--- - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'NWS,' Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Publisher: NOAA National Weather Service (NWS) Title: 'Average Rainfall Statistics: San Juan, PR' URL: https://www.weather.gov/sju/averagerainfall Year: 2018 _record_number: 26702 _uuid: 0049e302-7751-4977-91ff-0df54d0ab326 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/2c6723b1-748d-4cb0-b399-4028bcc542cc href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0049e302-7751-4977-91ff-0df54d0ab326.yaml identifier: 0049e302-7751-4977-91ff-0df54d0ab326 uri: /reference/0049e302-7751-4977-91ff-0df54d0ab326 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Dulvy, N.K.\rRogers, S.I.\rJennings, S.\rStelzenmüller, V.\rDye, S.R.\rSkjoldal, H.R." DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01488.x ISSN: 1365-2664 Issue: 4 Journal: Journal of Applied Ecology Pages: 1029-1039 Title: 'Climate change and deepening of the North Sea fish assemblage: A biotic indicator of warming seas' Volume: 45 Year: 2008 _chapter: '["Ch. 24: Oceans FINAL","Ch. 8: Ecosystems FINAL"]' _record_number: 276 _uuid: 006ce4db-d72c-400a-a409-c6a536e55664 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01488.x href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/006ce4db-d72c-400a-a409-c6a536e55664.yaml identifier: 006ce4db-d72c-400a-a409-c6a536e55664 uri: /reference/006ce4db-d72c-400a-a409-c6a536e55664 - attrs: Author: 'Spalding, Mark D.; Ruffo, Susan; Lacambra, Carmen; Meliane, Imèn; Hale, Lynne Zeitlin; Shepard, Christine C.; Beck, Michael W.' DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.09.007 Date: 2014/03/01/ ISSN: 0964-5691 Journal: Ocean & Coastal Management Pages: 50-57 Title: 'The role of ecosystems in coastal protection: Adapting to climate change and coastal hazards' Volume: 90 Year: 2014 _record_number: 23998 _uuid: 01e8cafb-45c1-4883-b794-68fbdb7bc740 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.09.007 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/01e8cafb-45c1-4883-b794-68fbdb7bc740.yaml identifier: 01e8cafb-45c1-4883-b794-68fbdb7bc740 uri: /reference/01e8cafb-45c1-4883-b794-68fbdb7bc740 - attrs: Author: 'Ray, Deepak K.; Welch, Ronald M.; Lawton, Robert O.; Nair, Udaysankar S.' DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.09.004 Date: 2006/11/01/ ISSN: 0921-8181 Issue: 1 Journal: Global and Planetary Change Keywords: Mesoamerican Biological Corridor; rainfall; clouds; deforestation; Mesoamerica Pages: 150-162 Title: 'Dry season clouds and rainfall in northern Central America: Implications for the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor' Volume: 54 Year: 2006 _record_number: 25006 _uuid: 0267391d-4675-4cc3-a8cb-805c5d49cf6e reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.09.004 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0267391d-4675-4cc3-a8cb-805c5d49cf6e.yaml identifier: 0267391d-4675-4cc3-a8cb-805c5d49cf6e uri: /reference/0267391d-4675-4cc3-a8cb-805c5d49cf6e - attrs: Article Number: 416728 Author: 'Yang, Bohan; Meng, Fen; Ke, Xinli; Ma, Caixue' DOI: 10.1155/2015/416728 Journal: Advances in Meteorology Pages: Art. 416728 Title: 'The impact analysis of water body landscape pattern on urban heat island: A case study of Wuhan City' Volume: 2015 Year: 2015 _record_number: 24990 _uuid: 031acd90-9f05-4430-82fa-05cb8b15afc0 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1155/2015/416728 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/031acd90-9f05-4430-82fa-05cb8b15afc0.yaml identifier: 031acd90-9f05-4430-82fa-05cb8b15afc0 uri: /reference/031acd90-9f05-4430-82fa-05cb8b15afc0 - attrs: Author: 'Cazenave, Anny; Cozannet, Gonéri Le' DOI: 10.1002/2013EF000188 ISSN: 2328-4277 Issue: 2 Journal: Earth's Future Keywords: 'Ocean warming; land ice melt; sea level rise; regional variability; coastal impacts; shoreline erosion; 1641 Sea level change; 1630 Impacts of global change; 1807 Climate impacts; 4217 Coastal processes; 4556 Sea level: variations and mean' Pages: 15-34 Publisher: 'Wiley Periodicals, Inc.' Title: Sea level rise and its coastal impacts Volume: 2 Year: 2014 _record_number: 25061 _uuid: 0356feb8-19bb-4d02-bfc9-ce2686634a0f reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/2013EF000188 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0356feb8-19bb-4d02-bfc9-ce2686634a0f.yaml identifier: 0356feb8-19bb-4d02-bfc9-ce2686634a0f uri: /reference/0356feb8-19bb-4d02-bfc9-ce2686634a0f - attrs: Abstract: 'A coordinated set of global coupled climate model [atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM)] experiments for twentieth- and twenty-first-century climate, as well as several climate change commitment and other experiments, was run by 16 modeling groups from 11 countries with 23 models for assessment in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Since the assessment was completed, output from another model has been added to the dataset, so the participation is now 17 groups from 12 countries with 24 models. This effort, as well as the subsequent analysis phase, was organized by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) Working Group on Coupled Models (WGCM) Climate Simulation Panel, and constitutes the third phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3). The dataset is called the WCRP CMIP3 multimodel dataset, and represents the largest and most comprehensive international global coupled climate model experiment and multimodel analysis effort ever attempted. As of March 2007, the Program for Climate Model Diagnostics and Intercomparison (PCMDI) has collected, archived, and served roughly 32 TB of model data. With oversight from the panel, the multimodel data were made openly available from PCMDI for analysis and academic applications. Over 171 TB of data had been downloaded among the more than 1000 registered users to date. Over 200 journal articles, based in part on the dataset, have been published so far. Though initially aimed at the IPCC AR4, this unique and valuable resource will continue to be maintained for at least the next several years. Never before has such an extensive set of climate model simulations been made available to the international climate science community for study. The ready access to the multimodel dataset opens up these types of model analyses to researchers, including students, who previously could not obtain state-of-the-art climate model output, and thus represents a new era in climate change research. As a direct consequence, these ongoing studies are increasing the body of knowledge regarding our understanding of how the climate system currently works, and how it may change in the future.' Author: 'Meehl, Gerald A.; Curt Covey; Karl E. Taylor; Thomas Delworth; Ronald J. Stouffer; Mojib Latif; Bryant McAvaney; John F. B. Mitchell' DOI: 10.1175/bams-88-9-1383 Issue: 9 Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Pages: 1383-1394 Title: 'THE WCRP CMIP3 multimodel dataset: A new era in climate change research' Volume: 88 Year: 2007 _record_number: 25026 _uuid: 03abb6ea-0525-4fac-a321-121ca0727673 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/bams-88-9-1383 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/03abb6ea-0525-4fac-a321-121ca0727673.yaml identifier: 03abb6ea-0525-4fac-a321-121ca0727673 uri: /reference/03abb6ea-0525-4fac-a321-121ca0727673 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Barreto, Maritza; Dariel Narvaéz; Laura Marti; Elizabeth Díaz; Orlando Santaella; Nahir Cabrera; Tatiana Gladik; Zulimar Alvira; Leticia Silva; Alejandro Reyes' Institution: 'University of Puerto Rico, Planning School' Pages: 58 Place Published: 'Rio Piedras, PR' Title: Assessment of beach morphology at Puerto Rico Island URL: http://drna.pr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Geomorphic-Assessment-of-Puerto-Rico-1977-to-2016.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 25073 _uuid: 07acfe14-9e5f-4bda-a701-f613a8257328 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/assessment-beach-morphology-at-puerto-rico-island href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/07acfe14-9e5f-4bda-a701-f613a8257328.yaml identifier: 07acfe14-9e5f-4bda-a701-f613a8257328 uri: /reference/07acfe14-9e5f-4bda-a701-f613a8257328 - attrs: Author: 'Perry, Chris T.; Murphy, Gary N.; Kench, Paul S.; Smithers, Scott G.; Edinger, Evan N.; Steneck, Robert S.; Mumby, Peter J.' DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2409 Date: 01/29/online Journal: Nature Communications Pages: Art. 1402 Publisher: The Author(s) Title: Caribbean-wide decline in carbonate production threatens coral reef growth Type of Article: Article Volume: 4 Year: 2013 _record_number: 25008 _uuid: 0841a7ce-1022-4cf7-be4f-5c20d3b19f2a reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/ncomms2409 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0841a7ce-1022-4cf7-be4f-5c20d3b19f2a.yaml identifier: 0841a7ce-1022-4cf7-be4f-5c20d3b19f2a uri: /reference/0841a7ce-1022-4cf7-be4f-5c20d3b19f2a - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'EPA,' Institution: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Pages: 271 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Series Volume: EPA 430‐R‐17‐001 Title: 'Multi-model Framework for Quantitative Sectoral Impacts Analysis: A Technical Report for the Fourth National Climate Assessment' URL: https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?dirEntryId=335095 Year: 2017 _record_number: 21365 _uuid: 0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/epa-multi-model-framework-for-quantitative-sectoral-impacts-analysis-2017 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94.yaml identifier: 0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94 uri: /reference/0b30f1ab-e4c4-4837-aa8b-0e19faccdb94 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'NASA,' Place Published: 'Pasadena, CA' Publisher: NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory Title: 'Global Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet [web page]' URL: https://climate.nasa.gov/ Year: 2017 _record_number: 25017 _uuid: 0b94246c-91be-4f95-ae61-d36fdf775ff3 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/e88fff0b-43ab-4135-89f0-c43c27ace8f2 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0b94246c-91be-4f95-ae61-d36fdf775ff3.yaml identifier: 0b94246c-91be-4f95-ae61-d36fdf775ff3 uri: /reference/0b94246c-91be-4f95-ae61-d36fdf775ff3 - attrs: Academic Department: International Business Program Advisor: Julia Sagebien Author: 'Comas Pagan, Myrna' Date: December Degree: Ph.D. Number of Pages: various Place Published: 'Rio Piedras, PR' Title: 'Vulnerabilidad de las cadenas de suministros, el cambio climático y el desarrollo de estrategias de adaptación: El caso de las cadenas de suministros de alimento de Puerto Rico' URL: https://search.proquest.com/openview/8ef0f3eec1f25f71eaa29c877eac2157/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y University: University of Puerto Rico Year: 2009 _record_number: 25077 _uuid: 0bd3a2fc-2da0-4dde-a52b-718423fa2ce9 reftype: Thesis child_publication: /generic/c78b73e2-448b-434b-9c5b-50ab1fba7708 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0bd3a2fc-2da0-4dde-a52b-718423fa2ce9.yaml identifier: 0bd3a2fc-2da0-4dde-a52b-718423fa2ce9 uri: /reference/0bd3a2fc-2da0-4dde-a52b-718423fa2ce9 - attrs: Author: 'Gledhill, Dwight K.; Wanninkhof, Rik; Millero, Frank J.; Eakin, Mark' DOI: 10.1029/2007JC004629 ISSN: 2156-2202 Issue: C10 Journal: Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans Keywords: 'Ocean acidification; carbonate chemistry; coral reef; 1615 Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling; 1635 Oceans; 1640 Remote sensing; 4215 Climate and interannual variability; 4220 Coral reef systems' Pages: C10031 Title: Ocean acidification of the Greater Caribbean Region 1996–2006 Volume: 113 Year: 2008 _record_number: 25049 _uuid: 0e312df5-ad3d-4709-8b58-8cea86d26415 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2007JC004629 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/0e312df5-ad3d-4709-8b58-8cea86d26415.yaml identifier: 0e312df5-ad3d-4709-8b58-8cea86d26415 uri: /reference/0e312df5-ad3d-4709-8b58-8cea86d26415 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'DRNA,' Institution: 'Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales (DRNA), División Monitoreo del Plan de Aguas' Pages: '[various]' Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Series Volume: CEE-SA-16-11450 Title: 'Plan Integral de Recursos de Agua de Puerto Rico, 2016: Políticas, Proyectos, Objectivos' URL: http://drna.pr.gov/documentos/plan-integral-de-recursos-de-agua-de-puerto-rico-revision-junio-2016/ Year: 2016 _record_number: 25079 _uuid: 1374169f-f7b7-4162-9a21-ca3db7835692 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/plan-integral-de-recursos-de-agua-de-puerto-rico-2016-polticas-proyectos-objetivos href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1374169f-f7b7-4162-9a21-ca3db7835692.yaml identifier: 1374169f-f7b7-4162-9a21-ca3db7835692 uri: /reference/1374169f-f7b7-4162-9a21-ca3db7835692 - attrs: Author: 'Harduar Morano, Laurel; Watkins, Sharon; Kintziger, Kristina' DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060551 ISSN: 1660-4601 Issue: 6 Journal: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Pages: 551 Title: A comprehensive evaluation of the burden of heat-related illness and death within the Florida population Volume: 13 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25044 _uuid: 141cf8f8-03e5-4aee-b248-3a766dd3013e reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.3390/ijerph13060551 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/141cf8f8-03e5-4aee-b248-3a766dd3013e.yaml identifier: 141cf8f8-03e5-4aee-b248-3a766dd3013e uri: /reference/141cf8f8-03e5-4aee-b248-3a766dd3013e - attrs: .reference_type: 47 Author: 'Scatena, F. N.' Conference Location: 'San Juan, PR' Conference Name: 'Tropical Hydrology and Caribbean Water Resources: Proceedings, Third International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology and Fifth Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress' Date: 12-16 July Editor: 'Segarra-Garcia, R. I.' Pages: 193-198 Place Published: 'Bethesda, MD' Publisher: American Water Resources Assocation Title: An assessment of climate change in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico URL: https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/30241 Year: 1998 _record_number: 25092 _uuid: 17117749-f561-47d3-96fe-a62683b61369 reftype: Conference Paper child_publication: /generic/02300b4d-3774-442c-96cb-2d1d8738a0fa href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/17117749-f561-47d3-96fe-a62683b61369.yaml identifier: 17117749-f561-47d3-96fe-a62683b61369 uri: /reference/17117749-f561-47d3-96fe-a62683b61369 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'PRASA,' Institution: Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA) Pages: various Place Published: 'Hato Rey, PR' Title: 'Cambio Climático Plan de Adaptación–Tarea 3 [Climate Change Adaptation Plan]' URL: https://www.acueductospr.com/INFRAESTRUCTURA/download/CAMBIO%20CLIMATICO/2015-04-17_Plan%20de%20Adaptaci%C3%B3n_Final.pdf Year: 2015 _record_number: 25263 _uuid: 17a5c581-2029-4b20-b23a-b6dd70f2fbd3 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/cambio-climtico-plan-de-adaptacintarea-3-climate-change-adaptation-plan href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/17a5c581-2029-4b20-b23a-b6dd70f2fbd3.yaml identifier: 17a5c581-2029-4b20-b23a-b6dd70f2fbd3 uri: /reference/17a5c581-2029-4b20-b23a-b6dd70f2fbd3 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'CoRIS,' Publisher: NOAA Coral Reef Information System (CoRIS) Title: "The Coral Program's Watershed Management Activities [web site]" URL: www.coris.noaa.gov/activities/projects/watershed/ Year: 2018 _record_number: 26449 _uuid: 17eeff88-67cf-444c-9ab6-158f402c635e reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/6e16a347-ccda-46b7-ab9a-683277f4cffc href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/17eeff88-67cf-444c-9ab6-158f402c635e.yaml identifier: 17eeff88-67cf-444c-9ab6-158f402c635e uri: /reference/17eeff88-67cf-444c-9ab6-158f402c635e - attrs: Author: 'Laurance, William F.; Carolina Useche, D.; Shoo, Luke P.; Herzog, Sebastian K.; Kessler, Michael; Escobar, Federico; Brehm, Gunnar; Axmacher, Jan C.; Chen, I. Ching; Gámez, Lucrecia Arellano; Hietz, Peter; Fiedler, Konrad; Pyrcz, Tomasz; Wolf, Jan; Merkord, Christopher L.; Cardelus, Catherine; Marshall, Andrew R.; Ah-Peng, Claudine; Aplet, Gregory H.; del Coro Arizmendi, M.; Baker, William J.; Barone, John; Brühl, Carsten A.; Bussmann, Rainer W.; Cicuzza, Daniele; Eilu, Gerald; Favila, Mario E.; Hemp, Andreas; Hemp, Claudia; Homeier, Jürgen; Hurtado, Johanna; Jankowski, Jill; Kattán, Gustavo; Kluge, Jürgen; Krömer, Thorsten; Lees, David C.; Lehnert, Marcus; Longino, John T.; Lovett, Jon; Martin, Patrick H.; Patterson, Bruce D.; Pearson, Richard G.; Peh, Kelvin S. H.; Richardson, Barbara; Richardson, Michael; Samways, Michael J.; Senbeta, Feyera; Smith, Thomas B.; Utteridge, Timothy M. A.; Watkins, James E.; Wilson, Rohan; Williams, Stephen E.; Thomas, Chris D.' DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.10.010 Date: 2011/01/01/ ISSN: 0006-3207 Issue: 1 Journal: Biological Conservation Keywords: Africa; Asia-Pacific; Biodiversity; Climate change; Elevational range; Endemism; Extinction; Global warming; Montane areas; Neotropics; Thermal tolerance; Tropical ecosystems Pages: 548-557 Title: 'Global warming, elevational ranges and the vulnerability of tropical biota' Volume: 144 Year: 2011 _record_number: 25032 _uuid: 19f3b8dc-2f78-491c-b2eb-ec7984066e26 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.10.010 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/19f3b8dc-2f78-491c-b2eb-ec7984066e26.yaml identifier: 19f3b8dc-2f78-491c-b2eb-ec7984066e26 uri: /reference/19f3b8dc-2f78-491c-b2eb-ec7984066e26 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Perlwitz, J.; T. Knutson; J.P. Kossin; A.N. LeGrande' Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I' DOI: 10.7930/J0RV0KVQ Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock' Pages: 161-184 Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Title: Large-Scale Circulation and Climate Variability Year: 2017 _record_number: 21563 _uuid: 1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/circulation-variability href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b.yaml identifier: 1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b uri: /reference/1a46c6a2-4b5f-408d-b3d0-21ebdd4f960b - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'UNEP,' Institution: 'United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Finance Initiative' Pages: 42 Place Published: 'Geneva, Switzerland' Title: Collaborating for Resilience—Partnerships That Build Disaster-Resilient Communities and Economies URL: http://www.unepfi.org/psi/collaborating-for-resilience/ Year: 2015 _record_number: 25108 _uuid: 1b4701af-2f44-4cb8-896a-bc1c8818fa54 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/collaborating-resilience-partnerships-that-builds-disaster-resilient-communities-economies href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1b4701af-2f44-4cb8-896a-bc1c8818fa54.yaml identifier: 1b4701af-2f44-4cb8-896a-bc1c8818fa54 uri: /reference/1b4701af-2f44-4cb8-896a-bc1c8818fa54 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Kuniansky, Eve L.; Gómez-Gómez, Fernando; Torres-González, Sigfredo' Institution: 'U.S. Geological Survey, Caribean District' Pages: 56 Place Published: 'Guaynabo, PR' Report Number: Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003–4303 Title: 'Effects of aquifer development and changes in irrigation practices on ground-water availability in the Santa Isabel area, Puerto Rico' URL: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri20034303 Year: 2004 _record_number: 25249 _uuid: 1b555f67-0af6-4f16-882b-0c253117b9c8 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/effects-aquifer-development-changes-irrigation-practices-on-ground-water-availability-santa-isabel-area-puerto-rico href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1b555f67-0af6-4f16-882b-0c253117b9c8.yaml identifier: 1b555f67-0af6-4f16-882b-0c253117b9c8 uri: /reference/1b555f67-0af6-4f16-882b-0c253117b9c8 - attrs: Abstract: 'Climate change is causing geographical redistribution of plant and animal species globally. These distributional shifts are leading to new ecosystems and ecological communities, changes that will affect human society. Pecl et al. review these current and future impacts and assess their implications for sustainable development goals.Science, this issue p. eaai9214BACKGROUNDThe success of human societies depends intimately on the living components of natural and managed systems. Although the geographical range limits of species are dynamic and fluctuate over time, climate change is impelling a universal redistribution of life on Earth. For marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species alike, the first response to changing climate is often a shift in location, to stay within preferred environmental conditions. At the cooler extremes of their distributions, species are moving poleward, whereas range limits are contracting at the warmer range edge, where temperatures are no longer tolerable. On land, species are also moving to cooler, higher elevations; in the ocean, they are moving to colder water at greater depths. Because different species respond at different rates and to varying degrees, key interactions among species are often disrupted, and new interactions develop. These idiosyncrasies can result in novel biotic communities and rapid changes in ecosystem functioning, with pervasive and sometimes unexpected consequences that propagate through and affect both biological and human communities.ADVANCESAt a time when the world is anticipating unprecedented increases in human population growth and demands, the ability of natural ecosystems to deliver ecosystem services is being challenged by the largest climate-driven global redistribution of species since the Last Glacial Maximum. We demonstrate the serious consequences of this species redistribution for economic development, livelihoods, food security, human health, and culture, and we document feedbacks on climate itself. As with other impacts of climate change, species range shifts will leave “winners” and “losers” in their wake, radically reshaping the pattern of human well-being between regions and different sectors and potentially leading to substantial conflict. The pervasive impacts of changes in species distribution transcend single systems or dimensions, with feedbacks and linkages between multiple interacting scales and through whole ecosystems, inclusive of humans. We argue that the negative effects of climate change cannot be adequately anticipated or prepared for unless species responses are explicitly included in decision-making and global strategic frameworks.OUTLOOKDespite mounting evidence for the pervasive and substantial impacts of a climate-driven redistribution of Earth’s species, current global goals, policies, and international agreements fail to account for these effects. With the predicted intensification of species movements and their diverse societal and environmental impacts, awareness of species “on the move” should be incorporated into local, regional, and global assessments as standard practice. This will raise hope that future targets—whether they be global sustainability goals, plans for regional biodiversity maintenance, or local fishing or forestry harvest strategies—can be achievable and that society is prepared for a world of universal ecological change. Human society has yet to appreciate the implications of unprecedented species redistribution for life on Earth, including for human lives. Even if greenhouse gas emissions stopped today, the responses required in human systems to adapt to the most serious effects of climate-driven species redistribution would be massive. Meeting these challenges requires governance that can anticipate and adapt to changing conditions, as well as minimize negative consequences.As the global climate changes, human well-being, ecosystem function, and even climate itself are increasingly affected by the shifting geography of life.Climate-driven changes in species distributions, or range hifts, affect human well-being both directly (for example, through emerging diseases and changes in food supply) and indirectly (by degrading ecosystem health). Some range shifts even create feedbacks (positive or negative) on the climate system, altering the pace of climate change. Distributions of Earth’s species are changing at accelerating rates, increasingly driven by human-mediated climate change. Such changes are already altering the composition of ecological communities, but beyond conservation of natural systems, how and why does this matter? We review evidence that climate-driven species redistribution at regional to global scales affects ecosystem functioning, human well-being, and the dynamics of climate change itself. Production of natural resources required for food security, patterns of disease transmission, and processes of carbon sequestration are all altered by changes in species distribution. Consideration of these effects of biodiversity redistribution is critical yet lacking in most mitigation and adaptation strategies, including the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals.' Author: 'Pecl, Gretta T.; Araújo, Miguel B.; Bell, Johann D.; Blanchard, Julia; Bonebrake, Timothy C.; Chen, I-Ching; Clark, Timothy D.; Colwell, Robert K.; Danielsen, Finn; Evengård, Birgitta; Falconi, Lorena; Ferrier, Simon; Frusher, Stewart; Garcia, Raquel A.; Griffis, Roger B.; Hobday, Alistair J.; Janion-Scheepers, Charlene; Jarzyna, Marta A.; Jennings, Sarah; Lenoir, Jonathan; Linnetved, Hlif I.; Martin, Victoria Y.; McCormack, Phillipa C.; McDonald, Jan; Mitchell, Nicola J.; Mustonen, Tero; Pandolfi, John M.; Pettorelli, Nathalie; Popova, Ekaterina; Robinson, Sharon A.; Scheffers, Brett R.; Shaw, Justine D.; Sorte, Cascade J. B.; Strugnell, Jan M.; Sunday, Jennifer M.; Tuanmu, Mao-Ning; Vergés, Adriana; Villanueva, Cecilia; Wernberg, Thomas; Wapstra, Erik; Williams, Stephen E.' DOI: 10.1126/science.aai9214 Issue: 6332 Journal: Science Pages: eaai9214 Title: 'Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being' Volume: 355 Year: 2017 _record_number: 24889 _uuid: 1e20ce47-fff6-49d2-aa3e-f28d68f33eef reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.aai9214 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1e20ce47-fff6-49d2-aa3e-f28d68f33eef.yaml identifier: 1e20ce47-fff6-49d2-aa3e-f28d68f33eef uri: /reference/1e20ce47-fff6-49d2-aa3e-f28d68f33eef - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'CCCCC,' Institution: Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) Pages: 211 Place Published: 'Belmopan, Belize' Report Number: Technical Report 5C/CCCCC-12-03-01 Title: 'Delivering Transformational Change: The Implementation Plan for the CARICOM "Regional Framework for Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change"' URL: https://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/IP_version-verificar-si-final.pdf Year: 2011 _record_number: 25244 _uuid: 1eacc606-f866-4c34-901e-7bef2bec8bd3 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/delivering-transformational-change-implementation-plan-caricom-regional-framework-achieving-development-resilient-climate-change href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1eacc606-f866-4c34-901e-7bef2bec8bd3.yaml identifier: 1eacc606-f866-4c34-901e-7bef2bec8bd3 uri: /reference/1eacc606-f866-4c34-901e-7bef2bec8bd3 - attrs: Abstract: 'Increased frequency and length of high heat episodes are leading to more cardiovascular issues and asthmatic responses among the population of San Juan, the capital of the island of Puerto Rico, USA. An urban heat island effect, which leads to foci of higher temperatures in some urban areas, can raise heat-related mortality. The objective of this research is to map the risk of high temperature in particular locations by creating heat maps of the city of San Juan. The heat vulnerability index (HVI) maps were developed using images collected by satellite-based remote sensing combined with census data. Land surface temperature was assessed using images from the Thermal Infrared Sensor flown on Landsat 8. Social determinants (e.g., age, unemployment, education and social isolation, and health insurance coverage) were analyzed by census tract. The data were examined in the context of land cover maps generated using products from the Puerto Rico Terrestrial Gap Analysis Project (USDA Forest Service). All variables were set in order to transform the indicators expressed in different units into indices between 0 and 1, and the HVI was calculated as sum of score. The tract with highest index was considered to be the most vulnerable and the lowest to be the least vulnerable. Five vulnerability classes were mapped (very high, high, moderate, low, and very low). The hottest and the most vulnerable tracts corresponded to highly built areas, including the Luis Munoz International Airport, seaports, parking lots, and high-density residential areas. Several variables contributed to increased vulnerability, including higher rates of the population living alone, disabilities, advanced age, and lack of health insurance coverage. Coolest areas corresponded to vegetated landscapes and urban water bodies. The urban HVI map will be useful to health officers, emergency preparedness personnel, the National Weather Service, and San Juan residents, as it helps to prepare for and to mitigate the potential effects of heat-related illnesses.' Author: 'Méndez-Lázaro, Pablo; Muller-Karger, Frank E.; Otis, Daniel; McCarthy, Matthew J.; Rodríguez, Ernesto' DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1319-z Date: February 17 ISSN: 1432-1254 Journal: International Journal of Biometeorology Title: 'A heat vulnerability index to improve urban public health management in San Juan, Puerto Rico' Type of Article: journal article Year: 2017 _record_number: 25023 _uuid: 1fb1d8b7-46d3-4bd8-8e18-86aa24e405cb reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00484-017-1319-z href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/1fb1d8b7-46d3-4bd8-8e18-86aa24e405cb.yaml identifier: 1fb1d8b7-46d3-4bd8-8e18-86aa24e405cb uri: /reference/1fb1d8b7-46d3-4bd8-8e18-86aa24e405cb - attrs: Author: 'Helmreich, B.; Horn, H.' DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.046 Date: 2009/11/15/ ISSN: 0011-9164 Issue: 1 Journal: Desalination Keywords: Rainwater harvesting; Rainfed agriculture; Rainwater treatment; Solar energy; Membrane filtration; Sand filtration Pages: 118-124 Title: Opportunities in rainwater harvesting Volume: 248 Year: 2009 _record_number: 25237 _uuid: 2370cfa1-afa1-4c11-ae33-97d0dadfa8de reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.046 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2370cfa1-afa1-4c11-ae33-97d0dadfa8de.yaml identifier: 2370cfa1-afa1-4c11-ae33-97d0dadfa8de uri: /reference/2370cfa1-afa1-4c11-ae33-97d0dadfa8de - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Wilkinson, Emily' Institution: Overseas Development Institute Pages: 6 Place Published: 'London, UK' Title: 'Towards a more resilient Caribbean after the 2017 hurricanes. Report from roundtable discussions, 30 January 2018' URL: https://www.odi.org/publications/11076-towards-more-resilient-caribbean-after-2017-hurricanes Year: 2018 _record_number: 26439 _uuid: 24b2876d-90ea-4f7c-98c6-d01268920caf reftype: Report child_publication: /report/towards-more-resilient-caribbean-after-2017-hurricanes-report-roundtable-discussions-30-january-2018 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/24b2876d-90ea-4f7c-98c6-d01268920caf.yaml identifier: 24b2876d-90ea-4f7c-98c6-d01268920caf uri: /reference/24b2876d-90ea-4f7c-98c6-d01268920caf - attrs: Author: 'Jennings, Simon; Brander, Keith' DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.016 Date: 2010/02/10/ ISSN: 0924-7963 Issue: 3 Journal: Journal of Marine Systems Keywords: Climate; Climate changes; Biological production; Fisheries; Size-spectra; Prediction; Metabolic theory Pages: 418-426 Title: Predicting the effects of climate change on marine communities and the consequences for fisheries Volume: 79 Year: 2010 _record_number: 25037 _uuid: 272d0750-d233-4495-9c70-22a62cd113a7 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.016 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/272d0750-d233-4495-9c70-22a62cd113a7.yaml identifier: 272d0750-d233-4495-9c70-22a62cd113a7 uri: /reference/272d0750-d233-4495-9c70-22a62cd113a7 - attrs: Author: 'Harduar Morano, L.; Bunn, T. L.; Lackovic, M.; Lavender, A.; Dang, G. T. T.; Chalmers, J. J.; Li, Y.; Zhang, L.; Flammia, D. D.' DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22504 ISSN: 1097-0274 Issue: 10 Journal: American Journal of Industrial Medicine Keywords: heat; occupational; southeast; hospitalization; emergency department Pages: 1114-1125 Title: 'Occupational heat-related illness emergency department visits and inpatient hospitalizations in the southeast region, 2007–2011' Volume: 58 Year: 2015 _record_number: 25043 _uuid: 28c2d956-db7f-4038-b6c1-e5316f3657d5 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/ajim.22504 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/28c2d956-db7f-4038-b6c1-e5316f3657d5.yaml identifier: 28c2d956-db7f-4038-b6c1-e5316f3657d5 uri: /reference/28c2d956-db7f-4038-b6c1-e5316f3657d5 - attrs: Author: 'Cinner, J. E.; McClanahan, T. R.; Graham, N. A. J.; Daw, T. M.; Maina, J.; Stead, S. M.; Wamukota, A.; Brown, K.; Bodin, Ö' DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.018 Date: 2012/02/01/ ISSN: 0959-3780 Issue: 1 Journal: Global Environmental Change Keywords: Vulnerability; Fisheries; Coral bleaching; Global climate change; Social-ecological systems; Resilience; Coral reef Pages: 12-20 Title: Vulnerability of coastal communities to key impacts of climate change on coral reef fisheries Volume: 22 Year: 2012 _record_number: 25059 _uuid: 2c5feeb2-9e41-4529-a0d8-3ba8a36a1e16 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.018 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2c5feeb2-9e41-4529-a0d8-3ba8a36a1e16.yaml identifier: 2c5feeb2-9e41-4529-a0d8-3ba8a36a1e16 uri: /reference/2c5feeb2-9e41-4529-a0d8-3ba8a36a1e16 - attrs: Author: 'Foster, Pru' DOI: 10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00056-3 Date: 2001/10/01/ ISSN: 0012-8252 Issue: 1 Journal: Earth-Science Reviews Keywords: cloud forest; tropical montane cloud forest; climate change impacts; relative humidity; paleovegetation; epiphytes; cloud formation changes Pages: 73-106 Title: The potential negative impacts of global climate change on tropical montane cloud forests Volume: 55 Year: 2001 _record_number: 25235 _uuid: 2c61f40b-2033-43af-8b45-b0635840d008 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00056-3 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2c61f40b-2033-43af-8b45-b0635840d008.yaml identifier: 2c61f40b-2033-43af-8b45-b0635840d008 uri: /reference/2c61f40b-2033-43af-8b45-b0635840d008 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Virgin Islands State Historic Preservation Office,; University of Alabama Office of Archaeological Research,' Institution: 'University of Alabama, Office of Archaeological Research' Pages: 50 Place Published: 'Moundville, AL' Title: The U.S. Virgin Islands Statewide Historic Preservation Plan URL: https://museums.ua.edu/oar/usvi/ Year: 2016 _record_number: 25114 _uuid: 2cb69703-5cd8-439c-8fbc-6783691cdd71 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/us-virgin-islands-statewide-historic-preservation-plan href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2cb69703-5cd8-439c-8fbc-6783691cdd71.yaml identifier: 2cb69703-5cd8-439c-8fbc-6783691cdd71 uri: /reference/2cb69703-5cd8-439c-8fbc-6783691cdd71 - attrs: Author: 'Perez, Timothy M.; Stroud, James T.; Feeley, Kenneth J.' DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf3343 Issue: 6280 Journal: Science Pages: 1392-1393 Title: Thermal trouble in the tropics Volume: 351 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25009 _uuid: 2d495377-cde5-4488-a928-a12fb2d176da reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.aaf3343 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2d495377-cde5-4488-a928-a12fb2d176da.yaml identifier: 2d495377-cde5-4488-a928-a12fb2d176da uri: /reference/2d495377-cde5-4488-a928-a12fb2d176da - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: "Eakin, C.M.\rMorgan, J.A.\rHeron, S.F.\rSmith, T.B.\rLiu, G.\rAlvarez-Filip, L.\rBaca, B.\rBartels, E.\rBastidas, C.\rBouchon, C.\rBrandt, M.\rBruckner, A.W.\rBunkley-WIlliams, L.\rCameron, A.\rCausey, B.D.\rChiappone, M.\rChristensen, T.R.L.\rCrabbe, M.J.C.\rDay, O.\rde la Guardia, E.\rDíaz-Pulido, G.\rDi Resta, D.\rGil-Agudelo, D.L.\rGilliam, D.S.\rGinsburg, R.N.\rGore, S. \rGuzmán, H.M.\rHendee, J.C.\rHernández-Delgado, E.A.\rHusain, E.\rJeffrey, C.F.G.\rJones, R.J.\rJordán-Dahlgren, E. \rKaufman, L.S.\rKline, D.I.\rKramer, P.A.\rLang, J.C.\rLirman, D.\rMallela, J.\rManfrino, C.\rMaréchal, J.-P.\rMarks, K.\rMihaly, J.\rMiller, W.J.\rMueller, E.M.\rMuller, E.M.\rOrozco Toro, C.A.\rOxenford, H.A.\rPonce-Taylor, D.\rQuinn, N.\rRitchie, K.B.\rRodríguez, S.\rRodríguez Ramírez, A.\rRomano, S.\rSamhouri, J.F.\rSánchez, J.A.\rSchmahl, G.P.\rShank, B.V.\rSkirving, W.J.\rSteiner, S.C.C.\rVillamizar, E.\rWalsh, S.M.\rWalter, C.\rWeil, E.\rWilliams, E.H.\rRoberson, K.W.\rYusuf Y." DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013969 ISSN: 1932-6203 Issue: 11 Journal: PLoS ONE Pages: e13969 Title: 'Caribbean corals in crisis: Record thermal stress, bleaching, and mortality in 2005' URL: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013969 Volume: 5 Year: 2010 _chapter: '["Ch. 24: Oceans FINAL","RF 11"]' _record_number: 186 _uuid: 2dcec73a-c9eb-4f23-9182-ac6bd27e716c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1371/journal.pone.0013969 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/2dcec73a-c9eb-4f23-9182-ac6bd27e716c.yaml identifier: 2dcec73a-c9eb-4f23-9182-ac6bd27e716c uri: /reference/2dcec73a-c9eb-4f23-9182-ac6bd27e716c - attrs: Author: 'Kondolf, G. Mathias; Gao, Yongxuan; Annandale, George W.; Morris, Gregory L.; Jiang, Enhui; Zhang, Junhua; Cao, Yongtao; Carling, Paul; Fu, Kaidao; Guo, Qingchao; Hotchkiss, Rollin; Peteuil, Christophe; Sumi, Tetsuya; Wang, Hsiao-Wen; Wang, Zhongmei; Wei, Zhilin; Wu, Baosheng; Wu, Caiping; Yang, Chih Ted' DOI: 10.1002/2013EF000184 ISSN: 2328-4277 Issue: 5 Journal: Earth's Future Keywords: sediment management; regulated rivers; reservoir sedimentation; reservoir sustainbility; 1857 Reservoirs (surface); 1808 Dams; 1861 Sedimentation; 1862 Sediment transport; 1880 Water management Pages: 256-280 Publisher: 'Wiley Periodicals, Inc.' Title: 'Sustainable sediment management in reservoirs and regulated rivers: Experiences from five continents' Volume: 2 Year: 2014 _record_number: 25033 _uuid: 3019cdbe-ff04-4fcf-a9ab-ba2a11f13589 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/2013EF000184 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3019cdbe-ff04-4fcf-a9ab-ba2a11f13589.yaml identifier: 3019cdbe-ff04-4fcf-a9ab-ba2a11f13589 uri: /reference/3019cdbe-ff04-4fcf-a9ab-ba2a11f13589 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Access Date: 'July 6, 2018' Author: NWS Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Publisher: NOAA National Weather Service (NWS) Title: 'Rainfall record San Juan: Tropical wave brought new climate records' URL: https://www.weather.gov/sju/rainfallrecord_0718 Year: 2013 _record_number: 26443 _uuid: 33086390-99bb-46e9-a7ec-e8cc66e1c39c reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/f45f6272-c5be-4944-83db-cf6014b7aee0 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/33086390-99bb-46e9-a7ec-e8cc66e1c39c.yaml identifier: 33086390-99bb-46e9-a7ec-e8cc66e1c39c uri: /reference/33086390-99bb-46e9-a7ec-e8cc66e1c39c - attrs: .reference_type: 63 Author: 'Puerto Rico State Department,' Date: 22 November 2016 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Title: 'Ordenes Ejecutivas [Executive Orders: Search/Buscar "OE-2016-048"]' URL: http://estado.pr.gov/es/ordenes-ejecutivas/ Year: 2016 _record_number: 26701 _uuid: 33b4fc8b-5b73-49ce-9b48-46a5218132f8 reftype: Press Release child_publication: /generic/86030795-c37a-4e53-8ec3-b2d0d174967b href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/33b4fc8b-5b73-49ce-9b48-46a5218132f8.yaml identifier: 33b4fc8b-5b73-49ce-9b48-46a5218132f8 uri: /reference/33b4fc8b-5b73-49ce-9b48-46a5218132f8 - attrs: .publisher: 'John Wiley & Sons, Inc.' .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Walsh, Kevin J. E.; McBride, John L.; Klotzbach, Philip J.; Balachandran, Sethurathinam; Camargo, Suzana J.; Holland, Greg; Knutson, Thomas R.; Kossin, James P.; Lee, Tsz-cheung; Sobel, Adam; Sugi, Masato' DOI: 10.1002/wcc.371 ISSN: 1757-7799 Issue: 1 Journal: 'Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change' Pages: 65-89 Title: Tropical cyclones and climate change Volume: 7 Year: 2016 _record_number: 19583 _uuid: 349482df-4a77-4802-8b39-14d5e63b946f reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/wcc.371 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/349482df-4a77-4802-8b39-14d5e63b946f.yaml identifier: 349482df-4a77-4802-8b39-14d5e63b946f uri: /reference/349482df-4a77-4802-8b39-14d5e63b946f - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Abstract: 'Atlantic hurricane variability on decadal and interannual time scales is reconsidered in a framework based on a leading mode of coupled ocean–atmosphere variability known as the Atlantic meridional mode (AMM). It is shown that a large part of the variability of overall “hurricane activity,” which depends on the number of storms in a season, their duration, and their intensity, can be explained by systematic shifts in the cyclogenesis regions. These shifts are strongly correlated with the AMM on interannual as well as multidecadal time scales. It is suggested that the AMM serves to unify a number of previously documented relationships between hurricanes and Atlantic regional climate variability.' Author: James P. Kossin; Daniel J. Vimont DOI: 10.1175/bams-88-11-1767 Issue: 11 Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Pages: 1767-1781 Title: A more general framework for understanding Atlantic hurricane variability and trends Volume: 88 Year: 2007 _record_number: 20649 _uuid: 34ac10b1-a5ab-4ad6-97e5-3d920ff5f2c0 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/bams-88-11-1767 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/34ac10b1-a5ab-4ad6-97e5-3d920ff5f2c0.yaml identifier: 34ac10b1-a5ab-4ad6-97e5-3d920ff5f2c0 uri: /reference/34ac10b1-a5ab-4ad6-97e5-3d920ff5f2c0 - attrs: Abstract: 'Background Short-term impacts of high temperatures on the elderly are well known. Even though Italy has the highest proportion of elderly citizens in Europe, there is a lack of information on spatial heat-related elderly risks. Objectives Development of high-resolution, heat-related urban risk maps regarding the elderly population (≥65). Methods A long time-series (2001–2013) of remote sensing MODIS data, averaged over the summer period for eleven major Italian cities, were downscaled to obtain high spatial resolution (100 m) daytime and night-time land surface temperatures (LST). LST was estimated pixel-wise by applying two statistical model approaches: 1) the Linear Regression Model (LRM); 2) the Generalized Additive Model (GAM). Total and elderly population density data were extracted from the Joint Research Centre population grid (100 m) from the 2001 census (Eurostat source), and processed together using “Crichton’s Risk Triangle” hazard-risk methodology for obtaining a Heat-related Elderly Risk Index (HERI). Results The GAM procedure allowed for improved daytime and night-time LST estimations compared to the LRM approach. High-resolution maps of daytime and night-time HERI levels were developed for inland and coastal cities. Urban areas with the hazardous HERI level (very high risk) were not necessarily characterized by the highest temperatures. The hazardous HERI level was generally localized to encompass the city-centre in inland cities and the inner area in coastal cities. The two most dangerous HERI levels were greater in the coastal rather than inland cities. Conclusions This study shows the great potential of combining geospatial technologies and spatial demographic characteristics within a simple and flexible framework in order to provide high-resolution urban mapping of daytime and night-time HERI. In this way, potential areas for intervention are immediately identified with up-to-street level details. This information could support public health operators and facilitate coordination for heat-related emergencies.' Author: 'Morabito, Marco; Crisci, Alfonso; Gioli, Beniamino; Gualtieri, Giovanni; Toscano, Piero; Di Stefano, Valentina; Orlandini, Simone; Gensini, Gian Franco' DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127277 Issue: 5 Journal: PLOS ONE Pages: e0127277 Publisher: Public Library of Science Title: 'Urban-hazard risk analysis: Mapping of heat-related risks in the elderly in major Italian cities' Volume: 10 Year: 2015 _record_number: 25019 _uuid: 3f1794be-a669-4e53-a664-3f9e85683cac reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1371/journal.pone.0127277 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3f1794be-a669-4e53-a664-3f9e85683cac.yaml identifier: 3f1794be-a669-4e53-a664-3f9e85683cac uri: /reference/3f1794be-a669-4e53-a664-3f9e85683cac - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Puerto Rico Ports Authority,' Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Title: Aviation Bureau Report Fiscal Year 2016 Year: 2016 _record_number: 26699 _uuid: 3f86c3ad-0f92-462e-bcff-2d9d4cbcc1cc reftype: Report child_publication: /report/aviation-bureau-report-fiscal-year-2016 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3f86c3ad-0f92-462e-bcff-2d9d4cbcc1cc.yaml identifier: 3f86c3ad-0f92-462e-bcff-2d9d4cbcc1cc uri: /reference/3f86c3ad-0f92-462e-bcff-2d9d4cbcc1cc - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Brander, Luke; van Beukering, Pieter' Institution: NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program Pages: 23 Place Published: 'Silver Spring, MD' Title: 'The Total Economic Value of U.S. Coral Reefs: A Review of the Literature' URL: https://www.coris.noaa.gov/activities/economic_value/ Year: 2013 _record_number: 25247 _uuid: 3ffb4c14-fc46-4b50-bf9f-449ac429aef1 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/total-economic-value-us-coral-reefs-review-literature href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3ffb4c14-fc46-4b50-bf9f-449ac429aef1.yaml identifier: 3ffb4c14-fc46-4b50-bf9f-449ac429aef1 uri: /reference/3ffb4c14-fc46-4b50-bf9f-449ac429aef1 - attrs: Academic Department: 'Animal Sciences Group, Aquaculture and Fisheries Group' Advisor: 'Martin de Graaf; Leo Nagelkerke ' Author: 'van Gerwen, Imke' Date: December Degree: M.Sc. 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Phinney; Ove Hoegh-Guldberg; Joanie Kleypas; William Skirving; Al Strong ISBN: 9781118666159 Keywords: Coral reefs and islands—Environmental aspects; Climatic changes—Environmental aspects Pages: 111-128 Publisher: American Geophysical Union Title: Analyzing the relationship between ocean temperature anomalies and coral disease outbreaks at broad spatial scales URL: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/61CE07 Year: 2013 _record_number: 25002 _uuid: 51a5773a-f8d4-4c2b-8342-7cee7b799ac5 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /book/c9069812-079a-4f7b-a66a-ceb558dafbeb href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/51a5773a-f8d4-4c2b-8342-7cee7b799ac5.yaml identifier: 51a5773a-f8d4-4c2b-8342-7cee7b799ac5 uri: /reference/51a5773a-f8d4-4c2b-8342-7cee7b799ac5 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Kossin, J.P.; T. Hall; T. Knutson; K.E. Kunkel; R.J. Trapp; D.E. Waliser; M.F. Wehner' Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I' DOI: 10.7930/J07S7KXX Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock' Pages: 257-276 Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Title: Extreme Storms Year: 2017 _record_number: 21567 _uuid: 52ce1b63-1b04-4728-9f1b-daee39af665e reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/extreme-storms href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/52ce1b63-1b04-4728-9f1b-daee39af665e.yaml identifier: 52ce1b63-1b04-4728-9f1b-daee39af665e uri: /reference/52ce1b63-1b04-4728-9f1b-daee39af665e - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Torres-Gonzalez, Sigfredo; Rodriguez, Jose M.' DOI: 10.3133/ofr20151215 Institution: U. S. 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Kunkel; Sarah Champion; David Easterling; Laura Stevens; Karin Bumbaco; Nick Bond; Joe Casola; William Sweet' Institution: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Pages: 4 Place Published: 'Asheville, NC' Series Volume: NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 149-WA Title: Washington State Climate Summary URL: https://statesummaries.ncics.org/wa Year: 2017 _record_number: 26715 _uuid: 55c7ac21-90b9-4261-ab66-a77e63b5bfea reftype: Report child_publication: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/washington href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/55c7ac21-90b9-4261-ab66-a77e63b5bfea.yaml identifier: 55c7ac21-90b9-4261-ab66-a77e63b5bfea uri: /reference/55c7ac21-90b9-4261-ab66-a77e63b5bfea