--- - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Soler-López, Luis R.; Licha-Soler, N. A.' DOI: 10.3133/sim3219 Institution: U.S. Geological Survey Language: English Name of Database: USGS Publications Warehouse Pages: 1 Place Published: 'Reston, VA' Series Volume: Scientific Investigations Map 3219 Title: 'Sedimentation survey of Lago Loíza, Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico, July 2009' Type: Report Year: 2012 _record_number: 25095 _uuid: c980c711-9156-4de6-9e34-2a5fd4c06b33 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/sedimentation-survey-lago-loza-trujillo-alto-puerto-rico-july-2009 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/c980c711-9156-4de6-9e34-2a5fd4c06b33.yaml identifier: c980c711-9156-4de6-9e34-2a5fd4c06b33 uri: /reference/c980c711-9156-4de6-9e34-2a5fd4c06b33 - attrs: Abstract: 'Extreme heat episodes are becoming more common worldwide, including in tropical areas of Australia, India, and Puerto Rico. Higher frequency, duration, and intensity of extreme heat episodes are triggering public health issues in most mid-latitude and continental cities. With urbanization, land use and land cover have affected local climate directly and indirectly encouraging the Urban Heat Island effect with potential impacts on heat-related morbidity and mortality among urban populations. However, this association is not completely understood in tropical islands such as Puerto Rico. The present study examines the effects of heat in two municipalities (San Juan and Bayamón) within the San Juan metropolitan area on overall and cause-specific mortality among the population between 2009 and 2013. The number of daily deaths attributed to selected causes (cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, chronic lower respiratory disease, pneumonia, and kidney disease) coded and classified according to the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases was analyzed. The relations between elevated air surface temperatures on cause-specific mortality were modeled. Separate Poisson regression models were fitted to explain the total number of deaths as a function of daily maximum and minimum temperatures, while adjusting for seasonal patterns. Results show a significant increase in the effect of high temperatures on mortality, during the summers of 2012 and 2013. Stroke (relative risk = 16.80, 95% CI 6.81–41.4) and cardiovascular diseases (relative risk = 16.63, 95% CI 10.47–26.42) were the primary causes of death most associated with elevated summer temperatures. Better understanding of how these heat events affect the health of the population will provide a useful tool for decision makers to address and mitigate the effects of the increasing temperatures on public health. The enhanced temperature forecast may be a crucial component in decision making during the National Weather Service Heat Watches, Advisories, and Warning process.' Author: 'Méndez-Lázaro, Pablo A.; Pérez-Cardona, Cynthia M.; Rodríguez, Ernesto; Martínez, Odalys; Taboas, Mariela; Bocanegra, Arelis; Méndez-Tejeda, Rafael' DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1291-z Date: December 15 ISSN: 1432-1254 Journal: International Journal of Biometeorology Title: 'Climate change, heat, and mortality in the tropical urban area of San Juan, Puerto Rico.' Type of Article: journal article Year: 2016 _record_number: 25024 _uuid: cb5c02d3-6e9e-4dc5-8eaa-b87f57030bbf reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00484-016-1291-z href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cb5c02d3-6e9e-4dc5-8eaa-b87f57030bbf.yaml identifier: cb5c02d3-6e9e-4dc5-8eaa-b87f57030bbf uri: /reference/cb5c02d3-6e9e-4dc5-8eaa-b87f57030bbf - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'NWS,' Institution: NOAA National Weather Service (NWS) Pages: 1 Place Published: 'Silver Spring, MD' Title: '2017 Summary of Hazardous Weather Fatalities, Injuries, and Damage Costs by State' URL: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hazstats/state17.pdf Year: 2018 _record_number: 26703 _uuid: cdbb39c1-4de9-4067-8ebc-24de32b50b57 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/2017-summary-hazardous-weather-fatalities-injuries-damage-costs-by-state href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cdbb39c1-4de9-4067-8ebc-24de32b50b57.yaml identifier: cdbb39c1-4de9-4067-8ebc-24de32b50b57 uri: /reference/cdbb39c1-4de9-4067-8ebc-24de32b50b57 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Sou, Gemma; Aponte-González, Felix' Institution: 'Universtiy of Manchester, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute' Pages: 5 Place Published: 'Mancehster, UK' Title: 'Making it count after Irma and María: Household relief and recovery in Puerto Rico' URL: http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/display.aspx?DocID=35038 Year: 2017 _record_number: 26438 _uuid: ce0cf3ab-3770-47ea-a7aa-60926d481b7e reftype: Report child_publication: /report/making-it-count-after-irma-mara-household-relief-recovery-puerto-rico href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/ce0cf3ab-3770-47ea-a7aa-60926d481b7e.yaml identifier: ce0cf3ab-3770-47ea-a7aa-60926d481b7e uri: /reference/ce0cf3ab-3770-47ea-a7aa-60926d481b7e - attrs: Abstract: "Recent droughts in Puerto Rico and throughout the Caribbean have emphasized the region's agricultural vulnerability to this hazard and the increasing need for adaptation mechanisms to support sustainable production. In this study, we assessed the geographic extent of agricultural conservation practices incentivized by US Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and evaluated their large-scale contribution to drought adaptability. We identified concentrations of drought-related practices (e.g. cover crops, ponds) applied between 2000 and 2016. Using information from spatial databases and interviews with experts, we assessed the spatial correlation between these practices and areas exposed to drought as identified by the US Drought Monitor. Between 2000 and 2016, Puerto Rico experienced seven drought episodes concentrated around the south, east and southeastern regions. The most profound drought occurred between 2014 and 2016 when the island experienced 80 consecutive weeks of moderate drought, 48 of severe drought and 33 of extreme drought conditions. A total of 44 drought-related conservation practices were applied at 6984 locations throughout 860 km2 of farmlands between 2000 and 2016 through the NRCS-Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP). Practices related to water availability were statistically clustered along the coasts, whereas soil and plant health practices were clustered in the mountainous region. While these concentrations strongly correlated with areas exposed to moderate drought conditions, >80% did not coincide with areas that experienced severe or extreme drought conditions, suggesting that areas highly exposed to drought conditions generally lacked drought preparedness assisted by EQIP. Climate projections indicate an increase in the frequency and intensity of drought events, particularly in the eastern region of Puerto Rico. Our analysis highlighted the need to implement more conservation practices in these areas subject to drought intensification and exposure. Government programs intended to address vulnerabilities and enhance capacity and resilience may not be reaching areas of highest exposure. Recommendations include raising producer awareness of past and future exposure and making programs more accessible to a broader audience." Author: 'Álvarez-Berríos, Nora L.; Soto-Bayó, Sandra; Holupchinski, Eva; Fain, Stephen J.; Gould, William A.' DOI: 10.1017/S174217051800011X Database Provider: Cambridge University Press EPub Date: 2018/02/27 ISSN: 1742-1705 Journal: Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems Keywords: Adaptation; agricultural drought; conservation programs; hotspot analysis; Puerto Rico Name of Database: Cambridge Core Pages: 1-13 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Title: Correlating drought conservation practices and drought vulnerability in a tropical agricultural system Year: 2018 _record_number: 25229 _uuid: d0b45178-32f2-4f6d-a338-dc2a86328f50 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1017/S174217051800011X href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d0b45178-32f2-4f6d-a338-dc2a86328f50.yaml identifier: d0b45178-32f2-4f6d-a338-dc2a86328f50 uri: /reference/d0b45178-32f2-4f6d-a338-dc2a86328f50 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Soler-López, Luis R.; Licha-Soler, N. A.' Institution: U.S. Geological Survey Language: English Name of Database: USGS Publications Warehouse Pages: 26 Place Published: 'Reston, VA' Series Volume: Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5239 Title: 'Sedimentation survey of Lago Loíza, Puerto Rico, January 2004' Type: Report URL: https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5239/ Year: 2005 _record_number: 25096 _uuid: d2c1f5e8-59f0-4aa6-821a-90c22e81c4c9 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/sedimentation-survey-lago-loza-puerto-rico-january-2004 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d2c1f5e8-59f0-4aa6-821a-90c22e81c4c9.yaml identifier: d2c1f5e8-59f0-4aa6-821a-90c22e81c4c9 uri: /reference/d2c1f5e8-59f0-4aa6-821a-90c22e81c4c9 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Brown, M.E.; J.M. Antle; P. Backlund; E.R. Carr; W.E. Easterling; M.K. Walsh; C. Ammann; W. Attavanich; C.B. Barrett; M.F. Bellemare; V. Dancheck; C. Funk; K. Grace; J.S.I. Ingram; H. Jiang; H. Maletta; T. Mata; A. Murray; M. Ngugi; D. Ojima; B. O’Neill; C. Tebaldi' DOI: 10.7930/J0862DC7 Institution: U.S. Global Change Research Program Pages: 146 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Title: 'Climate Change, Global Food Security, and the U.S. Food System' Year: 2015 _record_number: 23655 _uuid: d51156cc-0034-4afc-b2b7-1ad99efde458 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/usda-climate-change-global-food-security-us-food-system-2015 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d51156cc-0034-4afc-b2b7-1ad99efde458.yaml identifier: d51156cc-0034-4afc-b2b7-1ad99efde458 uri: /reference/d51156cc-0034-4afc-b2b7-1ad99efde458 - attrs: Author: 'Taylor, Michael A.; Tannecia S. Stephenson; A. Anthony Chen; Kimberly A. Stephenson ' DOI: 10.1353/crb.2012.0020 Issue: 2 Journal: Caribbean Studies Pages: 169-200 Title: 'Climate change and Caribbean: Review and response.' Volume: 40 Year: 2012 _record_number: 25098 _uuid: d557b8f0-06ba-4b24-8384-16a681dd8939 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1353/crb.2012.0020 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d557b8f0-06ba-4b24-8384-16a681dd8939.yaml identifier: d557b8f0-06ba-4b24-8384-16a681dd8939 uri: /reference/d557b8f0-06ba-4b24-8384-16a681dd8939 - attrs: Abstract: 'Experimental studies have shown that coral calcification rates are dependent on light, nutrients, food availability, temperature, and seawater aragonite saturation (Ω arag), but the relative importance of each parameter in natural settings remains uncertain. In this study, we applied Calcein fluorescent dyes as time indicators within the skeleton of coral colonies (n = 3) of Porites astreoides and Diploria strigosa at three study sites distributed across the northern Bermuda coral reef platform. We evaluated the correlation between seasonal average growth rates based on coral density and extension rates with average temperature, light, and seawater Ω arag in an effort to decipher the relative importance of each parameter. The results show significant seasonal differences among coral calcification rates ranging from summer maximums of 243 ± 58 and 274 ± 57 mmol CaCO3 m−2 d−1 to winter minimums of 135 ± 39 and 101 ± 34 mmol CaCO3 m−2 d−1 for P. astreoides and D. strigosa, respectively. We also placed small coral colonies (n = 10) in transparent chambers and measured the instantaneous rate of calcification under light and dark treatments at the same study sites. The results showed that the skeletal growth of D. strigosa and P. astreoides, whether hourly or seasonal, was highly sensitive to Ω arag. We believe this high sensitivity, however, is misleading, due to covariance between light and Ω arag, with the former being the strongest driver of calcification variability. For the seasonal data, we assessed the impact that the observed seasonal differences in temperature (4.0 °C), light (5.1 mol photons m−2 d−1), and Ω arag (0.16 units) would have on coral growth rates based on established relationships derived from laboratory studies and found that they could account for approximately 44, 52, and 5 %, respectively, of the observed seasonal change of 81 ± 14 mmol CaCO3 m−2 d−1. Using short-term light and dark incubations, we show how the covariance of light and Ω arag can lead to the false conclusion that calcification is more sensitive to Ω arag than it really is.' Author: 'Venti, A.; Andersson, A.; Langdon, C.' DOI: 10.1007/s00338-014-1191-9 Date: December 01 ISSN: 1432-0975 Issue: 4 Journal: Coral Reefs Pages: 979-997 Title: Multiple driving factors explain spatial and temporal variability in coral calcification rates on the Bermuda platform Type of Article: journal article Volume: 33 Year: 2014 _record_number: 24994 _uuid: dc5e5365-8b0f-4a21-93b4-c6a822be824d reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00338-014-1191-9 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/dc5e5365-8b0f-4a21-93b4-c6a822be824d.yaml identifier: dc5e5365-8b0f-4a21-93b4-c6a822be824d uri: /reference/dc5e5365-8b0f-4a21-93b4-c6a822be824d - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Ewel, John J.; Jacob L. Whitmore' Institution: 'USDA Forest Service, Institute of Tropical Forestry' Pages: 72 Place Published: 'Rio Piedras, PR' Series Volume: Forest Service Research Paper ITF-018 Title: The Ecological Life Zones of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands URL: https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/5551 Year: 1973 _record_number: 25080 _uuid: dfe9f57b-4fb9-413a-ace6-873b8450a5cd reftype: Report child_publication: /report/ecological-life-zones-puerto-rico-us-virgin-islands href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/dfe9f57b-4fb9-413a-ace6-873b8450a5cd.yaml identifier: dfe9f57b-4fb9-413a-ace6-873b8450a5cd uri: /reference/dfe9f57b-4fb9-413a-ace6-873b8450a5cd - attrs: Article Number: 425987 Author: 'McLean, Natalie Melissa; Stephenson, Tannecia Sydia; Taylor, Michael Alexander; Campbell, Jayaka Danaco' DOI: 10.1155/2015/425987 Journal: Advances in Meteorology Pages: Art. 425987 Title: Characterization of future Caribbean rainfall and temperature extremes across rainfall zones Volume: 2015 Year: 2015 _record_number: 25027 _uuid: e031a298-836a-4dbb-b5c8-f4f0ddb047a3 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1155/2015/425987 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e031a298-836a-4dbb-b5c8-f4f0ddb047a3.yaml identifier: e031a298-836a-4dbb-b5c8-f4f0ddb047a3 uri: /reference/e031a298-836a-4dbb-b5c8-f4f0ddb047a3 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'PRASA,' Institution: Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA) Pages: various Place Published: 'Hato Rey, PR' Title: Fiscal Year 2013 Consulting Engineer's Report for the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority URL: https://www.acueductospr.com/INVESTORS/download/Consulting%20Engineer's%20Reports/FY2013%20Consulting%20Engineers%20Report%20for%20PRASA_Final.pdf Year: 2014 _record_number: 25262 _uuid: e0be39e5-7b5b-4d13-966a-fb00fa73637c reftype: Report child_publication: /report/fiscal-year-2013-consulting-engineers-report-puerto-rico-aqueduct-sewer-authority href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e0be39e5-7b5b-4d13-966a-fb00fa73637c.yaml identifier: e0be39e5-7b5b-4d13-966a-fb00fa73637c uri: /reference/e0be39e5-7b5b-4d13-966a-fb00fa73637c - attrs: Author: 'Sobel, A. H.; Burleyson, C. D.; Yuter, S. E.' DOI: 10.1029/2010JD014695 ISSN: 2156-2202 Issue: D8 Journal: Journal of Geophysical Research Keywords: rainfall; islands; tropical; 1878 Water/energy interactions; 1840 Hydrometeorology; 3374 Tropical meteorology; 3309 Climatology Pages: D08102 Title: Rain on small tropical islands Volume: 116 Year: 2011 _record_number: 25001 _uuid: e16c77ed-0eaf-4fa6-8c98-256a28794b3b reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1029/2010JD014695 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e16c77ed-0eaf-4fa6-8c98-256a28794b3b.yaml identifier: e16c77ed-0eaf-4fa6-8c98-256a28794b3b uri: /reference/e16c77ed-0eaf-4fa6-8c98-256a28794b3b - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'FCC,' Institution: Federal Communication Commission (FCC) Pages: 12 Place Published: 'Washington, DC' Title: 'Order FCC 17-129, in the matter of Connect America Fund [WC Docket No. 10-90]' URL: https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-17-129A1.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 25256 _uuid: e5a0d64d-a061-4322-8bfd-d235beb83000 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/order-fcc-17-129-matter-connect-america-fund-wc-docket-no-10-90 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e5a0d64d-a061-4322-8bfd-d235beb83000.yaml identifier: e5a0d64d-a061-4322-8bfd-d235beb83000 uri: /reference/e5a0d64d-a061-4322-8bfd-d235beb83000 - attrs: Author: 'Anthony, Kenneth R. N.; Maynard, Jeffrey A.; Diaz-Pulido, Guillermo; Mumby, Peter J.; Marshall, Paul A.; Cao, Long; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. V. E.' DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02364.x ISSN: 1365-2486 Issue: 5 Journal: Global Change Biology Keywords: climate change; coral reefs; herbivory; ocean acidification; resilience Pages: 1798-1808 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd Title: Ocean acidification and warming will lower coral reef resilience Volume: 17 Year: 2011 _record_number: 24289 _uuid: e684169c-60a2-4c78-a724-36fb93fb385a reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02364.x href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e684169c-60a2-4c78-a724-36fb93fb385a.yaml identifier: e684169c-60a2-4c78-a724-36fb93fb385a uri: /reference/e684169c-60a2-4c78-a724-36fb93fb385a - attrs: .publisher: 'John Wiley & Sons, Inc.' .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Zhang, Xuebin; Alexander, Lisa; Hegerl, Gabriele C.; Jones, Philip; Tank, Albert Klein; Peterson, Thomas C.; Trewin, Blair; Zwiers, Francis W.' DOI: 10.1002/wcc.147 ISSN: 1757-7799 Issue: 6 Journal: 'Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change' Pages: 851-870 Title: Indices for monitoring changes in extremes based on daily temperature and precipitation data Volume: 2 Year: 2011 _record_number: 20273 _uuid: e6ecbe14-fe1b-46f8-bad5-bde9e4cc658a reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/wcc.147 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e6ecbe14-fe1b-46f8-bad5-bde9e4cc658a.yaml identifier: e6ecbe14-fe1b-46f8-bad5-bde9e4cc658a uri: /reference/e6ecbe14-fe1b-46f8-bad5-bde9e4cc658a - attrs: Abstract: 'Concerns over the status of freshwater availability in the Caribbean region and in particular the eastern Caribbean states have been expressed for at least the past 30 years. There is a growing realization that availability will be vulnerable to extremes of climate behavior and increasing demand for water. Climate modeling for the Caribbean region under a range of scenarios suggests a continuation of a warming in average temperatures, a lengthening of seasonal dry periods, and increases in frequency of occurrence of drought conditions. Using information from the most recent IPCC report and regional downscaling, the authors suggest what some of the macrolevel changes in temperature and rainfall might be and the implications for water resources availability. This article evaluates the existing availability of water resources, the implications of the most recent climate change modeling for the Caribbean region, and the impact of on existing service provision strategies.' Author: 'Cashman, Adrian; Leonard Nurse; Charlery John' DOI: 10.1177/1070496509347088 Issue: 1 Journal: Journal of Environment & Development Keywords: 'climate change,water resources,water management,scarcity,vulnerability,social impacts' Pages: 42-67 Title: 'Climate change in the Caribbean: The water management implications' Volume: 19 Year: 2010 _record_number: 25062 _uuid: e73b29bb-f4e5-47a7-9b18-45697e8e7bdf reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1177/1070496509347088 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e73b29bb-f4e5-47a7-9b18-45697e8e7bdf.yaml identifier: e73b29bb-f4e5-47a7-9b18-45697e8e7bdf uri: /reference/e73b29bb-f4e5-47a7-9b18-45697e8e7bdf - attrs: Author: 'Harmsen, Eric W.; Santa Elizabeth Gomez Mesa; Edvier Cabassa; Nazario D. Ramírez-Beltran; Sandra Cruz Pol; Robert J. Kuligowski; Ramón Vasquez' ISSN: 1790-5022 Issue: 8 Journal: WSEAS Transaction on Signal Processing Pages: 504-513 Title: Satellite sub-pixel rainfall variability URL: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1481986.1481994 Volume: 4 Year: 2008 _record_number: 25041 _uuid: e7926338-a550-4594-ae83-84090e9d8905 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/satellite-sub-pixel-rainfall-variability href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e7926338-a550-4594-ae83-84090e9d8905.yaml identifier: e7926338-a550-4594-ae83-84090e9d8905 uri: /reference/e7926338-a550-4594-ae83-84090e9d8905 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'NCEI,' Place Published: 'Asheville, NC' Publisher: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Title: 'Climate Data Online [web tool]' URL: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/ Year: 2018 _record_number: 26704 _uuid: e8d32931-3301-45c8-bfe7-b8e8b9fff6b6 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/bdd8ea75-d8f8-4f57-b187-a9d2fd8085ea href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e8d32931-3301-45c8-bfe7-b8e8b9fff6b6.yaml identifier: e8d32931-3301-45c8-bfe7-b8e8b9fff6b6 uri: /reference/e8d32931-3301-45c8-bfe7-b8e8b9fff6b6 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Access Date: 'March 27, 2018' Author: 'ALERT Worldwide,' Late Update Date: December 6 Place Published: 'Boston, MA' Publisher: AIR Worldwide Title: 'Hurricane Maria [web site]' URL: http://alert.air-worldwide.com/EventSummary.aspx?e=880&tp=68&c=1 Year: 2017 _record_number: 26431 _uuid: e912269d-8cf1-4c81-9262-db656c844745 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/b6869c47-4e41-410d-8b11-3f83642068d5 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e912269d-8cf1-4c81-9262-db656c844745.yaml identifier: e912269d-8cf1-4c81-9262-db656c844745 uri: /reference/e912269d-8cf1-4c81-9262-db656c844745 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Acevedo, Sebastian; Cebotari, Aliona; Turner-Jones, Therese' Institution: International Monetary Fund Pages: 22 Place Published: 'Washington, D.C.' Title: 'Caribbean small states: Challenges of high debt and low growth' URL: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2016/12/31/Caribbean-Small-States-Challenges-of-High-Debt-and-Low-Growth-PP4747 Year: 2013 _record_number: 25084 _uuid: ea19c1de-2b71-4e82-ba8e-d97e9e583ae5 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/caribbean-small-states-challenges-high-debt-low-growth href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/ea19c1de-2b71-4e82-ba8e-d97e9e583ae5.yaml identifier: ea19c1de-2b71-4e82-ba8e-d97e9e583ae5 uri: /reference/ea19c1de-2b71-4e82-ba8e-d97e9e583ae5 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Larsen, M.C.' DOI: 10.1080/02723646.2000.10642723 ISSN: 0272-3646 Issue: 6 Journal: Physical Geography Pages: 494-521 Title: Analysis of 20th century rainfall and streamflow to characterize drought and water resources in Puerto Rico URL: http://www.usgs.gov/climate_landuse/contacts/presents/Larsen-PhysGeog-2000.pdf Volume: 21 Year: 2000 _chapter: '["Ch. 17: Southeast and Caribbean FINAL"]' _record_number: 79 _uuid: edd9a004-f859-41ae-9f93-80201c4ffd65 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1080/02723646.2000.10642723 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/edd9a004-f859-41ae-9f93-80201c4ffd65.yaml identifier: edd9a004-f859-41ae-9f93-80201c4ffd65 uri: /reference/edd9a004-f859-41ae-9f93-80201c4ffd65 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program,' Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Publisher: Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DRNA in Spanish) Title: 'Riesgos Costeros [Coastal Hazards]' URL: http://drna.pr.gov/programas-y-proyectos/zona-costanera/riesgos-costeros/ Year: 2017 _record_number: 26700 _uuid: ee3c8a7b-59e3-40ed-8769-1f248870e570 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/400173be-245f-442b-bb73-51cffb2bed6f href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/ee3c8a7b-59e3-40ed-8769-1f248870e570.yaml identifier: ee3c8a7b-59e3-40ed-8769-1f248870e570 uri: /reference/ee3c8a7b-59e3-40ed-8769-1f248870e570 - attrs: Abstract: 'We examine the mesoscale structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), low-level circulation, and trade wind convection over the sub-tropical island of Puerto Rico in mid-summer. Shallow afternoon thunderstorms are frequently seen over the western plains of the island. Observational data include automatic weather station measurements, radiosonde profiles, infrared satellite images, and mesoscale reanalysis data with a focus on the summer of 2006. Satellite microwave radar data (TRMM and CloudSat) indicate that island clouds typically extend just above the −20°C level during afternoon hours with reflectivity values reaching 50 dBz. A singular value decomposition of 3-hourly high resolution satellite rainfall maps reveals an island mode. From this a composite is constructed for a group of ten cases. With a Froude number ≈1 the trade winds pass over the mountains and standing vortices and gravity waves are trapped in the meandering wake. The Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model at 1-km resolution with 51 vertical layers is used to simulate the short-lived thunderstorms for two cases: 27 June and 20 July 2006. The model correctly locates the convective cells that develop between 1400 and 1700 LST. The shallow afternoon thunderstorms are triggered by surface heat fluxes, confluent sea breezes and a mountain wake. Recommendations for enhanced observations are given.' Author: 'Jury, Mark R.; Chiao, Sen; Harmsen, Eric W.' DOI: 10.1007/s10546-009-9393-3 Date: August 01 ISSN: 1573-1472 Issue: 2 Journal: Boundary-Layer Meteorology Pages: 289-313 Title: 'Mesoscale structure of trade wind convection over Puerto Rico: Composite observations and numerical simulation' Type of Article: journal article Volume: 132 Year: 2009 _record_number: 25035 _uuid: f0dee221-fc70-498e-a618-4b272642bab2 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10546-009-9393-3 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f0dee221-fc70-498e-a618-4b272642bab2.yaml identifier: f0dee221-fc70-498e-a618-4b272642bab2 uri: /reference/f0dee221-fc70-498e-a618-4b272642bab2