Island URL: http://drna.pr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Geomorphic-Assessment-of-Puerto-Rico-1977-to-2016.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 25073 _uuid: 07acfe14-9e5f-4bda-a701-f613a8257328 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/assessment-beach-morphology-at-puerto-rico-island href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/07acfe14-9e5f-4bda-a701-f613a8257328.yaml identifier: 07acfe14-9e5f-4bda-a701-f613a8257328 uri: /reference/07acfe14-9e5f-4bda-a701-f613a8257328 - attrs: Author: 'Perry, Chris T.; Murphy, Gary N.; Kench, Paul S.; Smithers, Scott G.; Edinger, Evan N.; Steneck, Robert S.; Mumby, Peter J.' DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2409 Date: 01/29/online Journal: Nature Communications Pages: Art. 1402 Publisher: The Author(s) Title: Caribbean-wide decline in carbonate production threatens coral reef growth Type of Article: Article Volume: 4 Year: 2013 _record_number: 25008 _uuid: 0841a7ce-1022-4cf7-be4f-5c20d3b19f2a reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/ncomms2409 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0841a7ce-1022-4cf7-be4f-5c20d3b19f2a.yaml identifier: 0841a7ce-1022-4cf7-be4f-5c20d3b19f2a uri: /reference/0841a7ce-1022-4cf7-be4f-5c20d3b19f2a - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'EPA,' Institution: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Pages: 271 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Series Volume: EPA 430‐R‐17‐001 Title: 'Multi-model Framework for Quantitative Sectoral Impacts Analysis: A Technical Report for the Fourth National Climate Assessment' URL: https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?dirEntryId=335095 Year: 2017 _record_number: 21365 _uuid: 0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94.yaml identifier: 0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94 uri: /reference/0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'NASA,' Place Published: 'Pasadena, CA' Publisher: NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory Title: 'Global Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet [web page]' URL: https://climate.nasa.gov/ Year: 2017 _record_number: 25017 _uuid: 0b94246c-91be-4f95-ae61-d36fdf775ff3 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/e88fff0b-43ab-4135-89f0-c43c27ace8f2 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0b94246c-91be-4f95-ae61-d36fdf775ff3.yaml identifier: 0b94246c-91be-4f95-ae61-d36fdf775ff3 uri: /reference/0b94246c-91be-4f95-ae61-d36fdf775ff3 - attrs: Academic Department: International Business Program Advisor: Julia Sagebien Author: 'Comas Pagan, Myrna' Date: December Degree: Ph.D. Number of Pages: various Place Published: 'Rio Piedras, PR' Title: 'Vulnerabilidad de las cadenas de suministros, el cambio climático y el desarrollo de estrategias de adaptación: El caso de las cadenas de suministros de alimento de Puerto Rico' URL: https://search.proquest.com/openview/8ef0f3eec1f25f71eaa29c877eac2157/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y University: University of Puerto Rico Year: 2009 _record_number: 25077 _uuid: 0bd3a2fc-2da0-4dde-a52b-718423fa2ce9 reftype: Thesis child_publication: /generic/c78b73e2-448b-434b-9c5b-50ab1fba7708 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0bd3a2fc-2da0-4dde-a52b-718423fa2ce9.yaml identifier: 0bd3a2fc-2da0-4dde-a52b-718423fa2ce9 uri: /reference/0bd3a2fc-2da0-4dde-a52b-718423fa2ce9 - attrs: Author: 'Gledhill, Dwight K.; Wanninkhof, Rik; Millero, Frank J.; Eakin, Mark' DOI: 10.1029/2007JC004629 ISSN: 2156-2202 Issue: C10 Journal: Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans Keywords: 'Ocean acidification; carbonate chemistry; coral reef; 1615 Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling; 1635 Oceans; 1640 Remote sensing; 4215 Climate and interannual variability; 4220 Coral reef systems' Pages: C10031 Title: Ocean acidification of the Greater Caribbean Region 1996–2006 Volume: 113 Year: 2008 _record_number: 25049 _uuid: 0e312df5-ad3d-4709-8b58-8cea86d26415 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2007JC004629 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0e312df5-ad3d-4709-8b58-8cea86d26415.yaml identifier: 0e312df5-ad3d-4709-8b58-8cea86d26415 uri: /reference/0e312df5-ad3d-4709-8b58-8cea86d26415 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'DRNA,' Institution: 'Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales (DRNA), División Monitoreo del Plan de Aguas' Pages: '[various]' Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Series Volume: CEE-SA-16-11450 Title: 'Plan Integral de Recursos de Agua de Puerto Rico, 2016: Políticas, Proyectos, Objectivos' URL: http://drna.pr.gov/documentos/plan-integral-de-recursos-de-agua-de-puerto-rico-revision-junio-2016/ Year: 2016 _record_number: 25079 _uuid: 1374169f-f7b7-4162-9a21-ca3db7835692 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/plan-integral-de-recursos-de-agua-de-puerto-rico-2016-polticas-proyectos-objetivos href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1374169f-f7b7-4162-9a21-ca3db7835692.yaml identifier: 1374169f-f7b7-4162-9a21-ca3db7835692 uri: /reference/1374169f-f7b7-4162-9a21-ca3db7835692 - attrs: Author: 'Harduar Morano, Laurel; Watkins, Sharon; Kintziger, Kristina' DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060551 ISSN: 1660-4601 Issue: 6 Journal: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Pages: 551 Title: A comprehensive evaluation of the burden of heat-related illness and death within the Florida population Volume: 13 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25044 _uuid: 141cf8f8-03e5-4aee-b248-3a766dd3013e reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.3390/ijerph13060551 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/141cf8f8-03e5-4aee-b248-3a766dd3013e.yaml identifier: 141cf8f8-03e5-4aee-b248-3a766dd3013e uri: /reference/141cf8f8-03e5-4aee-b248-3a766dd3013e - attrs: .reference_type: 47 Author: 'Scatena, F. N.' Conference Location: 'San Juan, PR' Conference Name: 'Tropical Hydrology and Caribbean Water Resources: Proceedings, Third International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology and Fifth Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress' Date: 12-16 July Editor: 'Segarra-Garcia, R. I.' Pages: 193-198 Place Published: 'Bethesda, MD' Publisher: American Water Resources Assocation Title: An assessment of climate change in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico URL: https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/30241 Year: 1998 _record_number: 25092 _uuid: 17117749-f561-47d3-96fe-a62683b61369 reftype: Conference Paper child_publication: /generic/02300b4d-3774-442c-96cb-2d1d8738a0fa href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/17117749-f561-47d3-96fe-a62683b61369.yaml identifier: 17117749-f561-47d3-96fe-a62683b61369 uri: /reference/17117749-f561-47d3-96fe-a62683b61369 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'PRASA,' Institution: Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA) Pages: various Place Published: 'Hato Rey, PR' Title: 'Cambio Climático Plan de Adaptación–Tarea 3 [Climate Change Adaptation Plan]' URL: https://www.acueductospr.com/INFRAESTRUCTURA/download/CAMBIO%20CLIMATICO/2015-04-17_Plan%20de%20Adaptaci%C3%B3n_Final.pdf Year: 2015 _record_number: 25263 _uuid: 17a5c581-2029-4b20-b23a-b6dd70f2fbd3 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/cambio-climtico-plan-de-adaptacintarea-3-climate-change-adaptation-plan href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/17a5c581-2029-4b20-b23a-b6dd70f2fbd3.yaml identifier: 17a5c581-2029-4b20-b23a-b6dd70f2fbd3 uri: /reference/17a5c581-2029-4b20-b23a-b6dd70f2fbd3 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'CoRIS,' Publisher: NOAA Coral Reef Information System (CoRIS) Title: "The Coral Program's Watershed Management Activities [web site]" URL: www.coris.noaa.gov/activities/projects/watershed/ Year: 2018 _record_number: 26449 _uuid: 17eeff88-67cf-444c-9ab6-158f402c635e reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/6e16a347-ccda-46b7-ab9a-683277f4cffc href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/17eeff88-67cf-444c-9ab6-158f402c635e.yaml identifier: 17eeff88-67cf-444c-9ab6-158f402c635e uri: /reference/17eeff88-67cf-444c-9ab6-158f402c635e - attrs: Author: 'Laurance, William F.; Carolina Useche, D.; Shoo, Luke P.; Herzog, Sebastian K.; Kessler, Michael; Escobar, Federico; Brehm, Gunnar; Axmacher, Jan C.; Chen, I. Ching; Gámez, Lucrecia Arellano; Hietz, Peter; Fiedler, Konrad; Pyrcz, Tomasz; Wolf, Jan; Merkord, Christopher L.; Cardelus, Catherine; Marshall, Andrew R.; Ah-Peng, Claudine; Aplet, Gregory H.; del Coro Arizmendi, M.; Baker, William J.; Barone, John; Brühl, Carsten A.; Bussmann, Rainer W.; Cicuzza, Daniele; Eilu, Gerald; Favila, Mario E.; Hemp, Andreas; Hemp, Claudia; Homeier, Jürgen; Hurtado, Johanna; Jankowski, Jill; Kattán, Gustavo; Kluge, Jürgen; Krömer, Thorsten; Lees, David C.; Lehnert, Marcus; Longino, John T.; Lovett, Jon; Martin, Patrick H.; Patterson, Bruce D.; Pearson, Richard G.; Peh, Kelvin S. H.; Richardson, Barbara; Richardson, Michael; Samways, Michael J.; Senbeta, Feyera; Smith, Thomas B.; Utteridge, Timothy M. A.; Watkins, James E.; Wilson, Rohan; Williams, Stephen E.; Thomas, Chris D.' DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.10.010 Date: 2011/01/01/ ISSN: 0006-3207 Issue: 1 Journal: Biological Conservation Keywords: Africa; Asia-Pacific; Biodiversity; Climate change; Elevational range; Endemism; Extinction; Global warming; Montane areas; Neotropics; Thermal tolerance; Tropical ecosystems Pages: 548-557 Title: 'Global warming, elevational ranges and the vulnerability of tropical biota' Volume: 144 Year: 2011 _record_number: 25032 _uuid: 19f3b8dc-2f78-491c-b2eb-ec7984066e26 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.10.010 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/19f3b8dc-2f78-491c-b2eb-ec7984066e26.yaml identifier: 19f3b8dc-2f78-491c-b2eb-ec7984066e26 uri: /reference/19f3b8dc-2f78-491c-b2eb-ec7984066e26 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Perlwitz, J.; T. Knutson; J.P. Kossin; A.N. LeGrande' Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I' DOI: 10.7930/J0RV0KVQ Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock' Pages: 161-184 Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Title: Large-Scale Circulation and Climate Variability Year: 2017 _record_number: 21563 _uuid: 1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/circulation-variability href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b.yaml identifier: 1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b uri: /reference/1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'UNEP,' Institution: 'United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Finance Initiative' Pages: 42 Place Published: 'Geneva, Switzerland' Title: Collaborating for Resilience—Partnerships That Build Disaster-Resilient Communities and Economies URL: http://www.unepfi.org/psi/collaborating-for-resilience/ Year: 2015 _record_number: 25108 _uuid: 1b4701af-2f44-4cb8-896a-bc1c8818fa54 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/collaborating-resilience-partnerships-that-builds-disaster-resilient-communities-economies href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1b4701af-2f44-4cb8-896a-bc1c8818fa54.yaml identifier: 1b4701af-2f44-4cb8-896a-bc1c8818fa54 uri: /reference/1b4701af-2f44-4cb8-896a-bc1c8818fa54 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Kuniansky, Eve L.; Gómez-Gómez, Fernando; Torres-González, Sigfredo' Institution: 'U.S. Geological Survey, Caribean District' Pages: 56 Place Published: 'Guaynabo, PR' Report Number: Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003–4303 Title: 'Effects of aquifer development and changes in irrigation practices on ground-water availability in the Santa Isabel area, Puerto Rico' URL: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri20034303 Year: 2004 _record_number: 25249 _uuid: 1b555f67-0af6-4f16-882b-0c253117b9c8 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/effects-aquifer-development-changes-irrigation-practices-on-ground-water-availability-santa-isabel-area-puerto-rico href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1b555f67-0af6-4f16-882b-0c253117b9c8.yaml identifier: 1b555f67-0af6-4f16-882b-0c253117b9c8 uri: /reference/1b555f67-0af6-4f16-882b-0c253117b9c8 - attrs: Abstract: 'Climate change is causing geographical redistribution of plant and animal species globally. These distributional shifts are leading to new ecosystems and ecological communities, changes that will affect human society. Pecl et al. review these current and future impacts and assess their implications for sustainable development goals.Science, this issue p. eaai9214BACKGROUNDThe success of human societies depends intimately on the living components of natural and managed systems. Although the geographical range limits of species are dynamic and fluctuate over time, climate change is impelling a universal redistribution of life on Earth. For marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species alike, the first response to changing climate is often a shift in location, to stay within preferred environmental conditions. At the cooler extremes of their distributions, species are moving poleward, whereas range limits are contracting at the warmer range edge, where temperatures are no longer tolerable. On land, species are also moving to cooler, higher elevations; in the ocean, they are moving to colder water at greater depths. Because different species respond at different rates and to varying degrees, key interactions among species are often disrupted, and new interactions develop. These idiosyncrasies can result in novel biotic communities and rapid changes in ecosystem functioning, with pervasive and sometimes unexpected consequences that propagate through and affect both biological and human communities.ADVANCESAt a time when the world is anticipating unprecedented increases in human population growth and demands, the ability of natural ecosystems to deliver ecosystem services is being challenged by the largest climate-driven global redistribution of species since the Last Glacial Maximum. We demonstrate the serious consequences of this species redistribution for economic development, livelihoods, food security, human health, and culture, and we document feedbacks on climate itself. As with other impacts of climate change, species range shifts will leave “winners” and “losers” in their wake, radically reshaping the pattern of human well-being between regions and different sectors and potentially leading to substantial conflict. The pervasive impacts of changes in species distribution transcend single systems or dimensions, with feedbacks and linkages between multiple interacting scales and through whole ecosystems, inclusive of humans. We argue that the negative effects of climate change cannot be adequately anticipated or prepared for unless species responses are explicitly included in decision-making and global strategic frameworks.OUTLOOKDespite mounting evidence for the pervasive and substantial impacts of a climate-driven redistribution of Earth’s species, current global goals, policies, and international agreements fail to account for these effects. With the predicted intensification of species movements and their diverse societal and environmental impacts, awareness of species “on the move” should be incorporated into local, regional, and global assessments as standard practice. This will raise hope that future targets—whether they be global sustainability goals, plans for regional biodiversity maintenance, or local fishing or forestry harvest strategies—can be achievable and that society is prepared for a world of universal ecological change. Human society has yet to appreciate the implications of unprecedented species redistribution for life on Earth, including for human lives. Even if greenhouse gas emissions stopped today, the responses required in human systems to adapt to the most serious effects of climate-driven species redistribution would be massive. Meeting these challenges requires governance that can anticipate and adapt to changing conditions, as well as minimize negative consequences.As the global climate changes, human well-being, ecosystem function, and even climate itself are increasingly affected by the shifting geography of life.Climate-driven changes in species distributions, or range hifts, affect human well-being both directly (for example, through emerging diseases and changes in food supply) and indirectly (by degrading ecosystem health). Some range shifts even create feedbacks (positive or negative) on the climate system, altering the pace of climate change. Distributions of Earth’s species are changing at accelerating rates, increasingly driven by human-mediated climate change. Such changes are already altering the composition of ecological communities, but beyond conservation of natural systems, how and why does this matter? We review evidence that climate-driven species redistribution at regional to global scales affects ecosystem functioning, human well-being, and the dynamics of climate change itself. Production of natural resources required for food security, patterns of disease transmission, and processes of carbon sequestration are all altered by changes in species distribution. Consideration of these effects of biodiversity redistribution is critical yet lacking in most mitigation and adaptation strategies, including the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals.' Author: 'Pecl, Gretta T.; Araújo, Miguel B.; Bell, Johann D.; Blanchard, Julia; Bonebrake, Timothy C.; Chen, I-Ching; Clark, Timothy D.; Colwell, Robert K.; Danielsen, Finn; Evengård, Birgitta; Falconi, Lorena; Ferrier, Simon; Frusher, Stewart; Garcia, Raquel A.; Griffis, Roger B.; Hobday, Alistair J.; Janion-Scheepers, Charlene; Jarzyna, Marta A.; Jennings, Sarah; Lenoir, Jonathan; Linnetved, Hlif I.; Martin, Victoria Y.; McCormack, Phillipa C.; McDonald, Jan; Mitchell, Nicola J.; Mustonen, Tero; Pandolfi, John M.; Pettorelli, Nathalie; Popova, Ekaterina; Robinson, Sharon A.; Scheffers, Brett R.; Shaw, Justine D.; Sorte, Cascade J. B.; Strugnell, Jan M.; Sunday, Jennifer M.; Tuanmu, Mao-Ning; Vergés, Adriana; Villanueva, Cecilia; Wernberg, Thomas; Wapstra, Erik; Williams, Stephen E.' DOI: 10.1126/science.aai9214 Issue: 6332 Journal: Science Pages: eaai9214 Title: 'Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being' Volume: 355 Year: 2017 _record_number: 24889 _uuid: 1e20ce47-fff6-49d2-aa3e-f28d68f33eef reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.aai9214 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1e20ce47-fff6-49d2-aa3e-f28d68f33eef.yaml identifier: 1e20ce47-fff6-49d2-aa3e-f28d68f33eef uri: /reference/1e20ce47-fff6-49d2-aa3e-f28d68f33eef - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'CCCCC,' Institution: Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) Pages: 211 Place Published: 'Belmopan, Belize' Report Number: Technical Report 5C/CCCCC-12-03-01 Title: 'Delivering Transformational Change: The Implementation Plan for the CARICOM "Regional Framework for Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change"' URL: https://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/IP_version-verificar-si-final.pdf Year: 2011 _record_number: 25244 _uuid: 1eacc606-f866-4c34-901e-7bef2bec8bd3 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/delivering-transformational-change-implementation-plan-caricom-regional-framework-achieving-development-resilient-climate-change href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1eacc606-f866-4c34-901e-7bef2bec8bd3.yaml identifier: 1eacc606-f866-4c34-901e-7bef2bec8bd3 uri: /reference/1eacc606-f866-4c34-901e-7bef2bec8bd3 - attrs: Abstract: 'Increased frequency and length of high heat episodes are leading to more cardiovascular issues and asthmatic responses among the population of San Juan, the capital of the island of Puerto Rico, USA. An urban heat island effect, which leads to foci of higher temperatures in some urban areas, can raise heat-related mortality. The objective of this research is to map the risk of high temperature in particular locations by creating heat maps of the city of San Juan. The heat vulnerability index (HVI) maps were developed using images collected by satellite-based remote sensing combined with census data. Land surface temperature was assessed using images from the Thermal Infrared Sensor flown on Landsat 8. Social determinants (e.g., age, unemployment, education and social isolation, and health insurance coverage) were analyzed by census tract. The data were examined in the context of land cover maps generated using products from the Puerto Rico Terrestrial Gap Analysis Project (USDA Forest Service). All variables were set in order to transform the indicators expressed in different units into indices between 0 and 1, and the HVI was calculated as sum of score. The tract with highest index was considered to be the most vulnerable and the lowest to be the least vulnerable. Five vulnerability classes were mapped (very high, high, moderate, low, and very low). The hottest and the most vulnerable tracts corresponded to highly built areas, including the Luis Munoz International Airport, seaports, parking lots, and high-density residential areas. Several variables contributed to increased vulnerability, including higher rates of the population living alone, disabilities, advanced age, and lack of health insurance coverage. Coolest areas corresponded to vegetated landscapes and urban water bodies. The urban HVI map will be useful to health officers, emergency preparedness personnel, the National Weather Service, and San Juan residents, as it helps to prepare for and to mitigate the potential effects of heat-related illnesses.' Author: 'Méndez-Lázaro, Pablo; Muller-Karger, Frank E.; Otis, Daniel; McCarthy, Matthew J.; Rodríguez, Ernesto' DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1319-z Date: February 17 ISSN: 1432-1254 Journal: International Journal of Biometeorology Title: 'A heat vulnerability index to improve urban public health management in San Juan, Puerto Rico' Type of Article: journal article Year: 2017 _record_number: 25023 _uuid: 1fb1d8b7-46d3-4bd8-8e18-86aa24e405cb reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00484-017-1319-z href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1fb1d8b7-46d3-4bd8-8e18-86aa24e405cb.yaml identifier: 1fb1d8b7-46d3-4bd8-8e18-86aa24e405cb uri: /reference/1fb1d8b7-46d3-4bd8-8e18-86aa24e405cb - attrs: Author: 'Helmreich, B.; Horn, H.' DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.046 Date: 2009/11/15/ ISSN: 0011-9164 Issue: 1 Journal: Desalination Keywords: Rainwater harvesting; Rainfed agriculture; Rainwater treatment; Solar energy; Membrane filtration; Sand filtration Pages: 118-124 Title: Opportunities in rainwater harvesting Volume: 248 Year: 2009 _record_number: 25237 _uuid: 2370cfa1-afa1-4c11-ae33-97d0dadfa8de reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.046 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2370cfa1-afa1-4c11-ae33-97d0dadfa8de.yaml identifier: 2370cfa1-afa1-4c11-ae33-97d0dadfa8de uri: /reference/2370cfa1-afa1-4c11-ae33-97d0dadfa8de - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Wilkinson, Emily' Institution: Overseas Development Institute Pages: 6 Place Published: 'London, UK' Title: 'Towards a more resilient Caribbean after the 2017 hurricanes. Report from roundtable discussions, 30 January 2018' URL: https://www.odi.org/publications/11076-towards-more-resilient-caribbean-after-2017-hurricanes Year: 2018 _record_number: 26439 _uuid: 24b2876d-90ea-4f7c-98c6-d01268920caf reftype: Report child_publication: /report/towards-more-resilient-caribbean-after-2017-hurricanes-report-roundtable-discussions-30-january-2018 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/24b2876d-90ea-4f7c-98c6-d01268920caf.yaml identifier: 24b2876d-90ea-4f7c-98c6-d01268920caf uri: /reference/24b2876d-90ea-4f7c-98c6-d01268920caf - attrs: Author: 'Jennings, Simon; Brander, Keith' DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.016 Date: 2010/02/10/ ISSN: 0924-7963 Issue: 3 Journal: Journal of Marine Systems Keywords: Climate; Climate changes; Biological production; Fisheries; Size-spectra; Prediction; Metabolic theory Pages: 418-426 Title: Predicting the effects of climate change on marine communities and the consequences for fisheries Volume: 79 Year: 2010 _record_number: 25037 _uuid: 272d0750-d233-4495-9c70-22a62cd113a7 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.016 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/272d0750-d233-4495-9c70-22a62cd113a7.yaml identifier: 272d0750-d233-4495-9c70-22a62cd113a7 uri: /reference/272d0750-d233-4495-9c70-22a62cd113a7 - attrs: Author: 'Harduar Morano, L.; Bunn, T. L.; Lackovic, M.; Lavender, A.; Dang, G. T. T.; Chalmers, J. J.; Li, Y.; Zhang, L.; Flammia, D. D.' DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22504 ISSN: 1097-0274 Issue: 10 Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Keywords: heat; occupational; southeast; hospitalization; emergency department Pages: 1114-1125 Title: 'Occupational heat-related illness emergency department visits and inpatient hospitalizations in the southeast region, 2007–2011' Volume: 58 Year: 2015 _record_number: 25043 _uuid: 28c2d956-db7f-4038-b6c1-e5316f3657d5 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/ajim.22504 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/28c2d956-db7f-4038-b6c1-e5316f3657d5.yaml identifier: 28c2d956-db7f-4038-b6c1-e5316f3657d5 uri: /reference/28c2d956-db7f-4038-b6c1-e5316f3657d5 - attrs: Author: 'Cinner, J. E.; McClanahan, T. R.; Graham, N. A. J.; Daw, T. M.; Maina, J.; Stead, S. M.; Wamukota, A.; Brown, K.; Bodin, Ö' DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.018 Date: 2012/02/01/ ISSN: 0959-3780 Issue: 1 Journal: Global Environmental Change Keywords: Vulnerability; Fisheries; Coral bleaching; Global climate change; Social-ecological systems; Resilience; Coral reef Pages: 12-20 Title: Vulnerability of coastal communities to key impacts of climate change on coral reef fisheries Volume: 22 Year: 2012 _record_number: 25059 _uuid: 2c5feeb2-9e41-4529-a0d8-3ba8a36a1e16 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.018 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2c5feeb2-9e41-4529-a0d8-3ba8a36a1e16.yaml identifier: 2c5feeb2-9e41-4529-a0d8-3ba8a36a1e16 uri: /reference/2c5feeb2-9e41-4529-a0d8-3ba8a36a1e16 - attrs: Author: 'Foster, Pru' DOI: 10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00056-3 Date: 2001/10/01/ ISSN: 0012-8252 Issue: 1 Journal: Earth-Science Reviews Keywords: cloud forest; tropical montane cloud forest; climate change impacts; relative humidity; paleovegetation; epiphytes; cloud formation changes Pages: 73-106 Title: The potential negative impacts of global climate change on tropical montane cloud forests Volume: 55 Year: 2001 _record_number: 25235 _uuid: 2c61f40b-2033-43af-8b45-b0635840d008 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00056-3 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2c61f40b-2033-43af-8b45-b0635840d008.yaml identifier: 2c61f40b-2033-43af-8b45-b0635840d008 uri: /reference/2c61f40b-2033-43af-8b45-b0635840d008 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Virgin Islands State Historic Preservation Office,; University of Alabama Office of Archaeological Research,' Institution: 'University of Alabama, Office of Archaeological Research' Pages: 50 Place Published: 'Moundville, AL' Title: The U.S. Virgin Islands Statewide Historic Preservation Plan URL: https://museums.ua.edu/oar/usvi/ Year: 2016 _record_number: 25114 _uuid: 2cb69703-5cd8-439c-8fbc-6783691cdd71 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/us-virgin-islands-statewide-historic-preservation-plan href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2cb69703-5cd8-439c-8fbc-6783691cdd71.yaml identifier: 2cb69703-5cd8-439c-8fbc-6783691cdd71 uri: /reference/2cb69703-5cd8-439c-8fbc-6783691cdd71 - attrs: Author: 'Perez, Timothy M.; Stroud, James T.; Feeley, Kenneth J.' DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf3343 Issue: 6280 Journal: Science Pages: 1392-1393 Title: Thermal trouble in the tropics Volume: 351 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25009 _uuid: 2d495377-cde5-4488-a928-a12fb2d176da reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.aaf3343 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2d495377-cde5-4488-a928-a12fb2d176da.yaml identifier: 2d495377-cde5-4488-a928-a12fb2d176da uri: /reference/2d495377-cde5-4488-a928-a12fb2d176da - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Eakin, C.M.\rMorgan, J.A.\rHeron, S.F.\rSmith, T.B.\rLiu, G.\rAlvarez-Filip, L.\rBaca, B.\rBartels, E.\rBastidas, C.\rBouchon, C.\rBrandt, M.\rBruckner, A.W.\rBunkley-WIlliams, L.\rCameron, A.\rCausey, B.D.\rChiappone, M.\rChristensen, T.R.L.\rCrabbe, M.J.C.\rDay, O.\rde la Guardia, E.\rDíaz-Pulido, G.\rDi Resta, D.\rGil-Agudelo, D.L.\rGilliam, D.S.\rGinsburg, R.N.\rGore, S. \rGuzmán, H.M.\rHendee, J.C.\rHernández-Delgado, E.A.\rHusain, E.\rJeffrey, C.F.G.\rJones, R.J.\rJordán-Dahlgren, E. \rKaufman, L.S.\rKline, D.I.\rKramer, P.A.\rLang, J.C.\rLirman, D.\rMallela, J.\rManfrino, C.\rMaréchal, J.-P.\rMarks, K.\rMihaly, J.\rMiller, W.J.\rMueller, E.M.\rMuller, E.M.\rOrozco Toro, C.A.\rOxenford, H.A.\rPonce-Taylor, D.\rQuinn, N.\rRitchie, K.B.\rRodríguez, S.\rRodríguez Ramírez, A.\rRomano, S.\rSamhouri, J.F.\rSánchez, J.A.\rSchmahl, G.P.\rShank, B.V.\rSkirving, W.J.\rSteiner, S.C.C.\rVillamizar, E.\rWalsh, S.M.\rWalter, C.\rWeil, E.\rWilliams, E.H.\rRoberson, K.W.\rYusuf Y." DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013969 ISSN: 1932-6203 Issue: 11 Journal: PLoS ONE Pages: e13969 Title: 'Caribbean corals in crisis: Record thermal stress, bleaching, and mortality in 2005' URL: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013969 Volume: 5 Year: 2010 _chapter: '["Ch. 24: Oceans FINAL","RF 11"]' _record_number: 186 _uuid: 2dcec73a-c9eb-4f23-9182-ac6bd27e716c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1371/journal.pone.0013969 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2dcec73a-c9eb-4f23-9182-ac6bd27e716c.yaml identifier: 2dcec73a-c9eb-4f23-9182-ac6bd27e716c uri: /reference/2dcec73a-c9eb-4f23-9182-ac6bd27e716c - attrs: Author: 'Kondolf, G. Mathias; Gao, Yongxuan; Annandale, George W.; Morris, Gregory L.; Jiang, Enhui; Zhang, Junhua; Cao, Yongtao; Carling, Paul; Fu, Kaidao; Guo, Qingchao; Hotchkiss, Rollin; Peteuil, Christophe; Sumi, Tetsuya; Wang, Hsiao-Wen; Wang, Zhongmei; Wei, Zhilin; Wu, Baosheng; Wu, Caiping; Yang, Chih Ted' DOI: 10.1002/2013EF000184 ISSN: 2328-4277 Issue: 5 Journal: Earth's Future Keywords: sediment management; regulated rivers; reservoir sedimentation; reservoir sustainbility; 1857 Reservoirs (surface); 1808 Dams; 1861 Sedimentation; 1862 Sediment transport; 1880 Water management Pages: 256-280 Publisher: 'Wiley Periodicals, Inc.' Title: 'Sustainable sediment management in reservoirs and regulated rivers: Experiences from five continents' Volume: 2 Year: 2014 _record_number: 25033 _uuid: 3019cdbe-ff04-4fcf-a9ab-ba2a11f13589 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/2013EF000184 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3019cdbe-ff04-4fcf-a9ab-ba2a11f13589.yaml identifier: 3019cdbe-ff04-4fcf-a9ab-ba2a11f13589 uri: /reference/3019cdbe-ff04-4fcf-a9ab-ba2a11f13589 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Access Date: 'July 6, 2018' Author: NWS Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Publisher: NOAA National Weather Service (NWS) Title: 'Rainfall record San Juan: Tropical wave brought new climate records' URL: https://www.weather.gov/sju/rainfallrecord_0718 Year: 2013 _record_number: 26443 _uuid: 33086390-99bb-46e9-a7ec-e8cc66e1c39c reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/f45f6272-c5be-4944-83db-cf6014b7aee0 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/33086390-99bb-46e9-a7ec-e8cc66e1c39c.yaml identifier: 33086390-99bb-46e9-a7ec-e8cc66e1c39c uri: /reference/33086390-99bb-46e9-a7ec-e8cc66e1c39c - attrs: .reference_type: 63 Author: 'Puerto Rico State Department,' Date: 22 November 2016 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Title: 'Ordenes Ejecutivas [Executive Orders: Search/Buscar "OE-2016-048"]' URL: http://estado.pr.gov/es/ordenes-ejecutivas/ Year: 2016 _record_number: 26701 _uuid: 33b4fc8b-5b73-49ce-9b48-46a5218132f8 reftype: Press Release child_publication: /generic/86030795-c37a-4e53-8ec3-b2d0d174967b href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/33b4fc8b-5b73-49ce-9b48-46a5218132f8.yaml identifier: 33b4fc8b-5b73-49ce-9b48-46a5218132f8 uri: /reference/33b4fc8b-5b73-49ce-9b48-46a5218132f8 - attrs: .publisher: 'John Wiley & Sons, Inc.' .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Walsh, Kevin J. E.; McBride, John L.; Klotzbach, Philip J.; Balachandran, Sethurathinam; Camargo, Suzana J.; Holland, Greg; Knutson, Thomas R.; Kossin, James P.; Lee, Tsz-cheung; Sobel, Adam; Sugi, Masato' DOI: 10.1002/wcc.371 ISSN: 1757-7799 Issue: 1 Journal: 'Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change' Pages: 65-89 Title: Tropical cyclones and climate change Volume: 7 Year: 2016 _record_number: 19583 _uuid: 349482df-4a77-4802-8b39-14d5e63b946f reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/wcc.371 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/349482df-4a77-4802-8b39-14d5e63b946f.yaml identifier: 349482df-4a77-4802-8b39-14d5e63b946f uri: /reference/349482df-4a77-4802-8b39-14d5e63b946f - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Atlantic hurricane variability on decadal and interannual time scales is reconsidered in a framework based on a leading mode of coupled ocean–atmosphere variability known as the Atlantic meridional mode (AMM). It is shown that a large part of the variability of overall “hurricane activity,” which depends on the number of storms in a season, their duration, and their intensity, can be explained by systematic shifts in the cyclogenesis regions. These shifts are strongly correlated with the AMM on interannual as well as multidecadal time scales. It is suggested that the AMM serves to unify a number of previously documented relationships between hurricanes and Atlantic regional climate variability.' Author: James P. Kossin; Daniel J. Vimont DOI: 10.1175/bams-88-11-1767 Issue: 11 Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Pages: 1767-1781 Title: A more general framework for understanding Atlantic hurricane variability and trends Volume: 88 Year: 2007 _record_number: 20649 _uuid: 34ac10b1-a5ab-4ad6-97e5-3d920ff5f2c0 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/bams-88-11-1767 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/34ac10b1-a5ab-4ad6-97e5-3d920ff5f2c0.yaml identifier: 34ac10b1-a5ab-4ad6-97e5-3d920ff5f2c0 uri: /reference/34ac10b1-a5ab-4ad6-97e5-3d920ff5f2c0 - attrs: Abstract: 'Background Short-term impacts of high temperatures on the elderly are well known. Even though Italy has the highest proportion of elderly citizens in Europe, there is a lack of information on spatial heat-related elderly risks. Objectives Development of high-resolution, heat-related urban risk maps regarding the elderly population (≥65). Methods A long time-series (2001–2013) of remote sensing MODIS data, averaged over the summer period for eleven major Italian cities, were downscaled to obtain high spatial resolution (100 m) daytime and night-time land surface temperatures (LST). LST was estimated pixel-wise by applying two statistical model approaches: 1) the Linear Regression Model (LRM); 2) the Generalized Additive Model (GAM). Total and elderly population density data were extracted from the Joint Research Centre population grid (100 m) from the 2001 census (Eurostat source), and processed together using “Crichton’s Risk Triangle” hazard-risk methodology for obtaining a Heat-related Elderly Risk Index (HERI). Results The GAM procedure allowed for improved daytime and night-time LST estimations compared to the LRM approach. High-resolution maps of daytime and night-time HERI levels were developed for inland and coastal cities. Urban areas with the hazardous HERI level (very high risk) were not necessarily characterized by the highest temperatures. The hazardous HERI level was generally localized to encompass the city-centre in inland cities and the inner area in coastal cities. The two most dangerous HERI levels were greater in the coastal rather than inland cities. Conclusions This study shows the great potential of combining geospatial technologies and spatial demographic characteristics within a simple and flexible framework in order to provide high-resolution urban mapping of daytime and night-time HERI. In this way, potential areas for intervention are immediately identified with up-to-street level details. This information could support public health operators and facilitate coordination for heat-related emergencies.' Author: 'Morabito, Marco; Crisci, Alfonso; Gioli, Beniamino; Gualtieri, Giovanni; Toscano, Piero; Di Stefano, Valentina; Orlandini, Simone; Gensini, Gian Franco' DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127277 Issue: 5 Journal: PLOS ONE Pages: e0127277 Publisher: Public Library of Science Title: 'Urban-hazard risk analysis: Mapping of heat-related risks in the elderly in major Italian cities' Volume: 10 Year: 2015 _record_number: 25019 _uuid: 3f1794be-a669-4e53-a664-3f9e85683cac reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1371/journal.pone.0127277 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3f1794be-a669-4e53-a664-3f9e85683cac.yaml identifier: 3f1794be-a669-4e53-a664-3f9e85683cac uri: /reference/3f1794be-a669-4e53-a664-3f9e85683cac - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Puerto Rico Ports Authority,' Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Title: Aviation Bureau Report Fiscal Year 2016 Year: 2016 _record_number: 26699 _uuid: 3f86c3ad-0f92-462e-bcff-2d9d4cbcc1cc reftype: Report child_publication: /report/aviation-bureau-report-fiscal-year-2016 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3f86c3ad-0f92-462e-bcff-2d9d4cbcc1cc.yaml identifier: 3f86c3ad-0f92-462e-bcff-2d9d4cbcc1cc uri: /reference/3f86c3ad-0f92-462e-bcff-2d9d4cbcc1cc - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Brander, Luke; van Beukering, Pieter' Institution: NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program Pages: 23 Place Published: 'Silver Spring, MD' Title: 'The Total Economic Value of U.S. Coral Reefs: A Review of the Literature' URL: https://www.coris.noaa.gov/activities/economic_value/ Year: 2013 _record_number: 25247 _uuid: 3ffb4c14-fc46-4b50-bf9f-449ac429aef1 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/total-economic-value-us-coral-reefs-review-literature href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3ffb4c14-fc46-4b50-bf9f-449ac429aef1.yaml identifier: 3ffb4c14-fc46-4b50-bf9f-449ac429aef1 uri: /reference/3ffb4c14-fc46-4b50-bf9f-449ac429aef1 - attrs: Academic Department: 'Animal Sciences Group, Aquaculture and Fisheries Group' Advisor: 'Martin de Graaf; Leo Nagelkerke ' Author: 'van Gerwen, Imke' Date: December Degree: M.Sc. Number of Pages: 66 Place Published: The Netherlands Title: The effects of trap fisheries on the populations of Caribbean spiny lobster and reef fish species at the Saba Bank URL: http://www.dcbd.nl/document/effects-trap-fisheries-populations-caribbean-spiny-lobster-and-reef-fish-species-saba-bank University: Wageningen University Year: 2013 _record_number: 25104 _uuid: 41f8c60a-5975-4c57-ad68-4d28bd855d69 reftype: Thesis child_publication: /generic/7b0f34d3-4fb8-4b66-bc2b-0beea9a0577e href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/41f8c60a-5975-4c57-ad68-4d28bd855d69.yaml identifier: 41f8c60a-5975-4c57-ad68-4d28bd855d69 uri: /reference/41f8c60a-5975-4c57-ad68-4d28bd855d69 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'EPA,' Institution: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Pages: 214 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Report Number: EPA/600/R-02/003 Title: A lexicon of cave and karst terminology with special reference to environmental karst hydrology URL: https://karstwaters.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/lexicon-cave-karst.pdf Year: 2002 _record_number: 26419 _uuid: 4375edd4-4f85-4a9f-bf62-37c2985ade2b reftype: Report child_publication: /report/lexicon-cave-karst-terminology-special-reference-environmental-karst-hydrology href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4375edd4-4f85-4a9f-bf62-37c2985ade2b.yaml identifier: 4375edd4-4f85-4a9f-bf62-37c2985ade2b uri: /reference/4375edd4-4f85-4a9f-bf62-37c2985ade2b - attrs: Author: 'Ruiz-Ramos, Mónica; Ortiz-Colón, Guillermo' Issue: 1 Journal: SEA del Oeste Pages: 43-51 Title: El Huracán María y su efecto sobre la industria lechera de Puerto Rico URL: https://www.uprm.edu/sea/mdocs-posts/sea-del-oeste-2018-vol-1/ Volume: 2018 Year: 2018 _record_number: 26433 _uuid: 4a57d90f-f863-4cae-8d94-33f71bf3c531 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /generic/509951fe-7bdb-4c41-8797-49c2e7bcfab0 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4a57d90f-f863-4cae-8d94-33f71bf3c531.yaml identifier: 4a57d90f-f863-4cae-8d94-33f71bf3c531 uri: /reference/4a57d90f-f863-4cae-8d94-33f71bf3c531 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'CFMC,' Institution: Caribbean Fishery Management Council (CFMC) and NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service Pages: 122 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR, and St. Petersburg, FL' Title: 'Comprehensive Amendment to the U.S. Caribbean Fishery Management Plans: Application of Accountability Measures (Including draft environmental assessment, regulatory impact review, regulatory flexibility act analysis, and fishery impact statement), version 3.1' URL: http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/sustainable_fisheries/caribbean/generic/accountability_measures/documents/pdfs/carib_comp_am_amendment_draft_ea_nov15.pdf Year: 2015 _record_number: 25255 _uuid: 4dd9dcb5-7f96-4849-9cc0-e4dfc2c29e84 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/comprehensive-amendment-us-caribbean-fishery-management-plans-application-accountability-measures-including-draft-environmental-assessmentregulatory-impact-review-regulatory-flexibility-act-analysis-fishery-impact-statement-version-31 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4dd9dcb5-7f96-4849-9cc0-e4dfc2c29e84.yaml identifier: 4dd9dcb5-7f96-4849-9cc0-e4dfc2c29e84 uri: /reference/4dd9dcb5-7f96-4849-9cc0-e4dfc2c29e84 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Selig, Elizabeth R.; Drew Harvell, C.; Bruno, John F.; Willis, Bette L.; Page, Cathie A.; Casey, Kenneth S.; Sweatman, Hugh' Book Title: 'Coral Reefs and Climate Change: Science and Management' DOI: 10.1029/61CE07 Editor: Jonathan T. Phinney; Ove Hoegh-Guldberg; Joanie Kleypas; William Skirving; Al Strong ISBN: 9781118666159 Keywords: Coral reefs and islands—Environmental aspects; Climatic changes—Environmental aspects Pages: 111-128 Publisher: American Geophysical Union Title: Analyzing the relationship between ocean temperature anomalies and coral disease outbreaks at broad spatial scales URL: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/61CE07 Year: 2013 _record_number: 25002 _uuid: 51a5773a-f8d4-4c2b-8342-7cee7b799ac5 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /book/c9069812-079a-4f7b-a66a-ceb558dafbeb href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/51a5773a-f8d4-4c2b-8342-7cee7b799ac5.yaml identifier: 51a5773a-f8d4-4c2b-8342-7cee7b799ac5 uri: /reference/51a5773a-f8d4-4c2b-8342-7cee7b799ac5 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Kossin, J.P.; T. Hall; T. Knutson; K.E. Kunkel; R.J. Trapp; D.E. Waliser; M.F. Wehner' Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I' DOI: 10.7930/J07S7KXX Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock' Pages: 257-276 Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Title: Extreme Storms Year: 2017 _record_number: 21567 _uuid: 52ce1b63-1b04-4728-9f1b-daee39af665e reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/extreme-storms href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/52ce1b63-1b04-4728-9f1b-daee39af665e.yaml identifier: 52ce1b63-1b04-4728-9f1b-daee39af665e uri: /reference/52ce1b63-1b04-4728-9f1b-daee39af665e - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Torres-Gonzalez, Sigfredo; Rodriguez, Jose M.' DOI: 10.3133/ofr20151215 Institution: U. S. Geological Survey Language: English Name of Database: USGS Publications Warehouse Place Published: 'Reston, VA' Series Volume: Open-File Report 2015-1215 Title: 'Hydrologic conditions in the South Coast aquifer, Puerto Rico, 2010–15' Type: Report Year: 2016 _record_number: 25099 _uuid: 553e2d0a-c0ad-4540-9c5f-1f47374129ec reftype: Report child_publication: /report/hydrologic-conditions-south-coast-aquifer-puerto-rico-201015 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/553e2d0a-c0ad-4540-9c5f-1f47374129ec.yaml identifier: 553e2d0a-c0ad-4540-9c5f-1f47374129ec uri: /reference/553e2d0a-c0ad-4540-9c5f-1f47374129ec - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Frankson, Rebekah; Kenneth E. Kunkel; Sarah Champion; David Easterling; Laura Stevens; Karin Bumbaco; Nick Bond; Joe Casola; William Sweet' Institution: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Pages: 4 Place Published: 'Asheville, NC' Series Volume: NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 149-WA Title: Washington State Climate Summary URL: https://statesummaries.ncics.org/wa Year: 2017 _record_number: 26715 _uuid: 55c7ac21-90b9-4261-ab66-a77e63b5bfea reftype: Report child_publication: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/washington href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/55c7ac21-90b9-4261-ab66-a77e63b5bfea.yaml identifier: 55c7ac21-90b9-4261-ab66-a77e63b5bfea uri: /reference/55c7ac21-90b9-4261-ab66-a77e63b5bfea - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Hayhoe, Katharine' Institution: Texas Tech University Pages: various Place Published: '[Lubbock, TX]' Title: Quantifying key drivers of climate variability and change for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean URL: https://s3.amazonaws.com/IndividualGISdata/PDFs/KatherineHayhoe_CaribbeanFinalReport.pdf Year: 2013 _record_number: 25083 _uuid: 56d77153-c8fc-4fcf-a7f0-fa0e843936f1 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/quantifying-key-drivers-climate-variability-change-puerto-rico-caribbean href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/56d77153-c8fc-4fcf-a7f0-fa0e843936f1.yaml identifier: 56d77153-c8fc-4fcf-a7f0-fa0e843936f1 uri: /reference/56d77153-c8fc-4fcf-a7f0-fa0e843936f1 - attrs: Abstract: 'Coffee production has long been culturally and economically important in Puerto Rico. However, since peaking in the late nineteenth century, harvests are near record lows with many former farms abandoned. While value-added markets present new opportunities to reinvigorate the industry, regional trends associated with climate change may threaten the ability to produce high-quality coffee. Here, we discuss the history of coffee in Puerto Rico, outline important bioclimatic parameters, and model current and future habitat suitability using statistically downscaled climate data. Model projections suggest that warming trends may surpass important temperature thresholds during the coming decades. Under high (A2) and mid-low (A1B) emission scenarios for 2011–2040, Puerto Rico is projected to exceed mean annual temperature parameters for growth of Coffea arabica. Warming and drying trends may accelerate after 2040 and could result in top producing municipalities losing 60–84% of highly suitable growing conditions by 2070. Under the A2 scenario, Puerto Rico may only retain 24 km2 of highly suitable conditions by 2071–2099. High temperatures and low precipitation levels can result in diminished quality and yields, as well as increased exposure and sensitivity to certain insects and diseases. The climate data and models used are based on best current understanding of climate and emission interactions with results best interpreted as projected climate trends rather than predictions of future weather. Planning, innovation, and adaptation provide promising avenues to address current and future socioecological challenges while building a model of sustainable and resilient coffee production in Puerto Rico and throughout the region.' Author: 'Fain, Stephen J.; Quiñones, Maya; Álvarez-Berríos, Nora L.; Parés-Ramos, Isabel K.; Gould, William A.' DOI: 10.1007/s10584-017-1949-5 Date: January 01 ISSN: 1573-1480 Issue: 1 Journal: Climatic Change Pages: 175-186 Title: 'Climate change and coffee: Assessing vulnerability by modeling future climate suitability in the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico' Type of Article: journal article Volume: 146 Year: 2018 _record_number: 25052 _uuid: 5b4edfc7-1882-4ead-a951-a8ce9fc94c16 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-017-1949-5 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5b4edfc7-1882-4ead-a951-a8ce9fc94c16.yaml identifier: 5b4edfc7-1882-4ead-a951-a8ce9fc94c16 uri: /reference/5b4edfc7-1882-4ead-a951-a8ce9fc94c16 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Jewett, L.; A. Romanou' Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I' DOI: 10.7930/J0QV3JQB Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock' Pages: 364-392 Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Title: Ocean Acidification and Other Ocean Changes Year: 2017 _record_number: 21571 _uuid: 5d047224-4e72-46d1-87f5-042c9617472d reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/ocean-acidification href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5d047224-4e72-46d1-87f5-042c9617472d.yaml identifier: 5d047224-4e72-46d1-87f5-042c9617472d uri: /reference/5d047224-4e72-46d1-87f5-042c9617472d - attrs: .publisher: Springer-Verlag .reference_type: 0 Author: "Ryu, Jung-Hee\rHayhoe, Katharine" DOI: 10.1007/s00382-013-1801-1 Date: 2013/05/15 ISSN: 0930-7575 Issue: 11 Journal: Climate Dynamics Keywords: "Caribbean precipitation\rNorth Atlantic subtropical high\rCaribbean low-level jet\rGlobal climate models\rLarge-scale dynamics" Language: English Pages: 3233-3252 Title: Understanding the sources of Caribbean precipitation biases in CMIP3 and CMIP5 simulations Volume: 42 Year: 2014 _chapter: '["Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 4638 _uuid: 5d493a0a-db95-418d-ad99-148d753db96a reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00382-013-1801-1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5d493a0a-db95-418d-ad99-148d753db96a.yaml identifier: 5d493a0a-db95-418d-ad99-148d753db96a uri: /reference/5d493a0a-db95-418d-ad99-148d753db96a - attrs: Author: 'Karmalkar, A. V.; Taylor, M. A.; Campbell, J.; Stephenson, T.; New, M.; Centella, A.; Benzanilla, A.; Charlery, J.' DOI: 10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71076-2 Date: 2013/04/01/ ISSN: 0187-6236 Issue: 2 Journal: Atmósfera Keywords: Climate change; Caribbean islands; impacts; CMIP3; RCM Pages: 283-309 Title: A review of observed and projected changes in climate for the islands in the Caribbean Volume: 26 Year: 2013 _record_number: 25034 _uuid: 5d6c5d88-5e45-4353-a09a-94ffd837498e reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71076-2 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5d6c5d88-5e45-4353-a09a-94ffd837498e.yaml identifier: 5d6c5d88-5e45-4353-a09a-94ffd837498e uri: /reference/5d6c5d88-5e45-4353-a09a-94ffd837498e - attrs: Author: 'Barker, David' DOI: 10.1353/crb.2012.0027 Issue: 2 Journal: Caribbean Studies Pages: 41-61 Title: 'Caribbean agriculture in a period of global change: Vulnerabilities and opportunities.' Volume: 40 Year: 2012 _record_number: 25070 _uuid: 5e1d2291-b8e5-471f-8e5d-47ffb5ddde35 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1353/crb.2012.0027 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5e1d2291-b8e5-471f-8e5d-47ffb5ddde35.yaml identifier: 5e1d2291-b8e5-471f-8e5d-47ffb5ddde35 uri: /reference/5e1d2291-b8e5-471f-8e5d-47ffb5ddde35 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'FAO,' Institution: Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology and FAO Pages: 36 Place Published: 'St James, Barbados and Rome' Report Number: FAO Water Reports 42 Title: Drought characteristics and management in the Caribbean URL: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5695e.pdf Year: 2016 _record_number: 25233 _uuid: 5e71d716-1c34-4d99-916f-b31aef851194 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/drought-characteristics-management-caribbean href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5e71d716-1c34-4d99-916f-b31aef851194.yaml identifier: 5e71d716-1c34-4d99-916f-b31aef851194 uri: /reference/5e71d716-1c34-4d99-916f-b31aef851194 - attrs: Abstract: 'Cattle ranchers and dairy farmers operating throughout many tropical regions are experiencing major challenges associated with climate change such as higher incidence of heat stress and drought. These effects can result in reduced productivity of rangeland, shortage of nutritional feed, increased heat stress on animals, and high energy costs for cooling. High temperatures and resultant heat stress reduce animal productivity and increase the proliferation and survival of parasites and disease pathogens. Warming reduces the ability of dairy cattle to produce milk and gain weight and can also lower conception rates. This paper reviews research from the Caribbean on heat tolerant traits in bovine and presents evidence that introducing a “slick hair” gene into Holstein cows by crossbreeding with Senepols may increase thermo-tolerance and productivity. As in other parts of the tropics, principal cattle breeds in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands have been largely introduced from temperate regions. Research indicates these animals may be poorly adapted to rising temperatures, leaving them increasingly vulnerable to chronic heat stress and reduced productivity. Adaptive practices have been developed in breeding and pasture management programs including selection for more heat-resistant genotypes, silvopasturing and crop diversification in forage production, and optimizing facilities and practices to reduce heat stress. Given the nature of climate vulnerability, an integrated approach to adaptation will likely have the greatest success in reducing future risk for producers.' Author: 'Ortiz-Colón, Guillermo; Fain, Stephen J.; Parés, Isabel K.; Curbelo-Rodríguez, Jaime; Jiménez-Cabán, Esbal; Pagán-Morales, Melvin; Gould, William A.' DOI: 10.1007/s10584-017-2110-1 Date: January 01 ISSN: 1573-1480 Issue: 1 Journal: Climatic Change Pages: 47-58 Title: Assessing climate vulnerabilities and adaptive strategies for resilient beef and dairy operations in the tropics Type of Article: journal article Volume: 146 Year: 2018 _record_number: 25012 _uuid: 5eb60bcf-9414-4f88-9453-ce2e86612da6 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-017-2110-1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5eb60bcf-9414-4f88-9453-ce2e86612da6.yaml identifier: 5eb60bcf-9414-4f88-9453-ce2e86612da6 uri: /reference/5eb60bcf-9414-4f88-9453-ce2e86612da6 - attrs: Abstract: 'An appreciation of the dynamism of the links between soil resources and society provides a platform for examining food security over the next 50 years. Interventions to reverse declining trends in food security must recognize the variable resilience and sensitivity of major tropical soil types. In most agro-ecosystems, declining crop yield is exponentially related to loss of soil quality. For the majority smallholder (subsistence) farmers, investments to reverse degradation are primarily driven by private benefit, socially or financially. “Tragedy of the commons” scenarios can be averted by pragmatic local solutions that help farmers to help themselves.' Author: 'Stocking, M. A.' DOI: 10.1126/science.1088579 Issue: 5649 Journal: Science Pages: 1356-1359 Title: 'Tropical soils and food security: The next 50 years' Volume: 302 Year: 2003 _record_number: 25000 _uuid: 5ee8f1be-71ae-400d-ba7c-2d7155156b9c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.1088579 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5ee8f1be-71ae-400d-ba7c-2d7155156b9c.yaml identifier: 5ee8f1be-71ae-400d-ba7c-2d7155156b9c uri: /reference/5ee8f1be-71ae-400d-ba7c-2d7155156b9c - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Government of Puerto Rico,' Institution: Government of Puerto Rico Pages: 107 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Title: 'Build Back Better: Puerto Rico. Request for Federal Assistance for Disaster Recovery' URL: https://www.governor.ny.gov/sites/governor.ny.gov/files/atoms/files/Build_Back_Better_PR.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 25257 _uuid: 5fe248bc-443d-4a23-b352-29227bf877f5 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/build-back-better-puerto-rico-request-federal-assistance-disaster-recovery href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5fe248bc-443d-4a23-b352-29227bf877f5.yaml identifier: 5fe248bc-443d-4a23-b352-29227bf877f5 uri: /reference/5fe248bc-443d-4a23-b352-29227bf877f5 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Birchenough, Silvana N. R.' Book Title: 'CME Caribbean Marine Climate Change Report Card 2017: Science Review 2017' Pages: 40-51 Place Published: UK Publisher: Commonwealth Marine Economies (CME) Programme Title: Impacts of climate change on biodiversity in the coastal and marine environments of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/commonwealth-marine-economies-cme-programme-caribbean-marine-climate-change-report-card-scientific-reviews Year: 2017 _record_number: 25241 _uuid: 63aac7f9-5e82-4aff-ab62-75c12537612f reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/cme-caribbean-marine-climate-change-report-card-2017-science-review-2017 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/63aac7f9-5e82-4aff-ab62-75c12537612f.yaml identifier: 63aac7f9-5e82-4aff-ab62-75c12537612f uri: /reference/63aac7f9-5e82-4aff-ab62-75c12537612f - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: "Mimura, N.\rL. Nurse\rR.F. McLean\rJ. Agard\rL. Briguglio\rP. Lefale\rR. Payet\rG. Sem\rAgricole, W.\rEbi, K.\rForbes, D.\rHay, J.\rPulwarty, R.\rNakalevu, T.\rTakahashi, K." Book Title: 'Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change' Editor: "Parry, M.L.\rCanziani, O.F.\rPalutikof, J.P.\rvan der Linden, P.J.\rHanson, C.E." ISBN: 0521705975 Pages: 687-716 Place Published: 'Cambridge, UK' Publisher: Cambridge University Press Reviewer: 63e4948c-5b46-4deb-a37b-9f363a1a8316 Title: 'Ch. 16: Small islands' Year: 2007 _chapter: '["Ch. 23: Hawaii FINAL"]' _record_number: 2048 _uuid: 63e4948c-5b46-4deb-a37b-9f363a1a8316 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar4-wg2 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/63e4948c-5b46-4deb-a37b-9f363a1a8316.yaml identifier: 63e4948c-5b46-4deb-a37b-9f363a1a8316 uri: /reference/63e4948c-5b46-4deb-a37b-9f363a1a8316 - attrs: Abstract: 'The potential ecological and economic effects of climate change for tropical islands were studied using output from 12 statistically downscaled general circulation models (GCMs) taking Puerto Rico as a test case. Two model selection/model averaging strategies were used: the average of all available GCMs and the average of the models that are able to reproduce the observed large-scale dynamics that control precipitation over the Caribbean. Five island-wide and multidecadal averages of daily precipitation and temperature were estimated by way of a climatology-informed interpolation of the site-specific downscaled climate model output. Annual cooling degree-days (CDD) were calculated as a proxy index for air-conditioning energy demand, and two measures of annual no-rainfall days were used as drought indices. Holdridge life zone classification was used to map the possible ecological effects of climate change. Precipitation is predicted to decline in both model ensembles, but the decrease was more severe in the “regionally consistent” models. The precipitation declines cause gradual and linear increases in drought intensity and extremes. The warming from the 1960–90 period to the 2071–99 period was 4.6°–9°C depending on the global emission scenarios and location. This warming may cause increases in CDD, and consequently increasing energy demands. Life zones may shift from wetter to drier zones with the possibility of losing most, if not all, of the subtropical rain forests and extinction risks to rain forest specialists or obligates.' Author: 'Henareh Khalyani, Azad; William A. Gould; Eric Harmsen; Adam Terando; Maya Quinones; Jaime A. Collazo' DOI: 10.1175/jamc-d-15-0182.1 Issue: 2 Journal: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Keywords: 'Tropics,Evapotranspiration,Classification,Interpolation schemes,Ensembles,General circulation models' Pages: 265-282 Title: 'Climate change implications for tropical islands: Interpolating and interpreting statistically downscaled GCM projections for management and planning' Volume: 55 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25039 _uuid: 650b2907-85b1-4b76-a339-a9ec1703c5bd reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0182.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/650b2907-85b1-4b76-a339-a9ec1703c5bd.yaml identifier: 650b2907-85b1-4b76-a339-a9ec1703c5bd uri: /reference/650b2907-85b1-4b76-a339-a9ec1703c5bd - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Puerto Rico Climate Change Council,' Book Title: 'Puerto Rico’s State of the Climate 2010-2013: Assessing Puerto Rico’s Social-Ecological Vulnerabilities in a Changing Climate' Editor: 'Jacobs, Kasey R.; Carrubba, Lisamarie; Díaz, Ernesto L.' Pages: 85-250 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Publisher: 'Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program, Department of Natural and Environmental Resources and NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management' Title: 'Working Group 2 report: Ecology and biodiversity' URL: http://pr-ccc.org/download/PR%20State%20of%20the%20Climate-FINAL_ENE2015.pdf Year: 2013 _record_number: 26696 _uuid: 655645c9-ea1b-41ba-b9a0-b1c31d91d610 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/puerto-ricos-state-climate-2010-2013-assessing-puerto-ricos-social-ecological-vulnerabilities-changing-climate href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/655645c9-ea1b-41ba-b9a0-b1c31d91d610.yaml identifier: 655645c9-ea1b-41ba-b9a0-b1c31d91d610 uri: /reference/655645c9-ea1b-41ba-b9a0-b1c31d91d610 - attrs: DOI: 10.5066/F7GB23BW Distributor: U.S. Geological Survey Investigators: 'Bowden, Jared; Wootten, Adam; Terando, A.; Boyles, R.' Original Release Date: 2018-05-08 Title: 'Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF): Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands Dynamical Downscaled Climate Change Projections' Year: 2018 _record_number: 26428 _uuid: 66a435ae-179c-49f4-981b-248d647b9579 reftype: Dataset child_publication: /dataset/usgs-wrf-puerto-rico-us-virgin-islands-dynamical-downscaled-climate-change-projections-2018 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/66a435ae-179c-49f4-981b-248d647b9579.yaml identifier: 66a435ae-179c-49f4-981b-248d647b9579 uri: /reference/66a435ae-179c-49f4-981b-248d647b9579 - attrs: Abstract: 'Anthropogenic changes in tropical rainfall are evaluated in a multimodel ensemble of global warming simulations. Major discrepancies on the spatial distribution of these precipitation changes remain in the latest-generation models analyzed here. Despite this uncertainty, we find a number of measures, both global and local, on which reasonable agreement is obtained, notably for the regions of drying trend (negative precipitation anomalies). Models agree on the overall amplitude of the precipitation decreases that occur at the margins of the convective zones, with percent error bars of magnitude similar to those for the tropical warming. Similar agreement is found on a precipitation climate sensitivity defined here and on differential moisture increase inside and outside convection zones, a step in a hypothesized causal path leading to precipitation changes. A measure of local intermodel agreement on significant trends indicates consistent predictions for particular regions. Observed rainfall trends in several data sets show a significant summer drying trend in a main region of intermodel agreement: the Caribbean/Central-American region.' Author: 'Neelin, J. D.; Münnich, M.; Su, H.; Meyerson, J. E.; Holloway, C. E.' DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601798103 Issue: 16 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Pages: 6110-6115 Title: Tropical drying trends in global warming models and observations Volume: 103 Year: 2006 _record_number: 25013 _uuid: 680629ff-ef00-462b-9c16-d98dc1d3c163 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.0601798103 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/680629ff-ef00-462b-9c16-d98dc1d3c163.yaml identifier: 680629ff-ef00-462b-9c16-d98dc1d3c163 uri: /reference/680629ff-ef00-462b-9c16-d98dc1d3c163 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Nurse, L. A.; McLean, R. F.; Agard, J.; Briguglio, L. P.; Duvat-Magnan, V.; Pelesikoti, N.; Tompkins, E.; Webb, A.' Book Title: 'Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change' Editor: 'Barros, V. R.; Field, C. B.; Dokken, D. J.; Mastrandrea, M. D.; Mach, K. J.; Bilir, T. E.; Chatterjee, M.; Ebi, K. L.; Estrada, Y. O.; Genova, R. C.; Girma, B.; Kissel, E. S.; Levy, A. N.; MacCracken, S.; Mastrandrea, P. R.; White, L. L.' Pages: 1613-1654 Place Published: 'Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA' Publisher: Cambridge University Press Short Title: Small islands Title: Small islands Year: 2014 _record_number: 17694 _uuid: 69d2444f-ce49-4b08-8cb4-3eb33fbef6ff reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar5-wg2-partb/chapter/wg2-ar5-chap29-final href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/69d2444f-ce49-4b08-8cb4-3eb33fbef6ff.yaml identifier: 69d2444f-ce49-4b08-8cb4-3eb33fbef6ff uri: /reference/69d2444f-ce49-4b08-8cb4-3eb33fbef6ff - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Monnereau, Iris; Hazel A. Oxenford' Book Title: 'CME Caribbean Marine Climate Change Report Card 2017: Science Review 2017' Pages: 124-154 Place Published: UK Publisher: Commonwealth Marine Economies (CME) Programme Title: Impacts of climate change on fisheries in the coastal and marine environments of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/605077/10._Fisheries_combined.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 25242 _uuid: 6a887a73-790f-415d-af89-8bbdc643571f reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/cme-caribbean-marine-climate-change-report-card-2017-science-review-2017 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6a887a73-790f-415d-af89-8bbdc643571f.yaml identifier: 6a887a73-790f-415d-af89-8bbdc643571f uri: /reference/6a887a73-790f-415d-af89-8bbdc643571f - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Zervas, Chris' Institution: 'National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service' Pages: various Place Published: 'Silver Spring, MD' Series Volume: NOAA Technical Report NOS CO-OPS 053 Title: Sea level variations of the United States 1854-2006 URL: https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/Tech_rpt_53.pdf Year: 2009 _record_number: 24398 _uuid: 6b46b616-994d-4fcf-b8d7-1a284bc1bf72 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/noaa-nos-co-ops-36 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6b46b616-994d-4fcf-b8d7-1a284bc1bf72.yaml identifier: 6b46b616-994d-4fcf-b8d7-1a284bc1bf72 uri: /reference/6b46b616-994d-4fcf-b8d7-1a284bc1bf72 - attrs: Abstract: 'Some of the most important impacts of global climate change will be felt among the populations, predominantly in developing countries, referred to as “subsistence” or “smallholder” farmers. Their vulnerability to climate change comes both from being predominantly located in the tropics, and from various socioeconomic, demographic, and policy trends limiting their capacity to adapt to change. However, these impacts will be difficult to model or predict because of (i) the lack of standardised definitions of these sorts of farming system, and therefore of standard data above the national level, (ii) intrinsic characteristics of these systems, particularly their complexity, their location-specificity, and their integration of agricultural and nonagricultural livelihood strategies, and (iii) their vulnerability to a range of climate-related and other stressors. Some recent work relevant to these farming systems is reviewed, a conceptual framework for understanding the diverse forms of impacts in an integrated manner is proposed, and future research needs are identified.' Author: 'Morton, John F.' DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701855104 Issue: 50 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Pages: 19680-19685 Title: The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistence agriculture Volume: 104 Year: 2007 _record_number: 25018 _uuid: 6bdfd0f0-ac10-4084-b2f2-f4819d47638b reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.0701855104 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6bdfd0f0-ac10-4084-b2f2-f4819d47638b.yaml identifier: 6bdfd0f0-ac10-4084-b2f2-f4819d47638b uri: /reference/6bdfd0f0-ac10-4084-b2f2-f4819d47638b - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'UN-OHRLLS,' Institution: 'Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS)' Pages: 28 Place Published: 'New York, NY' Title: 'Small Island Developing States: Small Islands Big(ger) Stakes' URL: http://unohrlls.org/custom-content/uploads/2013/08/SIDS-Small-Islands-Bigger-Stakes.pdf Year: 2011 _record_number: 25253 _uuid: 6dadfa85-b147-4529-ae50-0e665516e3be reftype: Report child_publication: /report/small-island-developing-states-small-islands-bigger-stakes href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6dadfa85-b147-4529-ae50-0e665516e3be.yaml identifier: 6dadfa85-b147-4529-ae50-0e665516e3be uri: /reference/6dadfa85-b147-4529-ae50-0e665516e3be - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Wong, P.P.; I.J. Losada; J.-P. Gattuso; J. Hinkel; A. Khattabi; K.L. McInnes; Y. Saito; A. Sallenger' Book Title: 'Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change' Editor: 'Field, C.B.; V.R. Barros; D.J. Dokken; K.J. Mach; M.D. Mastrandrea; T.E. Bilir; M. Chatterjee; K.L. Ebi; Y.O. Estrada; R.C. Genova; B. Girma; E.S. Kissel; A.N. Levy; S. MacCracken; P.R. Mastrandrea; L.L.White' Pages: 361-409 Place Published: 'Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA' Publisher: Cambridge University Press Title: Coastal systems and low-lying areas URL: http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/ Year: 2014 _record_number: 20636 _uuid: 6ed929c2-3587-435f-b55f-f8a541035457 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar5-wg2-parta/chapter/wg2-ar5-chap5-final href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6ed929c2-3587-435f-b55f-f8a541035457.yaml identifier: 6ed929c2-3587-435f-b55f-f8a541035457 uri: /reference/6ed929c2-3587-435f-b55f-f8a541035457 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'NOAA Office for Coastal Management,' Place Published: 'Silver Spring, MD' Publisher: NOAA Office for Coastal Management Title: 'Describing the Ocean Economies of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico [web site]' URL: https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/training/econ-usvi-pr.html Year: 2016 _record_number: 25248 _uuid: 6f105ede-8c63-4491-a4c8-711ea3450667 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/862525c9-43ff-42a8-99d5-03202e9825ff href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6f105ede-8c63-4491-a4c8-711ea3450667.yaml identifier: 6f105ede-8c63-4491-a4c8-711ea3450667 uri: /reference/6f105ede-8c63-4491-a4c8-711ea3450667 - attrs: Abstract: 'Reefs and People at Risk Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere put shallow, warm-water coral reef ecosystems, and the people who depend upon them at risk from two key global environmental stresses: 1) elevated sea surface temperature (that can cause coral bleaching and related mortality), and 2) ocean acidification. These global stressors: cannot be avoided by local management, compound local stressors, and hasten the loss of ecosystem services. Impacts to people will be most grave where a) human dependence on coral reef ecosystems is high, b) sea surface temperature reaches critical levels soonest, and c) ocean acidification levels are most severe. Where these elements align, swift action will be needed to protect people’s lives and livelihoods, but such action must be informed by data and science. An Indicator Approach Designing policies to offset potential harm to coral reef ecosystems and people requires a better understanding of where CO2-related global environmental stresses could cause the most severe impacts. Mapping indicators has been proposed as a way of combining natural and social science data to identify policy actions even when the needed science is relatively nascent. To identify where people are at risk and where more science is needed, we map indicators of biological, physical and social science factors to understand how human dependence on coral reef ecosystems will be affected by globally-driven threats to corals expected in a high-CO2 world. Western Mexico, Micronesia, Indonesia and parts of Australia have high human dependence and will likely face severe combined threats. As a region, Southeast Asia is particularly at risk. Many of the countries most dependent upon coral reef ecosystems are places for which we have the least robust data on ocean acidification. These areas require new data and interdisciplinary scientific research to help coral reef-dependent human communities better prepare for a high CO2 world.' Author: 'Pendleton, Linwood; Comte, Adrien; Langdon, Chris; Ekstrom, Julia A.; Cooley, Sarah R.; Suatoni, Lisa; Beck, Michael W.; Brander, Luke M.; Burke, Lauretta; Cinner, Josh E.; Doherty, Carolyn; Edwards, Peter E. T.; Gledhill, Dwight; Jiang, Li-Qing; van Hooidonk, Ruben J.; Teh, Louise; Waldbusser, George G.; Ritter, Jessica' DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164699 Issue: 11 Journal: PLOS ONE Pages: e0164699 Publisher: Public Library of Science Title: 'Coral reefs and people in a high-CO2 world: Where can science make a difference to people?' Volume: 11 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25010 _uuid: 714590d9-dbb7-4ada-b500-fce4f2cf46ca reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1371/journal.pone.0164699 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/714590d9-dbb7-4ada-b500-fce4f2cf46ca.yaml identifier: 714590d9-dbb7-4ada-b500-fce4f2cf46ca uri: /reference/714590d9-dbb7-4ada-b500-fce4f2cf46ca - attrs: Author: 'Harmsen, Eric W.; Miller, Norman L.; Schlegel, Nicole J.; Gonzalez, J. E.' DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2009.02.006 Date: 2009/07/01/ ISSN: 0378-3774 Issue: 7 Journal: Agricultural Water Management Keywords: Climate change; Evapotranspiration; Precipitation; Precipitation deficit; Crop yield; Downscaling; GCM Pages: 1085-1095 Title: 'Seasonal climate change impacts on evapotranspiration, precipitation deficit and crop yield in Puerto Rico' Volume: 96 Year: 2009 _record_number: 25040 _uuid: 72d1011e-bdff-49c0-b00f-8222c2a350ea reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.02.006 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/72d1011e-bdff-49c0-b00f-8222c2a350ea.yaml identifier: 72d1011e-bdff-49c0-b00f-8222c2a350ea uri: /reference/72d1011e-bdff-49c0-b00f-8222c2a350ea - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'NY Power Authority,; Puerto Rico Electic Power Authority,; Others,' Pages: various Place Published: New York Title: 'Build back better: Reimagining and strengthening the power grid of Puerto Rico' URL: https://www.governor.ny.gov/sites/governor.ny.gov/files/atoms/files/PRERWG_Report_PR_Grid_Resiliency_Report.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 26442 _uuid: 73dcfda2-6c65-4c45-8384-2ba93f9b1d6b reftype: Report child_publication: /report/build-back-better-reimagining-strengthening-power-grid-puerto-rico href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/73dcfda2-6c65-4c45-8384-2ba93f9b1d6b.yaml identifier: 73dcfda2-6c65-4c45-8384-2ba93f9b1d6b uri: /reference/73dcfda2-6c65-4c45-8384-2ba93f9b1d6b - attrs: Abstract: 'We present results from 20-year “high-resolution” regional climate model simulations of precipitation change for the sub-tropical island of Puerto Rico. The Japanese Meteorological Agency Non-Hydrostatic Model (NHM) operating at a 2-km grid resolution is nested inside the Regional Spectral Model (RSM) at 10-km grid resolution, which in turn is forced at the lateral boundaries by the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4). At this resolution, the climate change experiment allows for deep convection in model integrations, which is an important consideration for sub-tropical regions in general, and on islands with steep precipitation gradients in particular that strongly influence local ecological processes and the provision of ecosystem services. Projected precipitation change for this region of the Caribbean is simulated for the mid-twenty-first century (2041–2060) under the RCP8.5 climate-forcing scenario relative to the late twentieth century (1986–2005). The results show that by the mid-twenty-first century, there is an overall rainfall reduction over the island for all seasons compared to the recent climate but with diminished mid-summer drought (MSD) in the northwestern parts of the island. Importantly, extreme rainfall events on sub-daily and daily time scales also become slightly less frequent in the projected mid-twenty-first-century climate over most regions of the island.' Author: 'Bhardwaj, Amit; Misra, Vasubandhu; Mishra, Akhilesh; Wootten, Adrienne; Boyles, Ryan; Bowden, J. H.; Terando, Adam J.' DOI: 10.1007/s10584-017-2130-x Date: March 01 ISSN: 1573-1480 Issue: 1 Journal: Climatic Change Pages: 133-147 Title: Downscaling future climate change projections over Puerto Rico using a non-hydrostatic atmospheric model Type of Article: journal article Volume: 147 Year: 2018 _record_number: 25230 _uuid: 744497bd-974c-497e-bf74-34ff514c0f83 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-017-2130-x href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/744497bd-974c-497e-bf74-34ff514c0f83.yaml identifier: 744497bd-974c-497e-bf74-34ff514c0f83 uri: /reference/744497bd-974c-497e-bf74-34ff514c0f83 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: USGCRP DOI: 10.7930/J0J964J6 Pages: 470 Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Secondary Author: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock' Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I' Year: 2017 _record_number: 21557 _uuid: 75cf1c0b-cc62-4ca4-96a7-082afdfe2ab1 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/75cf1c0b-cc62-4ca4-96a7-082afdfe2ab1.yaml identifier: 75cf1c0b-cc62-4ca4-96a7-082afdfe2ab1 uri: /reference/75cf1c0b-cc62-4ca4-96a7-082afdfe2ab1 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Kossin, J.P.' DOI: 10.1038/nature20783 Journal: Nature Pages: 390-393 Title: Hurricane intensification along U. S. coast suppressed during active hurricane periods Volume: 541 Year: 2017 _record_number: 20579 _uuid: 75fdd86f-3d01-45c3-8289-acf02f5c2695 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nature20783 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/75fdd86f-3d01-45c3-8289-acf02f5c2695.yaml identifier: 75fdd86f-3d01-45c3-8289-acf02f5c2695 uri: /reference/75fdd86f-3d01-45c3-8289-acf02f5c2695 - attrs: Abstract: "Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) depend on predictable, frequent, and prolonged immersion in cloud. Clearing upwind lowland forest alters surface energy budgets in ways that influence dry season cloud fields and thus the TMCF environment. Landsat and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite imagery show that deforested areas of Costa Rica's Caribbean lowlands remain relatively cloud-free when forested regions have well-developed dry season cumulus cloud fields. Further, regional atmospheric simulations show that cloud base heights are higher over pasture than over tropical forest areas under reasonable dry season conditions. These results suggest that land use in tropical lowlands has serious impacts on ecosystems in adjacent mountains." Author: 'Lawton, R. O.; Nair, U. S.; Pielke, R. A.; Welch, R. M.' DOI: 10.1126/science.1062459 Issue: 5542 Journal: Science Pages: 584-587 Title: Climatic impact of tropical lowland deforestation on nearby montane cloud forests Volume: 294 Year: 2001 _record_number: 25031 _uuid: 77872e95-b71c-4c52-bb70-301748abfb13 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.1062459 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/77872e95-b71c-4c52-bb70-301748abfb13.yaml identifier: 77872e95-b71c-4c52-bb70-301748abfb13 uri: /reference/77872e95-b71c-4c52-bb70-301748abfb13 - attrs: Author: 'Monmany, Ana Carolina; William A. Gould; María José Andrade-Núñez; Grizelle González; Maya Quiñones' Book Title: Forest Ecology and Conservation Chapter: 4 DOI: 10.5772/67667 Editor: 'Sumit Chakravarty; Gopal Shukla ' ISBN: 978-953-51-3090-1 Pages: 77-95 Place Published: London Publisher: InTech Title: 'Characterizing predictability of fire occurrence in tropical forests and grasslands: The case of Puerto Rico' Year: 2017 _record_number: 25021 _uuid: 778ed64d-68a3-45ee-bc66-6f83acbbc70f reftype: Electronic Book Section child_publication: /book/5494a61e-5b82-4b68-841f-c40ca3370660 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/778ed64d-68a3-45ee-bc66-6f83acbbc70f.yaml identifier: 778ed64d-68a3-45ee-bc66-6f83acbbc70f uri: /reference/778ed64d-68a3-45ee-bc66-6f83acbbc70f - attrs: Abstract: 'Episodes of mass coral bleaching around the world in recent decades have been attributed to periods of anomalously warm ocean temperatures. In 2005, the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the tropical North Atlantic that may have contributed to the strong hurricane season caused widespread coral bleaching in the Eastern Caribbean. Here, we use two global climate models to evaluate the contribution of natural climate variability and anthropogenic forcing to the thermal stress that caused the 2005 coral bleaching event. Historical temperature data and simulations for the 1870–2000 period show that the observed warming in the region is unlikely to be due to unforced climate variability alone. Simulation of background climate variability suggests that anthropogenic warming may have increased the probability of occurrence of significant thermal stress events for corals in this region by an order of magnitude. Under scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions, mass coral bleaching in the Eastern Caribbean may become a biannual event in 20–30 years. However, if corals and their symbionts can adapt by 1–1.5°C, such mass bleaching events may not begin to recur at potentially harmful intervals until the latter half of the century. The delay could enable more time to alter the path of greenhouse gas emissions, although long-term “committed warming” even after stabilization of atmospheric CO2 levels may still represent an additional long-term threat to corals.' Author: 'Donner, Simon D.; Knutson, Thomas R.; Oppenheimer, Michael' DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610122104 Issue: 13 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Pages: 5483-5488 Title: Model-based assessment of the role of human-induced climate change in the 2005 Caribbean coral bleaching event Volume: 104 Year: 2007 _record_number: 25055 _uuid: 77b77da6-a5c8-4efd-b42f-bbbff3ad0380 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.0610122104 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/77b77da6-a5c8-4efd-b42f-bbbff3ad0380.yaml identifier: 77b77da6-a5c8-4efd-b42f-bbbff3ad0380 uri: /reference/77b77da6-a5c8-4efd-b42f-bbbff3ad0380 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'McField, Melanie' Book Title: 'CME Caribbean Marine Climate Change Report Card 2017: Science Review 2017' Pages: 52-59 Place Published: UK Publisher: Commonwealth Marine Economies (CME) Programme Title: Impacts of climate change on coral in the coastal and marine environments of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) URL: http://crfm.int/~uwohxjxf/images/6._Coral.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 26697 _uuid: 79210fc2-f950-410f-92c4-672714f4e28e reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/cme-caribbean-marine-climate-change-report-card-2017-science-review-2017 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/79210fc2-f950-410f-92c4-672714f4e28e.yaml identifier: 79210fc2-f950-410f-92c4-672714f4e28e uri: /reference/79210fc2-f950-410f-92c4-672714f4e28e - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Meléndez, Edwin; Jennifer Hinojosa' Institution: 'CUNY Hunter College, Center for Puerto Rican Studies (Centro)' Pages: 7 Place Published: 'New York, NY' Report Number: Centro RB2017-01 Title: Estimates of post Hurricane Maria exodus from Puerto Rico URL: https://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/RB2017-01-POST-MARIA%20EXODUS_V3.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 26434 _uuid: 7926805c-1603-4803-b717-a0ebc5a1082a reftype: Report child_publication: /report/estimates-post-hurricane-maria-exodus-puerto-rico href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7926805c-1603-4803-b717-a0ebc5a1082a.yaml identifier: 7926805c-1603-4803-b717-a0ebc5a1082a uri: /reference/7926805c-1603-4803-b717-a0ebc5a1082a - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'CEHI,' Institution: Caribbean Environmental Health Institute (CEHI) Pages: 38 Place Published: 'Castries, St. Lucia' Title: A Programme for Promoting Rainwater Harvesting in the Caribbean Region URL: http://www.caribbeanrainwaterharvestingtoolbox.com/Media/Print/Programme%20to%20Promote%20RWH%20in%20the%20Cabbean%20Region.pdf Year: 2006 _record_number: 25076 _uuid: 7bc4aec4-1b7e-445c-b0b3-9ba13eb4c620 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/programme-promoting-rainwater-harvesting-caribbean-region href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7bc4aec4-1b7e-445c-b0b3-9ba13eb4c620.yaml identifier: 7bc4aec4-1b7e-445c-b0b3-9ba13eb4c620 uri: /reference/7bc4aec4-1b7e-445c-b0b3-9ba13eb4c620 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'PRASA,' Institution: Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA) Pages: various Place Published: 'Hato Rey, PR' Title: Fiscal Year 2010 Consulting Engineer's Report for the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority URL: https://www.acueductospr.com/INVESTORS/download/Consulting%20Engineer's%20Reports/2011-02-28%20Final%20Report%20FY2010%20CER.pdf Year: 2011 _record_number: 25261 _uuid: 7daa5b0e-d004-4b70-8736-c14fca0d11d5 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/fiscal-year-2010-consulting-engineers-report-puerto-rico-aqueduct-sewer-authority href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7daa5b0e-d004-4b70-8736-c14fca0d11d5.yaml identifier: 7daa5b0e-d004-4b70-8736-c14fca0d11d5 uri: /reference/7daa5b0e-d004-4b70-8736-c14fca0d11d5 - attrs: Abstract: 'The persistence of carbonate structures on coral reefs is essential in providing habitats for a large number of species and maintaining the extraordinary biodiversity associated with these ecosystems. As a consequence of ocean acidification (OA), the ability of marine calcifiers to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and their rate of CaCO3 production could decrease while rates of bioerosion and CaCO3 dissolution could increase, resulting in a transition from a condition of net accretion to one of net erosion. This would have negative consequences for the role and function of coral reefs and the eco-services they provide to dependent human communities. In this article, we review estimates of bioerosion, CaCO3 dissolution, and net ecosystem calcification (NEC) and how these processes will change in response to OA. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the observed relationships between NEC and seawater aragonite saturation state (Ωa). Finally, we propose that standardized NEC rates combined with observed changes in the ratios of dissolved inorganic carbon to total alkalinity owing to net reef metabolism may provide a biogeochemical tool to monitor the effects of OA in coral reef environments.' Author: 'Andersson, Andreas J.; Dwight Gledhill' DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172241 Issue: 1 Journal: Annual Review of Marine Science Keywords: 'CO2,CaCO3,aragonite,Mg calcite,calcification' Pages: 321-348 Title: 'Ocean acidification and coral reefs: Effects on breakdown, dissolution, and net ecosystem calcification' Volume: 5 Year: 2013 _record_number: 25071 _uuid: 80275bfb-6cfc-4320-b71f-7b7816eddc6b reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172241 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/80275bfb-6cfc-4320-b71f-7b7816eddc6b.yaml identifier: 80275bfb-6cfc-4320-b71f-7b7816eddc6b uri: /reference/80275bfb-6cfc-4320-b71f-7b7816eddc6b - attrs: Author: 'Campbell, Jayaka D.; Taylor, Michael A.; Stephenson, Tannecia S.; Watson, Rhodene A.; Whyte, Felicia S.' DOI: 10.1002/joc.2200 ISSN: 1097-0088 Issue: 12 Journal: International Journal of Climatology Keywords: climate change; Caribbean; scenarios; rainfall; temperature Pages: 1866-1878 Publisher: 'John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.' Title: Future climate of the Caribbean from a regional climate model Volume: 31 Year: 2011 _record_number: 25063 _uuid: 812fc7b5-a2f0-4e62-a767-6b8dc494ea60 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/joc.2200 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/812fc7b5-a2f0-4e62-a767-6b8dc494ea60.yaml identifier: 812fc7b5-a2f0-4e62-a767-6b8dc494ea60 uri: /reference/812fc7b5-a2f0-4e62-a767-6b8dc494ea60 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'DRNA,' Institution: 'Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales (DRNA), División Monitoreo del Plan de Aguas' Pages: 89 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Title: Informe sobre la Sequía de 2014-2016 en Puerto Rico URL: http://drna.pr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Informe-Sequia-2014-2016.compressed.pdf Year: 2016 _record_number: 25078 _uuid: 817ebda3-1e29-4e7d-b63f-21193463bae5 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/informe-sobre-la-sequa-de-2014-2016-en-puerto-rico href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/817ebda3-1e29-4e7d-b63f-21193463bae5.yaml identifier: 817ebda3-1e29-4e7d-b63f-21193463bae5 uri: /reference/817ebda3-1e29-4e7d-b63f-21193463bae5 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Trotman, Adrian; Antonio Joyette; Van Meerbeeck, Cedric; Roche Mahon; Shelly-Ann Cox; Neisha Cave; David Farrell' Book Title: 'Drought and Water Crises: Integrating Science, Management, and Policy' Edition: 2nd Editor: 'Wilhite, Donald; Pulwarty, Roger S.' ISBN: 9781138035645 Pages: 431-450 Place Published: 'Boca Raton, FL' Publisher: CRC Press Title: 'Drought risk management in the Caribbean community: Early warning information and other risk reduction considerations' Year: 2017 _record_number: 24997 _uuid: 8402476f-b5d9-4313-938a-9d5993a66eaf reftype: Book Section child_publication: /book/drought-water-crises-integrating-science-management-policy href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8402476f-b5d9-4313-938a-9d5993a66eaf.yaml identifier: 8402476f-b5d9-4313-938a-9d5993a66eaf uri: /reference/8402476f-b5d9-4313-938a-9d5993a66eaf - attrs: .reference_type: 9 Editor: 'Joglar, Rafael L.' ISBN: "0865816018\r9780865816015" Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Publisher: Editorial del Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña Section: 563 Series Title: Serie de historia natural Title: 'Biodiversidad de Puerto Rico: Vertebrados terrestres y ecosistemas' Year: 2005 _record_number: 25087 _uuid: 85974fd4-0073-45b1-9d7a-1f032ffa3e9f reftype: Edited Book child_publication: /book/biodiversidad-de-puerto-rico-vertebrados-terrestres-y-ecosistemas href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/85974fd4-0073-45b1-9d7a-1f032ffa3e9f.yaml identifier: 85974fd4-0073-45b1-9d7a-1f032ffa3e9f uri: /reference/85974fd4-0073-45b1-9d7a-1f032ffa3e9f - attrs: Author: 'He, Jie; Soden, Brian J.' DOI: 10.1038/nclimate3157 Date: 11/14/online Journal: Nature Climate Change Pages: 53 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Title: A re-examination of the projected subtropical precipitation decline Volume: 7 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25236 _uuid: 88043fab-521b-4776-9726-fea9a1a2d049 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nclimate3157 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/88043fab-521b-4776-9726-fea9a1a2d049.yaml identifier: 88043fab-521b-4776-9726-fea9a1a2d049 uri: /reference/88043fab-521b-4776-9726-fea9a1a2d049 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Gould, William A.; Stephen J. Fain; Isabel K. Pares; Kathleen McGinley; Anne Perry; Rachel F. Steele' Institution: 'USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry' Pages: 67 Place Published: 'Rio Piedras, PR' Title: Caribbean Regional Climate Sub Hub Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies URL: https://www.climatehubs.oce.usda.gov/sites/default/files/Caribbean%20Region%20Vulnerability%20Assessment%20Final.pdf Year: 2015 _record_number: 24977 _uuid: 8871f837-6638-4388-a927-183ff59344b9 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/caribbean-regional-climate-sub-hub-assessment-climate-change-vulnerability-adaptation-mitigation-strategies href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8871f837-6638-4388-a927-183ff59344b9.yaml identifier: 8871f837-6638-4388-a927-183ff59344b9 uri: /reference/8871f837-6638-4388-a927-183ff59344b9 - attrs: Abstract: 'As the global climate warms due to increasing greenhouse gases, the regional climate of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean region will also change. This study presents the latest estimates of the expected changes in temperature, precipitation, tropical cyclone activity, and sea level. Changes in temperature and precipitation are derived from climate model simulations produced for the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR4), by comparing projections for the mid- and late-21st century to the late 20th century and assuming a “middle-of-the-road” scenario for future greenhouse gas emissions. Regional simulations from the North America Regional Climate Change Program (NARCCAP) are used to corroborate the IPCC AR4 rainfall projections over the US portion of the domain. Changes in tropical cyclones and sea level are more uncertain, and our understanding of these variables has changed more since IPCC AR4 than in the case of temperature and precipitation. For these quantities, the current state of knowledge is described based on the recent peer-reviewed literature.' Author: 'Biasutti, Michela; Sobel, Adam H.; Camargo, Suzana J.; Creyts, Timothy T.' DOI: 10.1007/s10584-011-0254-y Date: June 01 ISSN: 1573-1480 Issue: 3 Journal: Climatic Change Pages: 819-845 Title: Projected changes in the physical climate of the Gulf Coast and Caribbean Type of Article: journal article Volume: 112 Year: 2012 _record_number: 25067 _uuid: 89123dd9-0946-403e-b223-9745e46800ad reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-011-0254-y href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/89123dd9-0946-403e-b223-9745e46800ad.yaml identifier: 89123dd9-0946-403e-b223-9745e46800ad uri: /reference/89123dd9-0946-403e-b223-9745e46800ad - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Puerto Rico Climate Change Council,' Institution: Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program Pages: 316 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Title: 'Puerto Rico’s State of the Climate 2010-2013: Assessing Puerto Rico’s Social-Ecological Vulnerabilities in a Changing Climate' URL: http://pr-ccc.org/download/PR%20State%20of%20the%20Climate-FINAL_ENE2015.pdf Year: 2013 _record_number: 25260 _uuid: 895e2c92-d614-4154-8509-7689918c8697 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/puerto-ricos-state-climate-2010-2013-assessing-puerto-ricos-social-ecological-vulnerabilities-changing-climate href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/895e2c92-d614-4154-8509-7689918c8697.yaml identifier: 895e2c92-d614-4154-8509-7689918c8697 uri: /reference/895e2c92-d614-4154-8509-7689918c8697 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: "Brainard, Russell E.\rBirkeland, Charles\rEakin, C. Mark \rMcElhany, Paul \rMiller, Margaret W.\rPatterson, Matt \rPiniak, Gregory A." Date: September 2011 Institution: 'U.S. Department of Commerce ' Pages: 530 Title: Status Review Report of 82 Candidate Coral Species Petitioned Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS‐PIFSC‐27 URL: http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/library/pubs/tech/NOAA_Tech_Memo_PIFSC_27.pdf Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 24: Oceans FINAL"]' _record_number: 4378 _uuid: 8960de56-9b32-4544-9255-046a9ef45e0d reftype: Report child_publication: /report/noaa-techmemo-nmfs-pifsc-27 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8960de56-9b32-4544-9255-046a9ef45e0d.yaml identifier: 8960de56-9b32-4544-9255-046a9ef45e0d uri: /reference/8960de56-9b32-4544-9255-046a9ef45e0d - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'ESL,' Institution: Environmental Solutions Limited (ESL) Pages: 70 Place Published: 'Kingston, Jamaica' Title: The Regional Training Workshops in the Conduct of Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (VCA) Studies in Caribbean Countries. Final report URL: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=2ahUKEwjDlvWSxNndAhVMSK0KHXXND1QQFjADegQIAhAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdms.caribbeanclimate.bz%2FM-Files%2Fopenfile.aspx%3Fobjtype%3D0%26docid%3D6512&usg=AOvVaw2HrNkrimBvD2FkNPBr50dQ Year: 2015 _record_number: 26445 _uuid: 899cb14e-1714-48fe-b7ac-bda0a57ff0ba reftype: Report child_publication: /report/regional-training-workshops-conduct-vulnerability-capacity-assessment-vca-studies-caribbean-countries-final-report href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/899cb14e-1714-48fe-b7ac-bda0a57ff0ba.yaml identifier: 899cb14e-1714-48fe-b7ac-bda0a57ff0ba uri: /reference/899cb14e-1714-48fe-b7ac-bda0a57ff0ba - attrs: Abstract: 'The sensitivity of the precipitation over Puerto Rico that is simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is evaluated using multiple combinations of cumulus parameterization (CP) schemes and interior grid nudging. The NCEP–DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2) is downscaled to 2-km horizontal grid spacing both with convective-permitting simulations (CP active only in the middle and outer domains) and with CP schemes active in all domains. The results generally show lower simulated precipitation amounts than are observed, regardless of WRF configuration, but activating the CP schemes in the inner domain improves the annual cycle, intensity, and placement of rainfall relative to the convective-permitting simulations. Furthermore, the use of interior-grid-nudging techniques in the outer domains improves the placement and intensity of rainfall in the inner domain. Incorporating a CP scheme at convective-permitting scales (<4 km) and grid nudging at non-convective-permitting scales (>4 km) improves the island average correlation of precipitation by 0.05–0.2 and reduces the island average RMSE by up to 40 mm on average over relying on the explicit microphysics at convective-permitting scales with grid nudging. Projected changes in summer precipitation between 2040–42 and 1985–87 using WRF to downscale CCSM4 range from a 2.6-mm average increase to an 81.9-mm average decrease, depending on the choice of CP scheme. The differences are only associated with differences between WRF configurations, which indicates the importance of CP scheme for projected precipitation change as well as historical accuracy.' Author: 'Wootten, A.; J. H. Bowden; R. Boyles; A. Terando' DOI: 10.1175/jamc-d-16-0121.1 Issue: 10 Journal: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Keywords: 'Precipitation,Model evaluation/performance,Regional models' Pages: 2263-2281 Title: The sensitivity of WRF downscaled precipitation in Puerto Rico to cumulus parameterization and interior grid nudging Volume: 55 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25102 _uuid: 8b59c4bd-ba59-4567-9f5d-9c2422b7e05b reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/jamc-d-16-0121.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8b59c4bd-ba59-4567-9f5d-9c2422b7e05b.yaml identifier: 8b59c4bd-ba59-4567-9f5d-9c2422b7e05b uri: /reference/8b59c4bd-ba59-4567-9f5d-9c2422b7e05b - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Puerto Rico Planning Board,' Institution: Puerto Rico Planning Board Pages: 86 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Title: 'Apéndice Estadístico Informe Económico al Gobernador y a la Asamblea Legislativa [Statistical Appendix of the Economic Report to the Governor and to the Legislative Assembly] 2016' URL: http://gis.jp.pr.gov/Externo_Econ/Ap%C3%A9ndices%20Estad%C3%ADsticos/Ap%C3%A9ndice%20Estad%C3%ADstico%202016.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 25254 _uuid: 8d7fc5e9-8cb1-4772-bbfd-a387db1230ef reftype: Report child_publication: /report/apndice-estadstico-informe-econmico-al-gobernador-y-la-asamblea-legislativa-statistical-appendix-economic-report-governor-legislative-assembly-2016 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8d7fc5e9-8cb1-4772-bbfd-a387db1230ef.yaml identifier: 8d7fc5e9-8cb1-4772-bbfd-a387db1230ef uri: /reference/8d7fc5e9-8cb1-4772-bbfd-a387db1230ef - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Quiñones, Maya; Parés-Ramos, Isabel K.; Gould, William A.; Gonzalez, Grizelle; McGinley, Kathleen; Ríos, Pedro' Institution: 'USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry' Pages: 63 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Report Number: Gen. Tech. Rep. IITF-GTR-47 Title: El Yunque National Forest Atlas URL: https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/iitf/research/?cid=fseprd577058 Year: 2018 _record_number: 26430 _uuid: 8de1d3e4-dc3f-4b39-9d88-2673708bda8c reftype: Report child_publication: /report/el-yunque-national-forest-atlas href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8de1d3e4-dc3f-4b39-9d88-2673708bda8c.yaml identifier: 8de1d3e4-dc3f-4b39-9d88-2673708bda8c uri: /reference/8de1d3e4-dc3f-4b39-9d88-2673708bda8c