--- - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'NOAA Office for Coastal Management,' Place Published: 'Silver Spring, MD' Publisher: NOAA Office for Coastal Management Title: 'Describing the Ocean Economies of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico [web site]' URL: https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/training/econ-usvi-pr.html Year: 2016 _record_number: 25248 _uuid: 6f105ede-8c63-4491-a4c8-711ea3450667 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/862525c9-43ff-42a8-99d5-03202e9825ff href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6f105ede-8c63-4491-a4c8-711ea3450667.yaml identifier: 6f105ede-8c63-4491-a4c8-711ea3450667 uri: /reference/6f105ede-8c63-4491-a4c8-711ea3450667 - attrs: Abstract: 'Reefs and People at Risk Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere put shallow, warm-water coral reef ecosystems, and the people who depend upon them at risk from two key global environmental stresses: 1) elevated sea surface temperature (that can cause coral bleaching and related mortality), and 2) ocean acidification. These global stressors: cannot be avoided by local management, compound local stressors, and hasten the loss of ecosystem services. Impacts to people will be most grave where a) human dependence on coral reef ecosystems is high, b) sea surface temperature reaches critical levels soonest, and c) ocean acidification levels are most severe. Where these elements align, swift action will be needed to protect people’s lives and livelihoods, but such action must be informed by data and science. An Indicator Approach Designing policies to offset potential harm to coral reef ecosystems and people requires a better understanding of where CO2-related global environmental stresses could cause the most severe impacts. Mapping indicators has been proposed as a way of combining natural and social science data to identify policy actions even when the needed science is relatively nascent. To identify where people are at risk and where more science is needed, we map indicators of biological, physical and social science factors to understand how human dependence on coral reef ecosystems will be affected by globally-driven threats to corals expected in a high-CO2 world. Western Mexico, Micronesia, Indonesia and parts of Australia have high human dependence and will likely face severe combined threats. As a region, Southeast Asia is particularly at risk. Many of the countries most dependent upon coral reef ecosystems are places for which we have the least robust data on ocean acidification. These areas require new data and interdisciplinary scientific research to help coral reef-dependent human communities better prepare for a high CO2 world.' Author: 'Pendleton, Linwood; Comte, Adrien; Langdon, Chris; Ekstrom, Julia A.; Cooley, Sarah R.; Suatoni, Lisa; Beck, Michael W.; Brander, Luke M.; Burke, Lauretta; Cinner, Josh E.; Doherty, Carolyn; Edwards, Peter E. T.; Gledhill, Dwight; Jiang, Li-Qing; van Hooidonk, Ruben J.; Teh, Louise; Waldbusser, George G.; Ritter, Jessica' DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164699 Issue: 11 Journal: PLOS ONE Pages: e0164699 Publisher: Public Library of Science Title: 'Coral reefs and people in a high-CO2 world: Where can science make a difference to people?' Volume: 11 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25010 _uuid: 714590d9-dbb7-4ada-b500-fce4f2cf46ca reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1371/journal.pone.0164699 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/714590d9-dbb7-4ada-b500-fce4f2cf46ca.yaml identifier: 714590d9-dbb7-4ada-b500-fce4f2cf46ca uri: /reference/714590d9-dbb7-4ada-b500-fce4f2cf46ca - attrs: Author: 'Harmsen, Eric W.; Miller, Norman L.; Schlegel, Nicole J.; Gonzalez, J. E.' DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2009.02.006 Date: 2009/07/01/ ISSN: 0378-3774 Issue: 7 Journal: Agricultural Water Management Keywords: Climate change; Evapotranspiration; Precipitation; Precipitation deficit; Crop yield; Downscaling; GCM Pages: 1085-1095 Title: 'Seasonal climate change impacts on evapotranspiration, precipitation deficit and crop yield in Puerto Rico' Volume: 96 Year: 2009 _record_number: 25040 _uuid: 72d1011e-bdff-49c0-b00f-8222c2a350ea reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.02.006 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/72d1011e-bdff-49c0-b00f-8222c2a350ea.yaml identifier: 72d1011e-bdff-49c0-b00f-8222c2a350ea uri: /reference/72d1011e-bdff-49c0-b00f-8222c2a350ea - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'NY Power Authority,; Puerto Rico Electic Power Authority,; Others,' Pages: various Place Published: New York Title: 'Build back better: Reimagining and strengthening the power grid of Puerto Rico' URL: https://www.governor.ny.gov/sites/governor.ny.gov/files/atoms/files/PRERWG_Report_PR_Grid_Resiliency_Report.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 26442 _uuid: 73dcfda2-6c65-4c45-8384-2ba93f9b1d6b reftype: Report child_publication: /report/build-back-better-reimagining-strengthening-power-grid-puerto-rico href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/73dcfda2-6c65-4c45-8384-2ba93f9b1d6b.yaml identifier: 73dcfda2-6c65-4c45-8384-2ba93f9b1d6b uri: /reference/73dcfda2-6c65-4c45-8384-2ba93f9b1d6b - attrs: Abstract: 'We present results from 20-year “high-resolution” regional climate model simulations of precipitation change for the sub-tropical island of Puerto Rico. The Japanese Meteorological Agency Non-Hydrostatic Model (NHM) operating at a 2-km grid resolution is nested inside the Regional Spectral Model (RSM) at 10-km grid resolution, which in turn is forced at the lateral boundaries by the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4). At this resolution, the climate change experiment allows for deep convection in model integrations, which is an important consideration for sub-tropical regions in general, and on islands with steep precipitation gradients in particular that strongly influence local ecological processes and the provision of ecosystem services. Projected precipitation change for this region of the Caribbean is simulated for the mid-twenty-first century (2041–2060) under the RCP8.5 climate-forcing scenario relative to the late twentieth century (1986–2005). The results show that by the mid-twenty-first century, there is an overall rainfall reduction over the island for all seasons compared to the recent climate but with diminished mid-summer drought (MSD) in the northwestern parts of the island. Importantly, extreme rainfall events on sub-daily and daily time scales also become slightly less frequent in the projected mid-twenty-first-century climate over most regions of the island.' Author: 'Bhardwaj, Amit; Misra, Vasubandhu; Mishra, Akhilesh; Wootten, Adrienne; Boyles, Ryan; Bowden, J. H.; Terando, Adam J.' DOI: 10.1007/s10584-017-2130-x Date: March 01 ISSN: 1573-1480 Issue: 1 Journal: Climatic Change Pages: 133-147 Title: Downscaling future climate change projections over Puerto Rico using a non-hydrostatic atmospheric model Type of Article: journal article Volume: 147 Year: 2018 _record_number: 25230 _uuid: 744497bd-974c-497e-bf74-34ff514c0f83 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-017-2130-x href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/744497bd-974c-497e-bf74-34ff514c0f83.yaml identifier: 744497bd-974c-497e-bf74-34ff514c0f83 uri: /reference/744497bd-974c-497e-bf74-34ff514c0f83 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: USGCRP DOI: 10.7930/J0J964J6 Pages: 470 Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Secondary Author: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock' Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I' Year: 2017 _record_number: 21557 _uuid: 75cf1c0b-cc62-4ca4-96a7-082afdfe2ab1 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/75cf1c0b-cc62-4ca4-96a7-082afdfe2ab1.yaml identifier: 75cf1c0b-cc62-4ca4-96a7-082afdfe2ab1 uri: /reference/75cf1c0b-cc62-4ca4-96a7-082afdfe2ab1 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Kossin, J.P.' DOI: 10.1038/nature20783 Journal: Nature Pages: 390-393 Title: Hurricane intensification along U. S. coast suppressed during active hurricane periods Volume: 541 Year: 2017 _record_number: 20579 _uuid: 75fdd86f-3d01-45c3-8289-acf02f5c2695 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nature20783 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/75fdd86f-3d01-45c3-8289-acf02f5c2695.yaml identifier: 75fdd86f-3d01-45c3-8289-acf02f5c2695 uri: /reference/75fdd86f-3d01-45c3-8289-acf02f5c2695 - attrs: Abstract: "Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) depend on predictable, frequent, and prolonged immersion in cloud. Clearing upwind lowland forest alters surface energy budgets in ways that influence dry season cloud fields and thus the TMCF environment. Landsat and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite imagery show that deforested areas of Costa Rica's Caribbean lowlands remain relatively cloud-free when forested regions have well-developed dry season cumulus cloud fields. Further, regional atmospheric simulations show that cloud base heights are higher over pasture than over tropical forest areas under reasonable dry season conditions. These results suggest that land use in tropical lowlands has serious impacts on ecosystems in adjacent mountains." Author: 'Lawton, R. O.; Nair, U. S.; Pielke, R. A.; Welch, R. M.' DOI: 10.1126/science.1062459 Issue: 5542 Journal: Science Pages: 584-587 Title: Climatic impact of tropical lowland deforestation on nearby montane cloud forests Volume: 294 Year: 2001 _record_number: 25031 _uuid: 77872e95-b71c-4c52-bb70-301748abfb13 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.1062459 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/77872e95-b71c-4c52-bb70-301748abfb13.yaml identifier: 77872e95-b71c-4c52-bb70-301748abfb13 uri: /reference/77872e95-b71c-4c52-bb70-301748abfb13 - attrs: Author: 'Monmany, Ana Carolina; William A. Gould; María José Andrade-Núñez; Grizelle González; Maya Quiñones' Book Title: Forest Ecology and Conservation Chapter: 4 DOI: 10.5772/67667 Editor: 'Sumit Chakravarty; Gopal Shukla ' ISBN: 978-953-51-3090-1 Pages: 77-95 Place Published: London Publisher: InTech Title: 'Characterizing predictability of fire occurrence in tropical forests and grasslands: The case of Puerto Rico' Year: 2017 _record_number: 25021 _uuid: 778ed64d-68a3-45ee-bc66-6f83acbbc70f reftype: Electronic Book Section child_publication: /book/5494a61e-5b82-4b68-841f-c40ca3370660 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/778ed64d-68a3-45ee-bc66-6f83acbbc70f.yaml identifier: 778ed64d-68a3-45ee-bc66-6f83acbbc70f uri: /reference/778ed64d-68a3-45ee-bc66-6f83acbbc70f - attrs: Abstract: 'Episodes of mass coral bleaching around the world in recent decades have been attributed to periods of anomalously warm ocean temperatures. In 2005, the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the tropical North Atlantic that may have contributed to the strong hurricane season caused widespread coral bleaching in the Eastern Caribbean. Here, we use two global climate models to evaluate the contribution of natural climate variability and anthropogenic forcing to the thermal stress that caused the 2005 coral bleaching event. Historical temperature data and simulations for the 1870–2000 period show that the observed warming in the region is unlikely to be due to unforced climate variability alone. Simulation of background climate variability suggests that anthropogenic warming may have increased the probability of occurrence of significant thermal stress events for corals in this region by an order of magnitude. Under scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions, mass coral bleaching in the Eastern Caribbean may become a biannual event in 20–30 years. However, if corals and their symbionts can adapt by 1–1.5°C, such mass bleaching events may not begin to recur at potentially harmful intervals until the latter half of the century. The delay could enable more time to alter the path of greenhouse gas emissions, although long-term “committed warming” even after stabilization of atmospheric CO2 levels may still represent an additional long-term threat to corals.' Author: 'Donner, Simon D.; Knutson, Thomas R.; Oppenheimer, Michael' DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610122104 Issue: 13 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Pages: 5483-5488 Title: Model-based assessment of the role of human-induced climate change in the 2005 Caribbean coral bleaching event Volume: 104 Year: 2007 _record_number: 25055 _uuid: 77b77da6-a5c8-4efd-b42f-bbbff3ad0380 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.0610122104 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/77b77da6-a5c8-4efd-b42f-bbbff3ad0380.yaml identifier: 77b77da6-a5c8-4efd-b42f-bbbff3ad0380 uri: /reference/77b77da6-a5c8-4efd-b42f-bbbff3ad0380 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'McField, Melanie' Book Title: 'CME Caribbean Marine Climate Change Report Card 2017: Science Review 2017' Pages: 52-59 Place Published: UK Publisher: Commonwealth Marine Economies (CME) Programme Title: Impacts of climate change on coral in the coastal and marine environments of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) URL: http://crfm.int/~uwohxjxf/images/6._Coral.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 26697 _uuid: 79210fc2-f950-410f-92c4-672714f4e28e reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/cme-caribbean-marine-climate-change-report-card-2017-science-review-2017 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/79210fc2-f950-410f-92c4-672714f4e28e.yaml identifier: 79210fc2-f950-410f-92c4-672714f4e28e uri: /reference/79210fc2-f950-410f-92c4-672714f4e28e - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Meléndez, Edwin; Jennifer Hinojosa' Institution: 'CUNY Hunter College, Center for Puerto Rican Studies (Centro)' Pages: 7 Place Published: 'New York, NY' Report Number: Centro RB2017-01 Title: Estimates of post Hurricane Maria exodus from Puerto Rico URL: https://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/RB2017-01-POST-MARIA%20EXODUS_V3.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 26434 _uuid: 7926805c-1603-4803-b717-a0ebc5a1082a reftype: Report child_publication: /report/estimates-post-hurricane-maria-exodus-puerto-rico href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7926805c-1603-4803-b717-a0ebc5a1082a.yaml identifier: 7926805c-1603-4803-b717-a0ebc5a1082a uri: /reference/7926805c-1603-4803-b717-a0ebc5a1082a - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'CEHI,' Institution: Caribbean Environmental Health Institute (CEHI) Pages: 38 Place Published: 'Castries, St. Lucia' Title: A Programme for Promoting Rainwater Harvesting in the Caribbean Region URL: http://www.caribbeanrainwaterharvestingtoolbox.com/Media/Print/Programme%20to%20Promote%20RWH%20in%20the%20Cabbean%20Region.pdf Year: 2006 _record_number: 25076 _uuid: 7bc4aec4-1b7e-445c-b0b3-9ba13eb4c620 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/programme-promoting-rainwater-harvesting-caribbean-region href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7bc4aec4-1b7e-445c-b0b3-9ba13eb4c620.yaml identifier: 7bc4aec4-1b7e-445c-b0b3-9ba13eb4c620 uri: /reference/7bc4aec4-1b7e-445c-b0b3-9ba13eb4c620 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'PRASA,' Institution: Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA) Pages: various Place Published: 'Hato Rey, PR' Title: Fiscal Year 2010 Consulting Engineer's Report for the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority URL: https://www.acueductospr.com/INVESTORS/download/Consulting%20Engineer's%20Reports/2011-02-28%20Final%20Report%20FY2010%20CER.pdf Year: 2011 _record_number: 25261 _uuid: 7daa5b0e-d004-4b70-8736-c14fca0d11d5 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/fiscal-year-2010-consulting-engineers-report-puerto-rico-aqueduct-sewer-authority href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7daa5b0e-d004-4b70-8736-c14fca0d11d5.yaml identifier: 7daa5b0e-d004-4b70-8736-c14fca0d11d5 uri: /reference/7daa5b0e-d004-4b70-8736-c14fca0d11d5 - attrs: Abstract: 'The persistence of carbonate structures on coral reefs is essential in providing habitats for a large number of species and maintaining the extraordinary biodiversity associated with these ecosystems. As a consequence of ocean acidification (OA), the ability of marine calcifiers to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and their rate of CaCO3 production could decrease while rates of bioerosion and CaCO3 dissolution could increase, resulting in a transition from a condition of net accretion to one of net erosion. This would have negative consequences for the role and function of coral reefs and the eco-services they provide to dependent human communities. In this article, we review estimates of bioerosion, CaCO3 dissolution, and net ecosystem calcification (NEC) and how these processes will change in response to OA. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the observed relationships between NEC and seawater aragonite saturation state (Ωa). Finally, we propose that standardized NEC rates combined with observed changes in the ratios of dissolved inorganic carbon to total alkalinity owing to net reef metabolism may provide a biogeochemical tool to monitor the effects of OA in coral reef environments.' Author: 'Andersson, Andreas J.; Dwight Gledhill' DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172241 Issue: 1 Journal: Annual Review of Marine Science Keywords: 'CO2,CaCO3,aragonite,Mg calcite,calcification' Pages: 321-348 Title: 'Ocean acidification and coral reefs: Effects on breakdown, dissolution, and net ecosystem calcification' Volume: 5 Year: 2013 _record_number: 25071 _uuid: 80275bfb-6cfc-4320-b71f-7b7816eddc6b reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172241 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/80275bfb-6cfc-4320-b71f-7b7816eddc6b.yaml identifier: 80275bfb-6cfc-4320-b71f-7b7816eddc6b uri: /reference/80275bfb-6cfc-4320-b71f-7b7816eddc6b - attrs: Author: 'Campbell, Jayaka D.; Taylor, Michael A.; Stephenson, Tannecia S.; Watson, Rhodene A.; Whyte, Felicia S.' DOI: 10.1002/joc.2200 ISSN: 1097-0088 Issue: 12 Journal: International Journal of Climatology Keywords: climate change; Caribbean; scenarios; rainfall; temperature Pages: 1866-1878 Publisher: 'John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.' Title: Future climate of the Caribbean from a regional climate model Volume: 31 Year: 2011 _record_number: 25063 _uuid: 812fc7b5-a2f0-4e62-a767-6b8dc494ea60 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/joc.2200 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/812fc7b5-a2f0-4e62-a767-6b8dc494ea60.yaml identifier: 812fc7b5-a2f0-4e62-a767-6b8dc494ea60 uri: /reference/812fc7b5-a2f0-4e62-a767-6b8dc494ea60 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'DRNA,' Institution: 'Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales (DRNA), División Monitoreo del Plan de Aguas' Pages: 89 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Title: Informe sobre la Sequía de 2014-2016 en Puerto Rico URL: http://drna.pr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Informe-Sequia-2014-2016.compressed.pdf Year: 2016 _record_number: 25078 _uuid: 817ebda3-1e29-4e7d-b63f-21193463bae5 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/informe-sobre-la-sequa-de-2014-2016-en-puerto-rico href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/817ebda3-1e29-4e7d-b63f-21193463bae5.yaml identifier: 817ebda3-1e29-4e7d-b63f-21193463bae5 uri: /reference/817ebda3-1e29-4e7d-b63f-21193463bae5 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Trotman, Adrian; Antonio Joyette; Van Meerbeeck, Cedric; Roche Mahon; Shelly-Ann Cox; Neisha Cave; David Farrell' Book Title: 'Drought and Water Crises: Integrating Science, Management, and Policy' Edition: 2nd Editor: 'Wilhite, Donald; Pulwarty, Roger S.' ISBN: 9781138035645 Pages: 431-450 Place Published: 'Boca Raton, FL' Publisher: CRC Press Title: 'Drought risk management in the Caribbean community: Early warning information and other risk reduction considerations' Year: 2017 _record_number: 24997 _uuid: 8402476f-b5d9-4313-938a-9d5993a66eaf reftype: Book Section child_publication: /book/drought-water-crises-integrating-science-management-policy href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8402476f-b5d9-4313-938a-9d5993a66eaf.yaml identifier: 8402476f-b5d9-4313-938a-9d5993a66eaf uri: /reference/8402476f-b5d9-4313-938a-9d5993a66eaf - attrs: .reference_type: 9 Editor: 'Joglar, Rafael L.' ISBN: "0865816018\r9780865816015" Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Publisher: Editorial del Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña Section: 563 Series Title: Serie de historia natural Title: 'Biodiversidad de Puerto Rico: Vertebrados terrestres y ecosistemas' Year: 2005 _record_number: 25087 _uuid: 85974fd4-0073-45b1-9d7a-1f032ffa3e9f reftype: Edited Book child_publication: /book/biodiversidad-de-puerto-rico-vertebrados-terrestres-y-ecosistemas href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/85974fd4-0073-45b1-9d7a-1f032ffa3e9f.yaml identifier: 85974fd4-0073-45b1-9d7a-1f032ffa3e9f uri: /reference/85974fd4-0073-45b1-9d7a-1f032ffa3e9f - attrs: Author: 'He, Jie; Soden, Brian J.' DOI: 10.1038/nclimate3157 Date: 11/14/online Journal: Nature Climate Change Pages: 53 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Title: A re-examination of the projected subtropical precipitation decline Volume: 7 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25236 _uuid: 88043fab-521b-4776-9726-fea9a1a2d049 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nclimate3157 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/88043fab-521b-4776-9726-fea9a1a2d049.yaml identifier: 88043fab-521b-4776-9726-fea9a1a2d049 uri: /reference/88043fab-521b-4776-9726-fea9a1a2d049 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Gould, William A.; Stephen J. Fain; Isabel K. Pares; Kathleen McGinley; Anne Perry; Rachel F. Steele' Institution: 'USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry' Pages: 67 Place Published: 'Rio Piedras, PR' Title: Caribbean Regional Climate Sub Hub Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies URL: https://www.climatehubs.oce.usda.gov/sites/default/files/Caribbean%20Region%20Vulnerability%20Assessment%20Final.pdf Year: 2015 _record_number: 24977 _uuid: 8871f837-6638-4388-a927-183ff59344b9 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/caribbean-regional-climate-sub-hub-assessment-climate-change-vulnerability-adaptation-mitigation-strategies href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8871f837-6638-4388-a927-183ff59344b9.yaml identifier: 8871f837-6638-4388-a927-183ff59344b9 uri: /reference/8871f837-6638-4388-a927-183ff59344b9 - attrs: Abstract: 'As the global climate warms due to increasing greenhouse gases, the regional climate of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean region will also change. This study presents the latest estimates of the expected changes in temperature, precipitation, tropical cyclone activity, and sea level. Changes in temperature and precipitation are derived from climate model simulations produced for the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR4), by comparing projections for the mid- and late-21st century to the late 20th century and assuming a “middle-of-the-road” scenario for future greenhouse gas emissions. Regional simulations from the North America Regional Climate Change Program (NARCCAP) are used to corroborate the IPCC AR4 rainfall projections over the US portion of the domain. Changes in tropical cyclones and sea level are more uncertain, and our understanding of these variables has changed more since IPCC AR4 than in the case of temperature and precipitation. For these quantities, the current state of knowledge is described based on the recent peer-reviewed literature.' Author: 'Biasutti, Michela; Sobel, Adam H.; Camargo, Suzana J.; Creyts, Timothy T.' DOI: 10.1007/s10584-011-0254-y Date: June 01 ISSN: 1573-1480 Issue: 3 Journal: Climatic Change Pages: 819-845 Title: Projected changes in the physical climate of the Gulf Coast and Caribbean Type of Article: journal article Volume: 112 Year: 2012 _record_number: 25067 _uuid: 89123dd9-0946-403e-b223-9745e46800ad reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-011-0254-y href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/89123dd9-0946-403e-b223-9745e46800ad.yaml identifier: 89123dd9-0946-403e-b223-9745e46800ad uri: /reference/89123dd9-0946-403e-b223-9745e46800ad - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Puerto Rico Climate Change Council,' Institution: Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program Pages: 316 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Title: 'Puerto Rico’s State of the Climate 2010-2013: Assessing Puerto Rico’s Social-Ecological Vulnerabilities in a Changing Climate' URL: http://pr-ccc.org/download/PR%20State%20of%20the%20Climate-FINAL_ENE2015.pdf Year: 2013 _record_number: 25260 _uuid: 895e2c92-d614-4154-8509-7689918c8697 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/puerto-ricos-state-climate-2010-2013-assessing-puerto-ricos-social-ecological-vulnerabilities-changing-climate href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/895e2c92-d614-4154-8509-7689918c8697.yaml identifier: 895e2c92-d614-4154-8509-7689918c8697 uri: /reference/895e2c92-d614-4154-8509-7689918c8697 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: "Brainard, Russell E.\rBirkeland, Charles\rEakin, C. Mark \rMcElhany, Paul \rMiller, Margaret W.\rPatterson, Matt \rPiniak, Gregory A." Date: September 2011 Institution: 'U.S. Department of Commerce ' Pages: 530 Title: Status Review Report of 82 Candidate Coral Species Petitioned Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS‐PIFSC‐27 URL: http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/library/pubs/tech/NOAA_Tech_Memo_PIFSC_27.pdf Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 24: Oceans FINAL"]' _record_number: 4378 _uuid: 8960de56-9b32-4544-9255-046a9ef45e0d reftype: Report child_publication: /report/noaa-techmemo-nmfs-pifsc-27 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8960de56-9b32-4544-9255-046a9ef45e0d.yaml identifier: 8960de56-9b32-4544-9255-046a9ef45e0d uri: /reference/8960de56-9b32-4544-9255-046a9ef45e0d