---
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Farrell, David A.'
    Book Title: Climate ExChange
    ISBN: 978-0-9568561-3-5
    Pages: 143-146
    Place Published: 'Leicester, UK'
    Publisher: Tudor Rose (for World Meteorological Organization)
    Title: Climate services and disaster risk reduction in the Caribbean
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 25082
    _uuid: 9045aae3-0996-4ab7-b956-24e85699b602
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /book/8113f6ce-d488-4cd7-a1ff-944836750950
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9045aae3-0996-4ab7-b956-24e85699b602.yaml
  identifier: 9045aae3-0996-4ab7-b956-24e85699b602
  uri: /reference/9045aae3-0996-4ab7-b956-24e85699b602
- attrs:
    Author: 'Palla, A.; Gnecco, I.; La Barbera, P.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.025
    Date: 2017/04/15/
    ISSN: 0301-4797
    Journal: Journal of Environmental Management
    Keywords: Hydrologic performance; SWMM; Rainwater harvesting; Source control; Storage tank; Storm water
    Pages: 297-305
    Title: The impact of domestic rainwater harvesting systems in storm water runoff mitigation at the urban block scale
    Volume: 191
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 25238
    _uuid: 94116703-5a8c-43db-a686-00500fda633b
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.025
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/94116703-5a8c-43db-a686-00500fda633b.yaml
  identifier: 94116703-5a8c-43db-a686-00500fda633b
  uri: /reference/94116703-5a8c-43db-a686-00500fda633b
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Crespo Acevedo, Wanda I.; Moyano Flores, Roberto'
    Institution: 'Estudios Técnicos, Inc.'
    Pages: 7
    Place Published: 'Hato Rey, PR'
    Title: Using geographical informaiton systems to estimate population in special flood hazards areas and coastal lands and structures that will be affected by sea level rise in Puerto Rico
    URL: http://drna.pr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Vulnerability-assessment-in-Puerto-Rico-and-its-coastal-zone-using-GIS-analysis-floods-003.pdf
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 25258
    _uuid: 948e5339-0c42-452b-a2f0-f189b8f531cc
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/using-geographical-informaiton-systems-estimate-population-special-flood-hazards-areas-coastal-lands-structures-that-will-be-affected-by-sea-level-rise-puerto-rico
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/948e5339-0c42-452b-a2f0-f189b8f531cc.yaml
  identifier: 948e5339-0c42-452b-a2f0-f189b8f531cc
  uri: /reference/948e5339-0c42-452b-a2f0-f189b8f531cc
- attrs:
    Author: 'Brander, Keith'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.015
    Date: 2010/02/10/
    ISSN: 0924-7963
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Journal of Marine Systems
    Keywords: Climate change; Climate impact; Fish populations; Fisheries management; Marine ecosystems
    Pages: 389-402
    Title: Impacts of climate change on fisheries
    Volume: 79
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 25065
    _uuid: 94f95306-0dd9-43cf-8e70-9a379423f31d
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.015
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/94f95306-0dd9-43cf-8e70-9a379423f31d.yaml
  identifier: 94f95306-0dd9-43cf-8e70-9a379423f31d
  uri: /reference/94f95306-0dd9-43cf-8e70-9a379423f31d
- attrs:
    Author: 'Van Beusekom, Ashley E.; González, Grizelle; Scholl, Martha A.'
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-7245-2017
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    Issue: 11
    Journal: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
    Notes: ACP
    Pages: 7245-7259
    Publisher: Copernicus Publications
    Title: Analyzing cloud base at local and regional scales to understand tropical montane cloud forest vulnerability to climate change
    Volume: 17
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 24995
    _uuid: 95ba66fd-036e-4d07-b247-3b7acb82bf35
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.5194/acp-17-7245-2017
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/95ba66fd-036e-4d07-b247-3b7acb82bf35.yaml
  identifier: 95ba66fd-036e-4d07-b247-3b7acb82bf35
  uri: /reference/95ba66fd-036e-4d07-b247-3b7acb82bf35
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 1
    Author: "Snover, A.K.\rL. Binder\rJ. Lopez\rE. Willmott\rJ. Kay\rSims, R.\rWyman, M.\rHentschel, M.\rStrickler, A."
    Place Published: 'Oakland, CA'
    Publisher: ' ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability'
    Reviewer: 97283f21-f440-4ed0-80bf-617c701ec6c1
    Title: 'Preparing for Climate Change: A Guidebook for Local, Regional, and State Governments'
    URL: http://www.icleiusa.org/action-center/planning/adaptation-guidebook/view?searchterm
    Year: 2007
    _chapter: '["Ch. 26: Decision Support FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 2891
    _uuid: 97283f21-f440-4ed0-80bf-617c701ec6c1
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /report/uwash-kingco-icleii-preparing-for-climate-change-2007
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/97283f21-f440-4ed0-80bf-617c701ec6c1.yaml
  identifier: 97283f21-f440-4ed0-80bf-617c701ec6c1
  uri: /reference/97283f21-f440-4ed0-80bf-617c701ec6c1
- attrs:
    Author: 'González, J. E.; M. Georgescu; M. C. Lemos; N. Hosannah; D. Niyogi '
    DOI: 10.1029/2017EO071975
    Journal: 'Eos, Earth & Space Science News'
    Title: Climate change’s pulse is in Central America and the Caribbean
    Volume: 98
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 25046
    _uuid: 9967957d-eac9-421c-a5f8-66d89556c988
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1029/2017EO071975
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9967957d-eac9-421c-a5f8-66d89556c988.yaml
  identifier: 9967957d-eac9-421c-a5f8-66d89556c988
  uri: /reference/9967957d-eac9-421c-a5f8-66d89556c988
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Runkle, Jennifer; Kenneth E. Kunkel; Laura Stevens; Sarah Champion; David Easterling; A Terrando; L. Sun; Brooke C. Stewart'
    Institution: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
    Pages: 4
    Place Published: 'Asheville, NC'
    Series Volume: NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 149-PRUSVI
    Title: 'State Climate Summaries: Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands'
    URL: https://statesummaries.ncics.org/p; r
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 26436
    _uuid: 9b182a00-3f8c-44f2-934b-b0eade705ea1
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/noaa-led-state-summaries-2017/chapter/puerto-rico-us-virgin-islands
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9b182a00-3f8c-44f2-934b-b0eade705ea1.yaml
  identifier: 9b182a00-3f8c-44f2-934b-b0eade705ea1
  uri: /reference/9b182a00-3f8c-44f2-934b-b0eade705ea1
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Kuniansky, Eve L.; Rodriguez, José M'
    Institution: U.S. Geological Survey
    Pages: 106
    Place Published: 'Reston, VA'
    Report Number: Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5022
    Title: 'Effects of Changes in Irrigation Practices and Aquifer Development on Groundwater Discharge to the Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve near Salinas, Puerto Rico'
    URL: https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5022/
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 25250
    _uuid: 9b520861-46d3-45dc-92a0-5c2af79d9429
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/effects-changes-irrigation-practices-aquifer-development-on-groundwater-discharge-jobos-bay-national-estuarine-research-reserve-near-salinas-puerto-rico
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9b520861-46d3-45dc-92a0-5c2af79d9429.yaml
  identifier: 9b520861-46d3-45dc-92a0-5c2af79d9429
  uri: /reference/9b520861-46d3-45dc-92a0-5c2af79d9429
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Puerto Rico National Parks Company,'
    Institution: Puerto Rico National Parks Company (CPNPR in Spanish)
    Place Published: 'San Juan, PR'
    Title: Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP) for Puerto Rico 2013-2018
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 26698
    _uuid: 9bddb32f-7a14-45b9-a507-3c99b3219578
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/statewide-comprehensive-outdoor-recreation-plan-scorp-puerto-rico-2013-2018
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9bddb32f-7a14-45b9-a507-3c99b3219578.yaml
  identifier: 9bddb32f-7a14-45b9-a507-3c99b3219578
  uri: /reference/9bddb32f-7a14-45b9-a507-3c99b3219578
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Boulon, Rafe; The ; Acropora;  Biological Review Team,'
    Pages: 152 + App.
    Title: 'Atlantic Acropora Status Review Document. Report to National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office'
    URL: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/16200
    Year: 2005
    _record_number: 26444
    _uuid: 9d974b61-97ea-4778-977d-26701052c8e9
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/atlantic-acropora-status-review-document-report-national-marine-fisheries-service-southeast-regional-office
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9d974b61-97ea-4778-977d-26701052c8e9.yaml
  identifier: 9d974b61-97ea-4778-977d-26701052c8e9
  uri: /reference/9d974b61-97ea-4778-977d-26701052c8e9
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'A 10-member ensemble from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) is used to analyze the Caribbean’s future climate when mean global surface air temperatures are 1.5°, 2.0°, and 2.5°C above preindustrial (1861–1900) values. The global warming targets are attained by the 2030s, 2050s, and 2070s respectively for RCP4.5. The Caribbean on average exhibits smaller mean surface air temperature increases than the globe, although there are parts of the region that are always warmer than the global warming targets. In comparison to the present (using a 1971–2000 baseline), the Caribbean domain is 0.5° to 1.5°C warmer at the 1.5°C target, 5%–10% wetter except for the northeast and southeast Caribbean, which are drier, and experiences increases in annual warm spells of more than 100 days. At the 2.0°C target, there is additional warming by 0.2°–1.0°C, a further extension of warm spells by up to 70 days, a shift to a predominantly drier region (5%–15% less than present day), and a greater occurrence of droughts. The climate patterns at 2.5°C indicate an intensification of the changes seen at 2.0°C. The shift in the rainfall pattern between 1.5°C (wet) and 2.0°C (dry) for parts of the domain has implications for regional adaptation pursuits. The results provide some justification for the lobby by the Caribbean Community and Small Island Developing States to limit global warming to 1.5°C above preindustrial levels, as embodied in the slogan “1.5 to Stay Alive.”'
    Author: 'Taylor, Michael A. ; Leonardo A. Clarke; Abel Centella; Arnoldo Bezanilla; Tannecia S. Stephenson; Jhordanne J. Jones; Jayaka D. Campbell; Alejandro Vichot; John Charlery'
    DOI: 10.1175/jcli-d-17-0074.1
    Issue: 7
    Journal: Journal of Climate
    Keywords: Climate variability
    Pages: 2907-2926
    Title: 'Future Caribbean climates in a world of rising temperatures: The 1.5 vs 2.0 dilemma'
    Volume: 31
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 25239
    _uuid: 9de0b9c6-ce59-4940-8a6c-a244f1fa7a9c
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0074.1
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9de0b9c6-ce59-4940-8a6c-a244f1fa7a9c.yaml
  identifier: 9de0b9c6-ce59-4940-8a6c-a244f1fa7a9c
  uri: /reference/9de0b9c6-ce59-4940-8a6c-a244f1fa7a9c
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'Munich RE,'
    Late Update Date: 'March 27, 2017'
    Place Published: 'Munich, Germany'
    Title: 'Overview of Natural Catastrophe Figures for 2016 [web site]'
    URL: https://www.munichre.com/topics-online/en/climate-change-and-natural-disasters/natural-disasters/overview-natural-catastrophe-2016.html
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 26435
    _uuid: 9f157593-68ed-4e2f-af63-cc39e1fb6899
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/5b702a7f-97f8-4ec4-9c50-e80bf8065a61
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/9f157593-68ed-4e2f-af63-cc39e1fb6899.yaml
  identifier: 9f157593-68ed-4e2f-af63-cc39e1fb6899
  uri: /reference/9f157593-68ed-4e2f-af63-cc39e1fb6899
- attrs:
    Author: 'Friedrich, Oliver; Schiebel, Ralf; Wilson, Paul A.; Weldeab, Syee; Beer, Christopher J.; Cooper, Matthew J.; Fiebig, Jens'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.12.002
    Date: 2012/02/15/
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Journal: Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Keywords: Mg/Ca; planktic foraminifera; ecology; dissolution; core-top; plankton tow
    Pages: 133-145
    Title: 'Influence of test size, water depth, and ecology on Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, δ18 O and δ13 C in nine modern species of planktic foraminifers'
    Volume: 319-320
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 25051
    _uuid: a03f3916-2084-4353-bce4-adac93801617
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.12.002
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a03f3916-2084-4353-bce4-adac93801617.yaml
  identifier: a03f3916-2084-4353-bce4-adac93801617
  uri: /reference/a03f3916-2084-4353-bce4-adac93801617
- attrs:
    Author: 'Van Beusekom, Ashley E.; Gould, William A.; Terando, Adam J.; Collazo, Jaime A.'
    DOI: 10.1002/joc.4560
    ISSN: 1097-0088
    Issue: 9
    Journal: International Journal of Climatology
    Keywords: future water supply; general circulation models; hydrology; Precipitation Runoff Modelling System; Puerto Rico; statistical downscaling; tropical island hydrology
    Pages: 3370-3383
    Publisher: 'John Wiley & Sons, Ltd'
    Title: 'Climate change and water resources in a tropical island system: Propagation of uncertainty from statistically downscaled climate models to hydrologic models'
    Volume: 36
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 24996
    _uuid: a045f06c-0964-4286-9b5a-9b625da4eb2d
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1002/joc.4560
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a045f06c-0964-4286-9b5a-9b625da4eb2d.yaml
  identifier: a045f06c-0964-4286-9b5a-9b625da4eb2d
  uri: /reference/a045f06c-0964-4286-9b5a-9b625da4eb2d
- attrs:
    Author: 'Thornton, Philip K.; Ericksen, Polly J.; Herrero, Mario; Challinor, Andrew J.'
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12581
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Issue: 11
    Journal: Global Change Biology
    Keywords: agriculture; climate variability; development; food system; poverty; uncertainty; vulnerability
    Pages: 3313-3328
    Title: 'Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: A review'
    Volume: 20
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 24999
    _uuid: a046eae4-1146-41fc-a941-b2f66ea017dc
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1111/gcb.12581
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a046eae4-1146-41fc-a941-b2f66ea017dc.yaml
  identifier: a046eae4-1146-41fc-a941-b2f66ea017dc
  uri: /reference/a046eae4-1146-41fc-a941-b2f66ea017dc
- attrs:
    Author: 'Brandeis, Thomas J.; Helmer, Eileen H.; Marcano-Vega, Humfredo; Lugo, Ariel E.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.030
    Date: 2009/09/15/
    ISSN: 0378-1127
    Issue: 7
    Journal: Forest Ecology and Management
    Keywords: Species composition; Tropical secondary forest; Land-use history; Introduced species; Cluster analysis; NMS ordination; Caribbean
    Pages: 1704-1718
    Title: Climate shapes the novel plant communities that form after deforestation in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands
    Volume: 258
    Year: 2009
    _record_number: 25066
    _uuid: a1758ddd-9b12-45b0-88ad-c93a28a70ada
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.030
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a1758ddd-9b12-45b0-88ad-c93a28a70ada.yaml
  identifier: a1758ddd-9b12-45b0-88ad-c93a28a70ada
  uri: /reference/a1758ddd-9b12-45b0-88ad-c93a28a70ada
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'NDMC,'
    Place Published: 'Lincoln, NE'
    Publisher: National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC)
    Title: 'U.S. Drought Monitor: Puerto Rico (August 11, 2015) [web image]'
    URL: http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/data/pdf/20150811/20150811_pr_trd.pdf
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 25252
    _uuid: a2f804cd-2205-4a60-a85c-4fecf859f904
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/2d05e314-4fba-40da-919b-1810183001cc
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a2f804cd-2205-4a60-a85c-4fecf859f904.yaml
  identifier: a2f804cd-2205-4a60-a85c-4fecf859f904
  uri: /reference/a2f804cd-2205-4a60-a85c-4fecf859f904
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'CEHI,'
    Institution: Caribbean Environmental Health Institute (CEHI)
    Pages: 55
    Place Published: 'Castries, St. Lucia'
    Title: 'Rainwater: Catch it while you can. A handbook on rainwater harvesting in the Caribbean'
    URL: https://www.caribank.org/uploads/2013/08/em-rainwater-handbook-caribbean.pdf
    Year: 2009
    _record_number: 25109
    _uuid: a504a801-f477-497d-86c9-15fc3e319c2c
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/rainwater-catch-it-while-you-can-handbook-on-rainwater-harvesting-caribbean
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a504a801-f477-497d-86c9-15fc3e319c2c.yaml
  identifier: a504a801-f477-497d-86c9-15fc3e319c2c
  uri: /reference/a504a801-f477-497d-86c9-15fc3e319c2c
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Reef fish spawning aggregations are attractive and often lucrative to fish but particularly vulnerable to fishing, with many cases of declines or extirpations. While awareness of the risks of aggregation exploitation has grown substantially in the tropical western Atlantic in the last decade, the phenomenon of aggregation-spawning is little known in the vast Indo-Pacific region where few aggregations are managed or monitored, and are rarely considered in marine-protected area designations. Even in the tropical western Atlantic and Caribbean, marine-protected area planning, until recently, did not typically consider spawning aggregations. Available data and analyses of aggregation-fisheries and aggregating species strongly suggest that: (1) the majority of known aggregations that are exploited are yielding declining landings; (2) aggregating species show greatest overall declines in local fisheries when their aggregations are also exploited; (3) from an economic perspective, aggregation fishing may yield lower prices for fish, or aggregations may be more valuable unexploited, as a source of fish for local fisheries or as tourist attractions; (4) hyperstability can mask declines in aggregation-fisheries, based on fishery-dependent data; (5) monitoring of aggregation catches by either fishery-dependent or fishery-independent means is deceptively challenging. There are also possible ecosystem-level consequences of reducing or eliminating spawning aggregations. We conclude that aggregation-fisheries are likely to be sustainable only for limited subsistence-level use, that the precautionary principle should be more widely applied in aggregation-fisheries and that, despite growing interest in aggregations over the last decade, few of the key biological questions necessary for effective management have been, or are being, addressed.'
    Author: 'Sadovy, Yvonne; Domeier, Michael'
    DOI: 10.1007/s00338-005-0474-6
    Date: June 01
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Coral Reefs
    Pages: 254-262
    Title: 'Are aggregation-fisheries sustainable? Reef fish fisheries as a case study'
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 24
    Year: 2005
    _record_number: 25003
    _uuid: a7116d43-75d7-4d3d-8375-68bb4e68c135
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00338-005-0474-6
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a7116d43-75d7-4d3d-8375-68bb4e68c135.yaml
  identifier: a7116d43-75d7-4d3d-8375-68bb4e68c135
  uri: /reference/a7116d43-75d7-4d3d-8375-68bb4e68c135
- attrs:
    Author: 'Manteghi, Golnoosh; limit, Hasanuddin bin; Dilshan Remaz'
    DOI: 10.5539/mas.v9n6p1
    ISSN: "1913-1844\r1913-1852"
    Issue: 6
    Journal: Modern Applied Science
    Title: 'Water bodies an urban microclimate: A review'
    Volume: 9
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 25029
    _uuid: a7a51c96-f533-44b7-9a1a-424b436993f6
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.5539/mas.v9n6p1
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a7a51c96-f533-44b7-9a1a-424b436993f6.yaml
  identifier: a7a51c96-f533-44b7-9a1a-424b436993f6
  uri: /reference/a7a51c96-f533-44b7-9a1a-424b436993f6
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Tropical montane forests (TMF) are associated with a widely observed suite of characteristics encompassing forest structure, plant traits and biogeochemistry. With respect to nutrient relations, montane forests are characterized by slow decomposition of organic matter, high investment in below-ground biomass and poor litter quality, relative to tropical lowland forests. However, within TMF there is considerable variation in substrate age, parent material, disturbance and species composition. Here we emphasize that many TMFs are likely to be co-limited by multiple nutrients, and that feedback among soil properties, species traits, microbial communities and environmental conditions drive forest productivity and soil carbon storage. To date, studies of the biogeochemistry of montane forests have been restricted to a few, mostly neotropical, sites and focused mainly on trees while ignoring mycorrhizas, epiphytes and microbial community structure. Incorporating the geographic, environmental and biotic variability in TMF will lead to a greater recognition of plant–soil feedbacks that are critical to understanding constraints on productivity, both under present conditions and under future climate, nitrogen-deposition and land-use scenarios.'
    Author: 'Dalling, James W.; Heineman, Katherine; González, Grizelle; Ostertag, Rebecca'
    DOI: 10.1017/S0266467415000619
    Database Provider: Cambridge University Press
    EPub Date: 2015/11/20
    ISSN: 0266-4674
    Issue: 5
    Journal: Journal of Tropical Ecology
    Keywords: altitude; disturbance; elevation; fertilization; mycorrhizas; nutrient limitation; plant-soil feedbacks; productivity; soil fertility; topography
    Name of Database: Cambridge Core
    Pages: 368-383
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press
    Title: 'Geographic, environmental and biotic sources of variation in the nutrient relations of tropical montane forests'
    Volume: 32
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 25232
    _uuid: a7c55896-56c4-4d2f-80f3-37a0eec9709c
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1017/S0266467415000619
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/a7c55896-56c4-4d2f-80f3-37a0eec9709c.yaml
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  uri: /reference/c980c711-9156-4de6-9e34-2a5fd4c06b33
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Extreme heat episodes are becoming more common worldwide, including in tropical areas of Australia, India, and Puerto Rico. Higher frequency, duration, and intensity of extreme heat episodes are triggering public health issues in most mid-latitude and continental cities. With urbanization, land use and land cover have affected local climate directly and indirectly encouraging the Urban Heat Island effect with potential impacts on heat-related morbidity and mortality among urban populations. However, this association is not completely understood in tropical islands such as Puerto Rico. The present study examines the effects of heat in two municipalities (San Juan and Bayamón) within the San Juan metropolitan area on overall and cause-specific mortality among the population between 2009 and 2013. The number of daily deaths attributed to selected causes (cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, chronic lower respiratory disease, pneumonia, and kidney disease) coded and classified according to the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases was analyzed. The relations between elevated air surface temperatures on cause-specific mortality were modeled. Separate Poisson regression models were fitted to explain the total number of deaths as a function of daily maximum and minimum temperatures, while adjusting for seasonal patterns. Results show a significant increase in the effect of high temperatures on mortality, during the summers of 2012 and 2013. Stroke (relative risk = 16.80, 95% CI 6.81–41.4) and cardiovascular diseases (relative risk = 16.63, 95% CI 10.47–26.42) were the primary causes of death most associated with elevated summer temperatures. Better understanding of how these heat events affect the health of the population will provide a useful tool for decision makers to address and mitigate the effects of the increasing temperatures on public health. The enhanced temperature forecast may be a crucial component in decision making during the National Weather Service Heat Watches, Advisories, and Warning process.'
    Author: 'Méndez-Lázaro, Pablo A.; Pérez-Cardona, Cynthia M.; Rodríguez, Ernesto; Martínez, Odalys; Taboas, Mariela; Bocanegra, Arelis; Méndez-Tejeda, Rafael'
    DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1291-z
    Date: December 15
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Journal: International Journal of Biometeorology
    Title: 'Climate change, heat, and mortality in the tropical urban area of San Juan, Puerto Rico.'
    Type of Article: journal article
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 25024
    _uuid: cb5c02d3-6e9e-4dc5-8eaa-b87f57030bbf
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00484-016-1291-z
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cb5c02d3-6e9e-4dc5-8eaa-b87f57030bbf.yaml
  identifier: cb5c02d3-6e9e-4dc5-8eaa-b87f57030bbf
  uri: /reference/cb5c02d3-6e9e-4dc5-8eaa-b87f57030bbf
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'NWS,'
    Institution: NOAA National Weather Service (NWS)
    Pages: 1
    Place Published: 'Silver Spring, MD'
    Title: '2017 Summary of Hazardous Weather Fatalities, Injuries, and Damage Costs by State'
    URL: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hazstats/state17.pdf
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 26703
    _uuid: cdbb39c1-4de9-4067-8ebc-24de32b50b57
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/2017-summary-hazardous-weather-fatalities-injuries-damage-costs-by-state
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/cdbb39c1-4de9-4067-8ebc-24de32b50b57.yaml
  identifier: cdbb39c1-4de9-4067-8ebc-24de32b50b57
  uri: /reference/cdbb39c1-4de9-4067-8ebc-24de32b50b57
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Sou, Gemma; Aponte-González, Felix'
    Institution: 'Universtiy of Manchester, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute'
    Pages: 5
    Place Published: 'Mancehster, UK'
    Title: 'Making it count after Irma and María: Household relief and recovery in Puerto Rico'
    URL: http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/display.aspx?DocID=35038
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 26438
    _uuid: ce0cf3ab-3770-47ea-a7aa-60926d481b7e
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/making-it-count-after-irma-mara-household-relief-recovery-puerto-rico
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/ce0cf3ab-3770-47ea-a7aa-60926d481b7e.yaml
  identifier: ce0cf3ab-3770-47ea-a7aa-60926d481b7e
  uri: /reference/ce0cf3ab-3770-47ea-a7aa-60926d481b7e
- attrs:
    Abstract: "Recent droughts in Puerto Rico and throughout the Caribbean have emphasized the region's agricultural vulnerability to this hazard and the increasing need for adaptation mechanisms to support sustainable production. In this study, we assessed the geographic extent of agricultural conservation practices incentivized by US Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and evaluated their large-scale contribution to drought adaptability. We identified concentrations of drought-related practices (e.g. cover crops, ponds) applied between 2000 and 2016. Using information from spatial databases and interviews with experts, we assessed the spatial correlation between these practices and areas exposed to drought as identified by the US Drought Monitor. Between 2000 and 2016, Puerto Rico experienced seven drought episodes concentrated around the south, east and southeastern regions. The most profound drought occurred between 2014 and 2016 when the island experienced 80 consecutive weeks of moderate drought, 48 of severe drought and 33 of extreme drought conditions. A total of 44 drought-related conservation practices were applied at 6984 locations throughout 860 km2 of farmlands between 2000 and 2016 through the NRCS-Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP). Practices related to water availability were statistically clustered along the coasts, whereas soil and plant health practices were clustered in the mountainous region. While these concentrations strongly correlated with areas exposed to moderate drought conditions, >80% did not coincide with areas that experienced severe or extreme drought conditions, suggesting that areas highly exposed to drought conditions generally lacked drought preparedness assisted by EQIP. Climate projections indicate an increase in the frequency and intensity of drought events, particularly in the eastern region of Puerto Rico. Our analysis highlighted the need to implement more conservation practices in these areas subject to drought intensification and exposure. Government programs intended to address vulnerabilities and enhance capacity and resilience may not be reaching areas of highest exposure. Recommendations include raising producer awareness of past and future exposure and making programs more accessible to a broader audience."
    Author: 'Álvarez-Berríos, Nora L.; Soto-Bayó, Sandra; Holupchinski, Eva; Fain, Stephen J.; Gould, William A.'
    DOI: 10.1017/S174217051800011X
    Database Provider: Cambridge University Press
    EPub Date: 2018/02/27
    ISSN: 1742-1705
    Journal: Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems
    Keywords: Adaptation; agricultural drought; conservation programs; hotspot analysis; Puerto Rico
    Name of Database: Cambridge Core
    Pages: 1-13
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press
    Title: Correlating drought conservation practices and drought vulnerability in a tropical agricultural system
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 25229
    _uuid: d0b45178-32f2-4f6d-a338-dc2a86328f50
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1017/S174217051800011X
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d0b45178-32f2-4f6d-a338-dc2a86328f50.yaml
  identifier: d0b45178-32f2-4f6d-a338-dc2a86328f50
  uri: /reference/d0b45178-32f2-4f6d-a338-dc2a86328f50
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Soler-López, Luis R.; Licha-Soler, N. A.'
    Institution: U.S. Geological Survey
    Language: English
    Name of Database: USGS Publications Warehouse
    Pages: 26
    Place Published: 'Reston, VA'
    Series Volume: Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5239
    Title: 'Sedimentation survey of Lago Loíza, Puerto Rico, January 2004'
    Type: Report
    URL: https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5239/
    Year: 2005
    _record_number: 25096
    _uuid: d2c1f5e8-59f0-4aa6-821a-90c22e81c4c9
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/sedimentation-survey-lago-loza-puerto-rico-january-2004
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d2c1f5e8-59f0-4aa6-821a-90c22e81c4c9.yaml
  identifier: d2c1f5e8-59f0-4aa6-821a-90c22e81c4c9
  uri: /reference/d2c1f5e8-59f0-4aa6-821a-90c22e81c4c9
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Brown, M.E.; J.M. Antle; P. Backlund; E.R. Carr; W.E. Easterling; M.K. Walsh; C. Ammann; W. Attavanich; C.B. Barrett; M.F. Bellemare; V. Dancheck; C. Funk; K. Grace; J.S.I. Ingram; H. Jiang; H. Maletta; T. Mata; A. Murray; M. Ngugi; D. Ojima; B. O’Neill; C. Tebaldi'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0862DC7
    Institution: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Pages: 146
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Title: 'Climate Change, Global Food Security, and the U.S. Food System'
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 23655
    _uuid: d51156cc-0034-4afc-b2b7-1ad99efde458
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/usda-climate-change-global-food-security-us-food-system-2015
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d51156cc-0034-4afc-b2b7-1ad99efde458.yaml
  identifier: d51156cc-0034-4afc-b2b7-1ad99efde458
  uri: /reference/d51156cc-0034-4afc-b2b7-1ad99efde458
- attrs:
    Author: 'Taylor, Michael A.; Tannecia S. Stephenson; A. Anthony Chen; Kimberly A. Stephenson '
    DOI: 10.1353/crb.2012.0020
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Caribbean Studies
    Pages: 169-200
    Title: 'Climate change and Caribbean: Review and response.'
    Volume: 40
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 25098
    _uuid: d557b8f0-06ba-4b24-8384-16a681dd8939
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1353/crb.2012.0020
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/d557b8f0-06ba-4b24-8384-16a681dd8939.yaml
  identifier: d557b8f0-06ba-4b24-8384-16a681dd8939
  uri: /reference/d557b8f0-06ba-4b24-8384-16a681dd8939
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Experimental studies have shown that coral calcification rates are dependent on light, nutrients, food availability, temperature, and seawater aragonite saturation (Ω arag), but the relative importance of each parameter in natural settings remains uncertain. In this study, we applied Calcein fluorescent dyes as time indicators within the skeleton of coral colonies (n = 3) of Porites astreoides and Diploria strigosa at three study sites distributed across the northern Bermuda coral reef platform. We evaluated the correlation between seasonal average growth rates based on coral density and extension rates with average temperature, light, and seawater Ω arag in an effort to decipher the relative importance of each parameter. The results show significant seasonal differences among coral calcification rates ranging from summer maximums of 243 ± 58 and 274 ± 57 mmol CaCO3 m−2 d−1 to winter minimums of 135 ± 39 and 101 ± 34 mmol CaCO3 m−2 d−1 for P. astreoides and D. strigosa, respectively. We also placed small coral colonies (n = 10) in transparent chambers and measured the instantaneous rate of calcification under light and dark treatments at the same study sites. The results showed that the skeletal growth of D. strigosa and P. astreoides, whether hourly or seasonal, was highly sensitive to Ω arag. We believe this high sensitivity, however, is misleading, due to covariance between light and Ω arag, with the former being the strongest driver of calcification variability. For the seasonal data, we assessed the impact that the observed seasonal differences in temperature (4.0 °C), light (5.1 mol photons m−2 d−1), and Ω arag (0.16 units) would have on coral growth rates based on established relationships derived from laboratory studies and found that they could account for approximately 44, 52, and 5 %, respectively, of the observed seasonal change of 81 ± 14 mmol CaCO3 m−2 d−1. Using short-term light and dark incubations, we show how the covariance of light and Ω arag can lead to the false conclusion that calcification is more sensitive to Ω arag than it really is.'
    Author: 'Venti, A.; Andersson, A.; Langdon, C.'
    DOI: 10.1007/s00338-014-1191-9
    Date: December 01
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Coral Reefs
    Pages: 979-997
    Title: Multiple driving factors explain spatial and temporal variability in coral calcification rates on the Bermuda platform
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 33
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 24994
    _uuid: dc5e5365-8b0f-4a21-93b4-c6a822be824d
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00338-014-1191-9
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/dc5e5365-8b0f-4a21-93b4-c6a822be824d.yaml
  identifier: dc5e5365-8b0f-4a21-93b4-c6a822be824d
  uri: /reference/dc5e5365-8b0f-4a21-93b4-c6a822be824d
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Ewel, John J.; Jacob L. Whitmore'
    Institution: 'USDA Forest Service, Institute of Tropical Forestry'
    Pages: 72
    Place Published: 'Rio Piedras, PR'
    Series Volume: Forest Service Research Paper ITF-018
    Title: The Ecological Life Zones of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands
    URL: https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/5551
    Year: 1973
    _record_number: 25080
    _uuid: dfe9f57b-4fb9-413a-ace6-873b8450a5cd
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/ecological-life-zones-puerto-rico-us-virgin-islands
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/dfe9f57b-4fb9-413a-ace6-873b8450a5cd.yaml
  identifier: dfe9f57b-4fb9-413a-ace6-873b8450a5cd
  uri: /reference/dfe9f57b-4fb9-413a-ace6-873b8450a5cd
- attrs:
    Article Number: 425987
    Author: 'McLean, Natalie Melissa; Stephenson, Tannecia Sydia; Taylor, Michael Alexander; Campbell, Jayaka Danaco'
    DOI: 10.1155/2015/425987
    Journal: Advances in Meteorology
    Pages: Art. 425987
    Title: Characterization of future Caribbean rainfall and temperature extremes across rainfall zones
    Volume: 2015
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 25027
    _uuid: e031a298-836a-4dbb-b5c8-f4f0ddb047a3
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1155/2015/425987
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e031a298-836a-4dbb-b5c8-f4f0ddb047a3.yaml
  identifier: e031a298-836a-4dbb-b5c8-f4f0ddb047a3
  uri: /reference/e031a298-836a-4dbb-b5c8-f4f0ddb047a3
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'PRASA,'
    Institution: Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA)
    Pages: various
    Place Published: 'Hato Rey, PR'
    Title: Fiscal Year 2013 Consulting Engineer's Report for the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority
    URL: https://www.acueductospr.com/INVESTORS/download/Consulting%20Engineer's%20Reports/FY2013%20Consulting%20Engineers%20Report%20for%20PRASA_Final.pdf
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 25262
    _uuid: e0be39e5-7b5b-4d13-966a-fb00fa73637c
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/fiscal-year-2013-consulting-engineers-report-puerto-rico-aqueduct-sewer-authority
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e0be39e5-7b5b-4d13-966a-fb00fa73637c.yaml
  identifier: e0be39e5-7b5b-4d13-966a-fb00fa73637c
  uri: /reference/e0be39e5-7b5b-4d13-966a-fb00fa73637c
- attrs:
    Author: 'Sobel, A. H.; Burleyson, C. D.; Yuter, S. E.'
    DOI: 10.1029/2010JD014695
    ISSN: 2156-2202
    Issue: D8
    Journal: Journal of Geophysical Research
    Keywords: rainfall; islands; tropical; 1878 Water/energy interactions; 1840 Hydrometeorology; 3374 Tropical meteorology; 3309 Climatology
    Pages: D08102
    Title: Rain on small tropical islands
    Volume: 116
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 25001
    _uuid: e16c77ed-0eaf-4fa6-8c98-256a28794b3b
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1029/2010JD014695
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e16c77ed-0eaf-4fa6-8c98-256a28794b3b.yaml
  identifier: e16c77ed-0eaf-4fa6-8c98-256a28794b3b
  uri: /reference/e16c77ed-0eaf-4fa6-8c98-256a28794b3b
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'FCC,'
    Institution: Federal Communication Commission (FCC)
    Pages: 12
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Title: 'Order FCC 17-129, in the matter of Connect America Fund [WC Docket No. 10-90]'
    URL: https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-17-129A1.pdf
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 25256
    _uuid: e5a0d64d-a061-4322-8bfd-d235beb83000
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/order-fcc-17-129-matter-connect-america-fund-wc-docket-no-10-90
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e5a0d64d-a061-4322-8bfd-d235beb83000.yaml
  identifier: e5a0d64d-a061-4322-8bfd-d235beb83000
  uri: /reference/e5a0d64d-a061-4322-8bfd-d235beb83000
- attrs:
    Author: 'Anthony, Kenneth R. N.; Maynard, Jeffrey A.; Diaz-Pulido, Guillermo; Mumby, Peter J.; Marshall, Paul A.; Cao, Long; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. V. E.'
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02364.x
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Issue: 5
    Journal: Global Change Biology
    Keywords: climate change; coral reefs; herbivory; ocean acidification; resilience
    Pages: 1798-1808
    Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Title: Ocean acidification and warming will lower coral reef resilience
    Volume: 17
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 24289
    _uuid: e684169c-60a2-4c78-a724-36fb93fb385a
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02364.x
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e684169c-60a2-4c78-a724-36fb93fb385a.yaml
  identifier: e684169c-60a2-4c78-a724-36fb93fb385a
  uri: /reference/e684169c-60a2-4c78-a724-36fb93fb385a
- attrs:
    .publisher: 'John Wiley & Sons, Inc.'
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Zhang, Xuebin; Alexander, Lisa; Hegerl, Gabriele C.; Jones, Philip; Tank, Albert Klein; Peterson, Thomas C.; Trewin, Blair; Zwiers, Francis W.'
    DOI: 10.1002/wcc.147
    ISSN: 1757-7799
    Issue: 6
    Journal: 'Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change'
    Pages: 851-870
    Title: Indices for monitoring changes in extremes based on daily temperature and precipitation data
    Volume: 2
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 20273
    _uuid: e6ecbe14-fe1b-46f8-bad5-bde9e4cc658a
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1002/wcc.147
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e6ecbe14-fe1b-46f8-bad5-bde9e4cc658a.yaml
  identifier: e6ecbe14-fe1b-46f8-bad5-bde9e4cc658a
  uri: /reference/e6ecbe14-fe1b-46f8-bad5-bde9e4cc658a
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Concerns over the status of freshwater availability in the Caribbean region and in particular the eastern Caribbean states have been expressed for at least the past 30 years. There is a growing realization that availability will be vulnerable to extremes of climate behavior and increasing demand for water. Climate modeling for the Caribbean region under a range of scenarios suggests a continuation of a warming in average temperatures, a lengthening of seasonal dry periods, and increases in frequency of occurrence of drought conditions. Using information from the most recent IPCC report and regional downscaling, the authors suggest what some of the macrolevel changes in temperature and rainfall might be and the implications for water resources availability. This article evaluates the existing availability of water resources, the implications of the most recent climate change modeling for the Caribbean region, and the impact of on existing service provision strategies.'
    Author: 'Cashman, Adrian; Leonard Nurse; Charlery John'
    DOI: 10.1177/1070496509347088
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Journal of Environment & Development
    Keywords: 'climate change,water resources,water management,scarcity,vulnerability,social impacts'
    Pages: 42-67
    Title: 'Climate change in the Caribbean: The water management implications'
    Volume: 19
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 25062
    _uuid: e73b29bb-f4e5-47a7-9b18-45697e8e7bdf
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1177/1070496509347088
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e73b29bb-f4e5-47a7-9b18-45697e8e7bdf.yaml
  identifier: e73b29bb-f4e5-47a7-9b18-45697e8e7bdf
  uri: /reference/e73b29bb-f4e5-47a7-9b18-45697e8e7bdf
- attrs:
    Author: 'Harmsen, Eric W.; Santa Elizabeth Gomez Mesa; Edvier Cabassa; Nazario D. Ramírez-Beltran; Sandra Cruz Pol; Robert J. Kuligowski; Ramón Vasquez'
    ISSN: 1790-5022
    Issue: 8
    Journal: WSEAS Transaction on Signal Processing
    Pages: 504-513
    Title: Satellite sub-pixel rainfall variability
    URL: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1481986.1481994
    Volume: 4
    Year: 2008
    _record_number: 25041
    _uuid: e7926338-a550-4594-ae83-84090e9d8905
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/satellite-sub-pixel-rainfall-variability
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e7926338-a550-4594-ae83-84090e9d8905.yaml
  identifier: e7926338-a550-4594-ae83-84090e9d8905
  uri: /reference/e7926338-a550-4594-ae83-84090e9d8905
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'NCEI,'
    Place Published: 'Asheville, NC'
    Publisher: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
    Title: 'Climate Data Online [web tool]'
    URL: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 26704
    _uuid: e8d32931-3301-45c8-bfe7-b8e8b9fff6b6
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/bdd8ea75-d8f8-4f57-b187-a9d2fd8085ea
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e8d32931-3301-45c8-bfe7-b8e8b9fff6b6.yaml
  identifier: e8d32931-3301-45c8-bfe7-b8e8b9fff6b6
  uri: /reference/e8d32931-3301-45c8-bfe7-b8e8b9fff6b6
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Access Date: 'March 27, 2018'
    Author: 'ALERT Worldwide,'
    Late Update Date: December 6
    Place Published: 'Boston, MA'
    Publisher: AIR Worldwide
    Title: 'Hurricane Maria [web site]'
    URL: http://alert.air-worldwide.com/EventSummary.aspx?e=880&tp=68&c=1
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 26431
    _uuid: e912269d-8cf1-4c81-9262-db656c844745
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/b6869c47-4e41-410d-8b11-3f83642068d5
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/e912269d-8cf1-4c81-9262-db656c844745.yaml
  identifier: e912269d-8cf1-4c81-9262-db656c844745
  uri: /reference/e912269d-8cf1-4c81-9262-db656c844745
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Acevedo, Sebastian; Cebotari, Aliona; Turner-Jones, Therese'
    Institution: International Monetary Fund
    Pages: 22
    Place Published: 'Washington, D.C.'
    Title: 'Caribbean small states: Challenges of high debt and low growth'
    URL: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2016/12/31/Caribbean-Small-States-Challenges-of-High-Debt-and-Low-Growth-PP4747
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 25084
    _uuid: ea19c1de-2b71-4e82-ba8e-d97e9e583ae5
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/caribbean-small-states-challenges-high-debt-low-growth
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/ea19c1de-2b71-4e82-ba8e-d97e9e583ae5.yaml
  identifier: ea19c1de-2b71-4e82-ba8e-d97e9e583ae5
  uri: /reference/ea19c1de-2b71-4e82-ba8e-d97e9e583ae5
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Larsen, M.C.'
    DOI: 10.1080/02723646.2000.10642723
    ISSN: 0272-3646
    Issue: 6
    Journal: Physical Geography
    Pages: 494-521
    Title: Analysis of 20th century rainfall and streamflow to characterize drought and water resources in Puerto Rico
    URL: http://www.usgs.gov/climate_landuse/contacts/presents/Larsen-PhysGeog-2000.pdf
    Volume: 21
    Year: 2000
    _chapter: '["Ch. 17: Southeast and Caribbean FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 79
    _uuid: edd9a004-f859-41ae-9f93-80201c4ffd65
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1080/02723646.2000.10642723
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  uri: /reference/edd9a004-f859-41ae-9f93-80201c4ffd65
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: 'Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program,'
    Place Published: 'San Juan, PR'
    Publisher: Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DRNA in Spanish)
    Title: 'Riesgos Costeros [Coastal Hazards]'
    URL: http://drna.pr.gov/programas-y-proyectos/zona-costanera/riesgos-costeros/
    Year: 2017
    _record_number: 26700
    _uuid: ee3c8a7b-59e3-40ed-8769-1f248870e570
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/400173be-245f-442b-bb73-51cffb2bed6f
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/ee3c8a7b-59e3-40ed-8769-1f248870e570.yaml
  identifier: ee3c8a7b-59e3-40ed-8769-1f248870e570
  uri: /reference/ee3c8a7b-59e3-40ed-8769-1f248870e570
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'We examine the mesoscale structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), low-level circulation, and trade wind convection over the sub-tropical island of Puerto Rico in mid-summer. Shallow afternoon thunderstorms are frequently seen over the western plains of the island. Observational data include automatic weather station measurements, radiosonde profiles, infrared satellite images, and mesoscale reanalysis data with a focus on the summer of 2006. Satellite microwave radar data (TRMM and CloudSat) indicate that island clouds typically extend just above the −20°C level during afternoon hours with reflectivity values reaching 50 dBz. A singular value decomposition of 3-hourly high resolution satellite rainfall maps reveals an island mode. From this a composite is constructed for a group of ten cases. With a Froude number ≈1 the trade winds pass over the mountains and standing vortices and gravity waves are trapped in the meandering wake. The Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model at 1-km resolution with 51 vertical layers is used to simulate the short-lived thunderstorms for two cases: 27 June and 20 July 2006. The model correctly locates the convective cells that develop between 1400 and 1700 LST. The shallow afternoon thunderstorms are triggered by surface heat fluxes, confluent sea breezes and a mountain wake. Recommendations for enhanced observations are given.'
    Author: 'Jury, Mark R.; Chiao, Sen; Harmsen, Eric W.'
    DOI: 10.1007/s10546-009-9393-3
    Date: August 01
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Boundary-Layer Meteorology
    Pages: 289-313
    Title: 'Mesoscale structure of trade wind convection over Puerto Rico: Composite observations and numerical simulation'
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 132
    Year: 2009
    _record_number: 25035
    _uuid: f0dee221-fc70-498e-a618-4b272642bab2
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10546-009-9393-3
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f0dee221-fc70-498e-a618-4b272642bab2.yaml
  identifier: f0dee221-fc70-498e-a618-4b272642bab2
  uri: /reference/f0dee221-fc70-498e-a618-4b272642bab2
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 9
    Author: USGCRP
    DOI: 10.7930/J0R49NQX
    Number of Pages: 312
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Title: 'The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment'
    Year: 2016
    _record_number: 19368
    _uuid: f1e633d5-070a-4a7d-935b-a2281a0c9cb6
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /report/usgcrp-climate-human-health-assessment-2016
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f1e633d5-070a-4a7d-935b-a2281a0c9cb6.yaml
  identifier: f1e633d5-070a-4a7d-935b-a2281a0c9cb6
  uri: /reference/f1e633d5-070a-4a7d-935b-a2281a0c9cb6
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'The intensely active 2017 Atlantic basin hurricane season provided an opportunity to examine how climate drivers, including warming oceans and rising seas, exacerbated tropical cyclone hazards. The season also highlighted the unique vulnerabilities of populations residing on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) to the catastrophic potential of these storms. During 2017, 22 of the 29 Caribbean SIDS were affected by at least one named storm, and multiple SIDS experienced extreme damage. This paper aims to review the multiplicity of storm impacts on Caribbean SIDS throughout the 2017 season, to explicate the influences of climate drivers on storm formation and intensity, to explore the propensity of SIDS to sustain severe damage and prolonged disruption of essential services, to document the spectrum of public health consequences, and to delineate the daunting hurdles that challenged emergency response and recovery operations for island-based, disaster-affected populations. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;page 1 of 13)'
    Author: 'Shultz, James M.; Kossin, James P.; Shepherd, J. Marshall; Ransdell, Justine M.; Walshe, Rory; Kelman, Ilan; Galea, Sandro'
    DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2018.28
    Database Provider: Cambridge University Press
    EPub Date: 2018/04/06
    ISSN: 1935-7893
    Journal: Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness
    Keywords: climate change; climate driver; disaster; disaster response; hazard; health consequences; hurricane; risk; Small Island Developing States; tropical cyclone; tropical storm; vulnerability
    Name of Database: Cambridge Core
    Pages: 1-13
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press
    Title: 'Risk, health consequences, and response challenges for small-island-based populations: Observations from the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season'
    Year: 2018
    _record_number: 25240
    _uuid: f27d73b2-8618-4674-a111-a92276930d26
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1017/dmp.2018.28
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f27d73b2-8618-4674-a111-a92276930d26.yaml
  identifier: f27d73b2-8618-4674-a111-a92276930d26
  uri: /reference/f27d73b2-8618-4674-a111-a92276930d26
- attrs:
    Academic Department: Planning and Environmental Management
    Advisor: Richard Kingston
    Author: 'Aponte-Gonzalez, Felix'
    Degree: Ph.D.
    Number of Pages: 372
    Place Published: 'Manchester, UK'
    Title: Concerning Caribbean Climate Change Vulnerabilities and Adaptation in Small Island Cities
    URL: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/concerning-caribbean-climate-change-vulnerabilities-and-adaptation-in-small-island-cities(f9bc2ea2-8fc7-4d91-8577-87fa88b8db12).html
    University: University of Manchester
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 25072
    _uuid: f30fcd50-d968-45c5-99a3-59e1db045ba5
    reftype: Thesis
  child_publication: /generic/0255090c-699f-43f4-b6dd-b03410823534
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/f30fcd50-d968-45c5-99a3-59e1db045ba5.yaml
  identifier: f30fcd50-d968-45c5-99a3-59e1db045ba5
  uri: /reference/f30fcd50-d968-45c5-99a3-59e1db045ba5
- attrs:
    Abstract: 'Heatwaves present a significant health risk and the hazard is likely to escalate with the increased future temperatures presently predicted by climate change models. The impact of heatwaves is often felt strongest in towns and cities where populations are concentrated and where the climate is often unintentionally modified to produce an urban heat island effect; where urban areas can be significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas. The purpose of this interdisciplinary study is to integrate remotely sensed urban heat island data alongside commercial social segmentation data via a spatial risk assessment methodology in order to highlight potential heat health risk areas and build the foundations for a climate change risk assessment. This paper uses the city of Birmingham, UK as a case study area.'
    Author: 'Tomlinson, Charlie J.; Chapman, Lee; Thornes, John E.; Baker, Christopher J.'
    DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-10-42
    Date: June 17
    ISSN: 1476-072X
    Issue: 1
    Journal: International Journal of Health Geographics
    Pages: 42
    Title: 'Including the urban heat island in spatial heat health risk assessment strategies:  A case study for Birmingham, UK'
    Type of Article: journal article
    Volume: 10
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 24998
    _uuid: fd10f97c-39c6-4f3a-8306-aead1a368908
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1186/1476-072x-10-42
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  identifier: fd10f97c-39c6-4f3a-8306-aead1a368908
  uri: /reference/fd10f97c-39c6-4f3a-8306-aead1a368908
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'CCCCC,'
    Institution: Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC)
    Pages: 188
    Place Published: 'Belmopan, Belize'
    Title: Impact assessment and national adaptation strategy and action plan to address climate change in the tourism sector of Saint Lucia. Volumes I and II
    URL: http://www.climatechange.govt.lc/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Impact-Assessment-National-Adaptation-Strategy-and-Action-Plan-in-Tourism-Sector.pdf
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 26446
    _uuid: fe7795e1-ecba-43eb-a69a-6e1217526a2c
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/impact-assessment-national-adaptation-strategy-action-plan-address-climate-change-tourism-sector-saint-lucia-volumes-i-ii
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/fe7795e1-ecba-43eb-a69a-6e1217526a2c.yaml
  identifier: fe7795e1-ecba-43eb-a69a-6e1217526a2c
  uri: /reference/fe7795e1-ecba-43eb-a69a-6e1217526a2c