--- - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Hayhoe, Katharine' Institution: Texas Tech University Pages: various Place Published: '[Lubbock, TX]' Title: Quantifying key drivers of climate variability and change for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean URL: https://s3.amazonaws.com/IndividualGISdata/PDFs/KatherineHayhoe_CaribbeanFinalReport.pdf Year: 2013 _record_number: 25083 _uuid: 56d77153-c8fc-4fcf-a7f0-fa0e843936f1 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/quantifying-key-drivers-climate-variability-change-puerto-rico-caribbean href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/56d77153-c8fc-4fcf-a7f0-fa0e843936f1.yaml identifier: 56d77153-c8fc-4fcf-a7f0-fa0e843936f1 uri: /reference/56d77153-c8fc-4fcf-a7f0-fa0e843936f1 - attrs: Abstract: 'Coffee production has long been culturally and economically important in Puerto Rico. However, since peaking in the late nineteenth century, harvests are near record lows with many former farms abandoned. While value-added markets present new opportunities to reinvigorate the industry, regional trends associated with climate change may threaten the ability to produce high-quality coffee. Here, we discuss the history of coffee in Puerto Rico, outline important bioclimatic parameters, and model current and future habitat suitability using statistically downscaled climate data. Model projections suggest that warming trends may surpass important temperature thresholds during the coming decades. Under high (A2) and mid-low (A1B) emission scenarios for 2011–2040, Puerto Rico is projected to exceed mean annual temperature parameters for growth of Coffea arabica. Warming and drying trends may accelerate after 2040 and could result in top producing municipalities losing 60–84% of highly suitable growing conditions by 2070. Under the A2 scenario, Puerto Rico may only retain 24 km2 of highly suitable conditions by 2071–2099. High temperatures and low precipitation levels can result in diminished quality and yields, as well as increased exposure and sensitivity to certain insects and diseases. The climate data and models used are based on best current understanding of climate and emission interactions with results best interpreted as projected climate trends rather than predictions of future weather. Planning, innovation, and adaptation provide promising avenues to address current and future socioecological challenges while building a model of sustainable and resilient coffee production in Puerto Rico and throughout the region.' Author: 'Fain, Stephen J.; Quiñones, Maya; Álvarez-Berríos, Nora L.; Parés-Ramos, Isabel K.; Gould, William A.' DOI: 10.1007/s10584-017-1949-5 Date: January 01 ISSN: 1573-1480 Issue: 1 Journal: Climatic Change Pages: 175-186 Title: 'Climate change and coffee: Assessing vulnerability by modeling future climate suitability in the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico' Type of Article: journal article Volume: 146 Year: 2018 _record_number: 25052 _uuid: 5b4edfc7-1882-4ead-a951-a8ce9fc94c16 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-017-1949-5 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5b4edfc7-1882-4ead-a951-a8ce9fc94c16.yaml identifier: 5b4edfc7-1882-4ead-a951-a8ce9fc94c16 uri: /reference/5b4edfc7-1882-4ead-a951-a8ce9fc94c16 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Jewett, L.; A. Romanou' Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I' DOI: 10.7930/J0QV3JQB Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock' Pages: 364-392 Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Title: Ocean Acidification and Other Ocean Changes Year: 2017 _record_number: 21571 _uuid: 5d047224-4e72-46d1-87f5-042c9617472d reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/ocean-acidification href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5d047224-4e72-46d1-87f5-042c9617472d.yaml identifier: 5d047224-4e72-46d1-87f5-042c9617472d uri: /reference/5d047224-4e72-46d1-87f5-042c9617472d - attrs: .publisher: Springer-Verlag .reference_type: 0 Author: "Ryu, Jung-Hee\rHayhoe, Katharine" DOI: 10.1007/s00382-013-1801-1 Date: 2013/05/15 ISSN: 0930-7575 Issue: 11 Journal: Climate Dynamics Keywords: "Caribbean precipitation\rNorth Atlantic subtropical high\rCaribbean low-level jet\rGlobal climate models\rLarge-scale dynamics" Language: English Pages: 3233-3252 Title: Understanding the sources of Caribbean precipitation biases in CMIP3 and CMIP5 simulations Volume: 42 Year: 2014 _chapter: '["Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 4638 _uuid: 5d493a0a-db95-418d-ad99-148d753db96a reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00382-013-1801-1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5d493a0a-db95-418d-ad99-148d753db96a.yaml identifier: 5d493a0a-db95-418d-ad99-148d753db96a uri: /reference/5d493a0a-db95-418d-ad99-148d753db96a - attrs: Author: 'Karmalkar, A. V.; Taylor, M. A.; Campbell, J.; Stephenson, T.; New, M.; Centella, A.; Benzanilla, A.; Charlery, J.' DOI: 10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71076-2 Date: 2013/04/01/ ISSN: 0187-6236 Issue: 2 Journal: Atmósfera Keywords: Climate change; Caribbean islands; impacts; CMIP3; RCM Pages: 283-309 Title: A review of observed and projected changes in climate for the islands in the Caribbean Volume: 26 Year: 2013 _record_number: 25034 _uuid: 5d6c5d88-5e45-4353-a09a-94ffd837498e reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71076-2 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5d6c5d88-5e45-4353-a09a-94ffd837498e.yaml identifier: 5d6c5d88-5e45-4353-a09a-94ffd837498e uri: /reference/5d6c5d88-5e45-4353-a09a-94ffd837498e - attrs: Author: 'Barker, David' DOI: 10.1353/crb.2012.0027 Issue: 2 Journal: Caribbean Studies Pages: 41-61 Title: 'Caribbean agriculture in a period of global change: Vulnerabilities and opportunities.' Volume: 40 Year: 2012 _record_number: 25070 _uuid: 5e1d2291-b8e5-471f-8e5d-47ffb5ddde35 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1353/crb.2012.0027 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5e1d2291-b8e5-471f-8e5d-47ffb5ddde35.yaml identifier: 5e1d2291-b8e5-471f-8e5d-47ffb5ddde35 uri: /reference/5e1d2291-b8e5-471f-8e5d-47ffb5ddde35 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'FAO,' Institution: Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology and FAO Pages: 36 Place Published: 'St James, Barbados and Rome' Report Number: FAO Water Reports 42 Title: Drought characteristics and management in the Caribbean URL: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5695e.pdf Year: 2016 _record_number: 25233 _uuid: 5e71d716-1c34-4d99-916f-b31aef851194 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/drought-characteristics-management-caribbean href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5e71d716-1c34-4d99-916f-b31aef851194.yaml identifier: 5e71d716-1c34-4d99-916f-b31aef851194 uri: /reference/5e71d716-1c34-4d99-916f-b31aef851194 - attrs: Abstract: 'Cattle ranchers and dairy farmers operating throughout many tropical regions are experiencing major challenges associated with climate change such as higher incidence of heat stress and drought. These effects can result in reduced productivity of rangeland, shortage of nutritional feed, increased heat stress on animals, and high energy costs for cooling. High temperatures and resultant heat stress reduce animal productivity and increase the proliferation and survival of parasites and disease pathogens. Warming reduces the ability of dairy cattle to produce milk and gain weight and can also lower conception rates. This paper reviews research from the Caribbean on heat tolerant traits in bovine and presents evidence that introducing a “slick hair” gene into Holstein cows by crossbreeding with Senepols may increase thermo-tolerance and productivity. As in other parts of the tropics, principal cattle breeds in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands have been largely introduced from temperate regions. Research indicates these animals may be poorly adapted to rising temperatures, leaving them increasingly vulnerable to chronic heat stress and reduced productivity. Adaptive practices have been developed in breeding and pasture management programs including selection for more heat-resistant genotypes, silvopasturing and crop diversification in forage production, and optimizing facilities and practices to reduce heat stress. Given the nature of climate vulnerability, an integrated approach to adaptation will likely have the greatest success in reducing future risk for producers.' Author: 'Ortiz-Colón, Guillermo; Fain, Stephen J.; Parés, Isabel K.; Curbelo-Rodríguez, Jaime; Jiménez-Cabán, Esbal; Pagán-Morales, Melvin; Gould, William A.' DOI: 10.1007/s10584-017-2110-1 Date: January 01 ISSN: 1573-1480 Issue: 1 Journal: Climatic Change Pages: 47-58 Title: Assessing climate vulnerabilities and adaptive strategies for resilient beef and dairy operations in the tropics Type of Article: journal article Volume: 146 Year: 2018 _record_number: 25012 _uuid: 5eb60bcf-9414-4f88-9453-ce2e86612da6 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-017-2110-1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5eb60bcf-9414-4f88-9453-ce2e86612da6.yaml identifier: 5eb60bcf-9414-4f88-9453-ce2e86612da6 uri: /reference/5eb60bcf-9414-4f88-9453-ce2e86612da6 - attrs: Abstract: 'An appreciation of the dynamism of the links between soil resources and society provides a platform for examining food security over the next 50 years. Interventions to reverse declining trends in food security must recognize the variable resilience and sensitivity of major tropical soil types. In most agro-ecosystems, declining crop yield is exponentially related to loss of soil quality. For the majority smallholder (subsistence) farmers, investments to reverse degradation are primarily driven by private benefit, socially or financially. “Tragedy of the commons” scenarios can be averted by pragmatic local solutions that help farmers to help themselves.' Author: 'Stocking, M. A.' DOI: 10.1126/science.1088579 Issue: 5649 Journal: Science Pages: 1356-1359 Title: 'Tropical soils and food security: The next 50 years' Volume: 302 Year: 2003 _record_number: 25000 _uuid: 5ee8f1be-71ae-400d-ba7c-2d7155156b9c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.1088579 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5ee8f1be-71ae-400d-ba7c-2d7155156b9c.yaml identifier: 5ee8f1be-71ae-400d-ba7c-2d7155156b9c uri: /reference/5ee8f1be-71ae-400d-ba7c-2d7155156b9c - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Government of Puerto Rico,' Institution: Government of Puerto Rico Pages: 107 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Title: 'Build Back Better: Puerto Rico. Request for Federal Assistance for Disaster Recovery' URL: https://www.governor.ny.gov/sites/governor.ny.gov/files/atoms/files/Build_Back_Better_PR.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 25257 _uuid: 5fe248bc-443d-4a23-b352-29227bf877f5 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/build-back-better-puerto-rico-request-federal-assistance-disaster-recovery href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5fe248bc-443d-4a23-b352-29227bf877f5.yaml identifier: 5fe248bc-443d-4a23-b352-29227bf877f5 uri: /reference/5fe248bc-443d-4a23-b352-29227bf877f5 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Birchenough, Silvana N. R.' Book Title: 'CME Caribbean Marine Climate Change Report Card 2017: Science Review 2017' Pages: 40-51 Place Published: UK Publisher: Commonwealth Marine Economies (CME) Programme Title: Impacts of climate change on biodiversity in the coastal and marine environments of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/commonwealth-marine-economies-cme-programme-caribbean-marine-climate-change-report-card-scientific-reviews Year: 2017 _record_number: 25241 _uuid: 63aac7f9-5e82-4aff-ab62-75c12537612f reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/cme-caribbean-marine-climate-change-report-card-2017-science-review-2017 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/63aac7f9-5e82-4aff-ab62-75c12537612f.yaml identifier: 63aac7f9-5e82-4aff-ab62-75c12537612f uri: /reference/63aac7f9-5e82-4aff-ab62-75c12537612f - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: "Mimura, N.\rL. Nurse\rR.F. McLean\rJ. Agard\rL. Briguglio\rP. Lefale\rR. Payet\rG. Sem\rAgricole, W.\rEbi, K.\rForbes, D.\rHay, J.\rPulwarty, R.\rNakalevu, T.\rTakahashi, K." Book Title: 'Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change' Editor: "Parry, M.L.\rCanziani, O.F.\rPalutikof, J.P.\rvan der Linden, P.J.\rHanson, C.E." ISBN: 0521705975 Pages: 687-716 Place Published: 'Cambridge, UK' Publisher: Cambridge University Press Reviewer: 63e4948c-5b46-4deb-a37b-9f363a1a8316 Title: 'Ch. 16: Small islands' Year: 2007 _chapter: '["Ch. 23: Hawaii FINAL"]' _record_number: 2048 _uuid: 63e4948c-5b46-4deb-a37b-9f363a1a8316 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar4-wg2 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/63e4948c-5b46-4deb-a37b-9f363a1a8316.yaml identifier: 63e4948c-5b46-4deb-a37b-9f363a1a8316 uri: /reference/63e4948c-5b46-4deb-a37b-9f363a1a8316 - attrs: Abstract: 'The potential ecological and economic effects of climate change for tropical islands were studied using output from 12 statistically downscaled general circulation models (GCMs) taking Puerto Rico as a test case. Two model selection/model averaging strategies were used: the average of all available GCMs and the average of the models that are able to reproduce the observed large-scale dynamics that control precipitation over the Caribbean. Five island-wide and multidecadal averages of daily precipitation and temperature were estimated by way of a climatology-informed interpolation of the site-specific downscaled climate model output. Annual cooling degree-days (CDD) were calculated as a proxy index for air-conditioning energy demand, and two measures of annual no-rainfall days were used as drought indices. Holdridge life zone classification was used to map the possible ecological effects of climate change. Precipitation is predicted to decline in both model ensembles, but the decrease was more severe in the “regionally consistent” models. The precipitation declines cause gradual and linear increases in drought intensity and extremes. The warming from the 1960–90 period to the 2071–99 period was 4.6°–9°C depending on the global emission scenarios and location. This warming may cause increases in CDD, and consequently increasing energy demands. Life zones may shift from wetter to drier zones with the possibility of losing most, if not all, of the subtropical rain forests and extinction risks to rain forest specialists or obligates.' Author: 'Henareh Khalyani, Azad; William A. Gould; Eric Harmsen; Adam Terando; Maya Quinones; Jaime A. Collazo' DOI: 10.1175/jamc-d-15-0182.1 Issue: 2 Journal: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Keywords: 'Tropics,Evapotranspiration,Classification,Interpolation schemes,Ensembles,General circulation models' Pages: 265-282 Title: 'Climate change implications for tropical islands: Interpolating and interpreting statistically downscaled GCM projections for management and planning' Volume: 55 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25039 _uuid: 650b2907-85b1-4b76-a339-a9ec1703c5bd reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0182.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/650b2907-85b1-4b76-a339-a9ec1703c5bd.yaml identifier: 650b2907-85b1-4b76-a339-a9ec1703c5bd uri: /reference/650b2907-85b1-4b76-a339-a9ec1703c5bd - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Puerto Rico Climate Change Council,' Book Title: 'Puerto Rico’s State of the Climate 2010-2013: Assessing Puerto Rico’s Social-Ecological Vulnerabilities in a Changing Climate' Editor: 'Jacobs, Kasey R.; Carrubba, Lisamarie; Díaz, Ernesto L.' Pages: 85-250 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Publisher: 'Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program, Department of Natural and Environmental Resources and NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management' Title: 'Working Group 2 report: Ecology and biodiversity' URL: http://pr-ccc.org/download/PR%20State%20of%20the%20Climate-FINAL_ENE2015.pdf Year: 2013 _record_number: 26696 _uuid: 655645c9-ea1b-41ba-b9a0-b1c31d91d610 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/puerto-ricos-state-climate-2010-2013-assessing-puerto-ricos-social-ecological-vulnerabilities-changing-climate href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/655645c9-ea1b-41ba-b9a0-b1c31d91d610.yaml identifier: 655645c9-ea1b-41ba-b9a0-b1c31d91d610 uri: /reference/655645c9-ea1b-41ba-b9a0-b1c31d91d610 - attrs: DOI: 10.5066/F7GB23BW Distributor: U.S. Geological Survey Investigators: 'Bowden, Jared; Wootten, Adam; Terando, A.; Boyles, R.' Original Release Date: 2018-05-08 Title: 'Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF): Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands Dynamical Downscaled Climate Change Projections' Year: 2018 _record_number: 26428 _uuid: 66a435ae-179c-49f4-981b-248d647b9579 reftype: Dataset child_publication: /dataset/usgs-wrf-puerto-rico-us-virgin-islands-dynamical-downscaled-climate-change-projections-2018 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/66a435ae-179c-49f4-981b-248d647b9579.yaml identifier: 66a435ae-179c-49f4-981b-248d647b9579 uri: /reference/66a435ae-179c-49f4-981b-248d647b9579 - attrs: Abstract: 'Anthropogenic changes in tropical rainfall are evaluated in a multimodel ensemble of global warming simulations. Major discrepancies on the spatial distribution of these precipitation changes remain in the latest-generation models analyzed here. Despite this uncertainty, we find a number of measures, both global and local, on which reasonable agreement is obtained, notably for the regions of drying trend (negative precipitation anomalies). Models agree on the overall amplitude of the precipitation decreases that occur at the margins of the convective zones, with percent error bars of magnitude similar to those for the tropical warming. Similar agreement is found on a precipitation climate sensitivity defined here and on differential moisture increase inside and outside convection zones, a step in a hypothesized causal path leading to precipitation changes. A measure of local intermodel agreement on significant trends indicates consistent predictions for particular regions. Observed rainfall trends in several data sets show a significant summer drying trend in a main region of intermodel agreement: the Caribbean/Central-American region.' Author: 'Neelin, J. D.; Münnich, M.; Su, H.; Meyerson, J. E.; Holloway, C. E.' DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601798103 Issue: 16 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Pages: 6110-6115 Title: Tropical drying trends in global warming models and observations Volume: 103 Year: 2006 _record_number: 25013 _uuid: 680629ff-ef00-462b-9c16-d98dc1d3c163 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.0601798103 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/680629ff-ef00-462b-9c16-d98dc1d3c163.yaml identifier: 680629ff-ef00-462b-9c16-d98dc1d3c163 uri: /reference/680629ff-ef00-462b-9c16-d98dc1d3c163 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Nurse, L. A.; McLean, R. F.; Agard, J.; Briguglio, L. P.; Duvat-Magnan, V.; Pelesikoti, N.; Tompkins, E.; Webb, A.' Book Title: 'Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change' Editor: 'Barros, V. R.; Field, C. B.; Dokken, D. J.; Mastrandrea, M. D.; Mach, K. J.; Bilir, T. E.; Chatterjee, M.; Ebi, K. L.; Estrada, Y. O.; Genova, R. C.; Girma, B.; Kissel, E. S.; Levy, A. N.; MacCracken, S.; Mastrandrea, P. R.; White, L. L.' Pages: 1613-1654 Place Published: 'Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA' Publisher: Cambridge University Press Short Title: Small islands Title: Small islands Year: 2014 _record_number: 17694 _uuid: 69d2444f-ce49-4b08-8cb4-3eb33fbef6ff reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar5-wg2-partb/chapter/wg2-ar5-chap29-final href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/69d2444f-ce49-4b08-8cb4-3eb33fbef6ff.yaml identifier: 69d2444f-ce49-4b08-8cb4-3eb33fbef6ff uri: /reference/69d2444f-ce49-4b08-8cb4-3eb33fbef6ff - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Monnereau, Iris; Hazel A. Oxenford' Book Title: 'CME Caribbean Marine Climate Change Report Card 2017: Science Review 2017' Pages: 124-154 Place Published: UK Publisher: Commonwealth Marine Economies (CME) Programme Title: Impacts of climate change on fisheries in the coastal and marine environments of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/605077/10._Fisheries_combined.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 25242 _uuid: 6a887a73-790f-415d-af89-8bbdc643571f reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/cme-caribbean-marine-climate-change-report-card-2017-science-review-2017 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6a887a73-790f-415d-af89-8bbdc643571f.yaml identifier: 6a887a73-790f-415d-af89-8bbdc643571f uri: /reference/6a887a73-790f-415d-af89-8bbdc643571f - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Zervas, Chris' Institution: 'National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service' Pages: various Place Published: 'Silver Spring, MD' Series Volume: NOAA Technical Report NOS CO-OPS 053 Title: Sea level variations of the United States 1854-2006 URL: https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/Tech_rpt_53.pdf Year: 2009 _record_number: 24398 _uuid: 6b46b616-994d-4fcf-b8d7-1a284bc1bf72 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/noaa-nos-co-ops-36 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6b46b616-994d-4fcf-b8d7-1a284bc1bf72.yaml identifier: 6b46b616-994d-4fcf-b8d7-1a284bc1bf72 uri: /reference/6b46b616-994d-4fcf-b8d7-1a284bc1bf72 - attrs: Abstract: 'Some of the most important impacts of global climate change will be felt among the populations, predominantly in developing countries, referred to as “subsistence” or “smallholder” farmers. Their vulnerability to climate change comes both from being predominantly located in the tropics, and from various socioeconomic, demographic, and policy trends limiting their capacity to adapt to change. However, these impacts will be difficult to model or predict because of (i) the lack of standardised definitions of these sorts of farming system, and therefore of standard data above the national level, (ii) intrinsic characteristics of these systems, particularly their complexity, their location-specificity, and their integration of agricultural and nonagricultural livelihood strategies, and (iii) their vulnerability to a range of climate-related and other stressors. Some recent work relevant to these farming systems is reviewed, a conceptual framework for understanding the diverse forms of impacts in an integrated manner is proposed, and future research needs are identified.' Author: 'Morton, John F.' DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701855104 Issue: 50 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Pages: 19680-19685 Title: The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistence agriculture Volume: 104 Year: 2007 _record_number: 25018 _uuid: 6bdfd0f0-ac10-4084-b2f2-f4819d47638b reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.0701855104 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6bdfd0f0-ac10-4084-b2f2-f4819d47638b.yaml identifier: 6bdfd0f0-ac10-4084-b2f2-f4819d47638b uri: /reference/6bdfd0f0-ac10-4084-b2f2-f4819d47638b - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'UN-OHRLLS,' Institution: 'Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS)' Pages: 28 Place Published: 'New York, NY' Title: 'Small Island Developing States: Small Islands Big(ger) Stakes' URL: http://unohrlls.org/custom-content/uploads/2013/08/SIDS-Small-Islands-Bigger-Stakes.pdf Year: 2011 _record_number: 25253 _uuid: 6dadfa85-b147-4529-ae50-0e665516e3be reftype: Report child_publication: /report/small-island-developing-states-small-islands-bigger-stakes href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6dadfa85-b147-4529-ae50-0e665516e3be.yaml identifier: 6dadfa85-b147-4529-ae50-0e665516e3be uri: /reference/6dadfa85-b147-4529-ae50-0e665516e3be - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Wong, P.P.; I.J. Losada; J.-P. Gattuso; J. Hinkel; A. Khattabi; K.L. McInnes; Y. Saito; A. Sallenger' Book Title: 'Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change' Editor: 'Field, C.B.; V.R. Barros; D.J. Dokken; K.J. Mach; M.D. Mastrandrea; T.E. Bilir; M. Chatterjee; K.L. Ebi; Y.O. Estrada; R.C. Genova; B. Girma; E.S. Kissel; A.N. Levy; S. MacCracken; P.R. Mastrandrea; L.L.White' Pages: 361-409 Place Published: 'Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA' Publisher: Cambridge University Press Title: Coastal systems and low-lying areas URL: http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/ Year: 2014 _record_number: 20636 _uuid: 6ed929c2-3587-435f-b55f-f8a541035457 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar5-wg2-parta/chapter/wg2-ar5-chap5-final href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6ed929c2-3587-435f-b55f-f8a541035457.yaml identifier: 6ed929c2-3587-435f-b55f-f8a541035457 uri: /reference/6ed929c2-3587-435f-b55f-f8a541035457 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'NOAA Office for Coastal Management,' Place Published: 'Silver Spring, MD' Publisher: NOAA Office for Coastal Management Title: 'Describing the Ocean Economies of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico [web site]' URL: https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/training/econ-usvi-pr.html Year: 2016 _record_number: 25248 _uuid: 6f105ede-8c63-4491-a4c8-711ea3450667 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/862525c9-43ff-42a8-99d5-03202e9825ff href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6f105ede-8c63-4491-a4c8-711ea3450667.yaml identifier: 6f105ede-8c63-4491-a4c8-711ea3450667 uri: /reference/6f105ede-8c63-4491-a4c8-711ea3450667 - attrs: Abstract: 'Reefs and People at Risk Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere put shallow, warm-water coral reef ecosystems, and the people who depend upon them at risk from two key global environmental stresses: 1) elevated sea surface temperature (that can cause coral bleaching and related mortality), and 2) ocean acidification. These global stressors: cannot be avoided by local management, compound local stressors, and hasten the loss of ecosystem services. Impacts to people will be most grave where a) human dependence on coral reef ecosystems is high, b) sea surface temperature reaches critical levels soonest, and c) ocean acidification levels are most severe. Where these elements align, swift action will be needed to protect people’s lives and livelihoods, but such action must be informed by data and science. An Indicator Approach Designing policies to offset potential harm to coral reef ecosystems and people requires a better understanding of where CO2-related global environmental stresses could cause the most severe impacts. Mapping indicators has been proposed as a way of combining natural and social science data to identify policy actions even when the needed science is relatively nascent. To identify where people are at risk and where more science is needed, we map indicators of biological, physical and social science factors to understand how human dependence on coral reef ecosystems will be affected by globally-driven threats to corals expected in a high-CO2 world. Western Mexico, Micronesia, Indonesia and parts of Australia have high human dependence and will likely face severe combined threats. As a region, Southeast Asia is particularly at risk. Many of the countries most dependent upon coral reef ecosystems are places for which we have the least robust data on ocean acidification. These areas require new data and interdisciplinary scientific research to help coral reef-dependent human communities better prepare for a high CO2 world.' Author: 'Pendleton, Linwood; Comte, Adrien; Langdon, Chris; Ekstrom, Julia A.; Cooley, Sarah R.; Suatoni, Lisa; Beck, Michael W.; Brander, Luke M.; Burke, Lauretta; Cinner, Josh E.; Doherty, Carolyn; Edwards, Peter E. T.; Gledhill, Dwight; Jiang, Li-Qing; van Hooidonk, Ruben J.; Teh, Louise; Waldbusser, George G.; Ritter, Jessica' DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164699 Issue: 11 Journal: PLOS ONE Pages: e0164699 Publisher: Public Library of Science Title: 'Coral reefs and people in a high-CO2 world: Where can science make a difference to people?' Volume: 11 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25010 _uuid: 714590d9-dbb7-4ada-b500-fce4f2cf46ca reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1371/journal.pone.0164699 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/714590d9-dbb7-4ada-b500-fce4f2cf46ca.yaml identifier: 714590d9-dbb7-4ada-b500-fce4f2cf46ca uri: /reference/714590d9-dbb7-4ada-b500-fce4f2cf46ca - attrs: Author: 'Harmsen, Eric W.; Miller, Norman L.; Schlegel, Nicole J.; Gonzalez, J. E.' DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2009.02.006 Date: 2009/07/01/ ISSN: 0378-3774 Issue: 7 Journal: Agricultural Water Management Keywords: Climate change; Evapotranspiration; Precipitation; Precipitation deficit; Crop yield; Downscaling; GCM Pages: 1085-1095 Title: 'Seasonal climate change impacts on evapotranspiration, precipitation deficit and crop yield in Puerto Rico' Volume: 96 Year: 2009 _record_number: 25040 _uuid: 72d1011e-bdff-49c0-b00f-8222c2a350ea reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.02.006 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/72d1011e-bdff-49c0-b00f-8222c2a350ea.yaml identifier: 72d1011e-bdff-49c0-b00f-8222c2a350ea uri: /reference/72d1011e-bdff-49c0-b00f-8222c2a350ea