--- - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Hayhoe, Katharine' Institution: Texas Tech University Pages: various Place Published: '[Lubbock, TX]' Title: Quantifying key drivers of climate variability and change for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean URL: https://s3.amazonaws.com/IndividualGISdata/PDFs/KatherineHayhoe_CaribbeanFinalReport.pdf Year: 2013 _record_number: 25083 _uuid: 56d77153-c8fc-4fcf-a7f0-fa0e843936f1 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/quantifying-key-drivers-climate-variability-change-puerto-rico-caribbean href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/56d77153-c8fc-4fcf-a7f0-fa0e843936f1.yaml identifier: 56d77153-c8fc-4fcf-a7f0-fa0e843936f1 uri: /reference/56d77153-c8fc-4fcf-a7f0-fa0e843936f1 - attrs: Abstract: 'Coffee production has long been culturally and economically important in Puerto Rico. However, since peaking in the late nineteenth century, harvests are near record lows with many former farms abandoned. While value-added markets present new opportunities to reinvigorate the industry, regional trends associated with climate change may threaten the ability to produce high-quality coffee. Here, we discuss the history of coffee in Puerto Rico, outline important bioclimatic parameters, and model current and future habitat suitability using statistically downscaled climate data. Model projections suggest that warming trends may surpass important temperature thresholds during the coming decades. Under high (A2) and mid-low (A1B) emission scenarios for 2011–2040, Puerto Rico is projected to exceed mean annual temperature parameters for growth of Coffea arabica. Warming and drying trends may accelerate after 2040 and could result in top producing municipalities losing 60–84% of highly suitable growing conditions by 2070. Under the A2 scenario, Puerto Rico may only retain 24 km2 of highly suitable conditions by 2071–2099. High temperatures and low precipitation levels can result in diminished quality and yields, as well as increased exposure and sensitivity to certain insects and diseases. The climate data and models used are based on best current understanding of climate and emission interactions with results best interpreted as projected climate trends rather than predictions of future weather. Planning, innovation, and adaptation provide promising avenues to address current and future socioecological challenges while building a model of sustainable and resilient coffee production in Puerto Rico and throughout the region.' Author: 'Fain, Stephen J.; Quiñones, Maya; Álvarez-Berríos, Nora L.; Parés-Ramos, Isabel K.; Gould, William A.' DOI: 10.1007/s10584-017-1949-5 Date: January 01 ISSN: 1573-1480 Issue: 1 Journal: Climatic Change Pages: 175-186 Title: 'Climate change and coffee: Assessing vulnerability by modeling future climate suitability in the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico' Type of Article: journal article Volume: 146 Year: 2018 _record_number: 25052 _uuid: 5b4edfc7-1882-4ead-a951-a8ce9fc94c16 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-017-1949-5 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5b4edfc7-1882-4ead-a951-a8ce9fc94c16.yaml identifier: 5b4edfc7-1882-4ead-a951-a8ce9fc94c16 uri: /reference/5b4edfc7-1882-4ead-a951-a8ce9fc94c16 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Jewett, L.; A. Romanou' Book Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I' DOI: 10.7930/J0QV3JQB Editor: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock' Pages: 364-392 Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Title: Ocean Acidification and Other Ocean Changes Year: 2017 _record_number: 21571 _uuid: 5d047224-4e72-46d1-87f5-042c9617472d reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report/chapter/ocean-acidification href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5d047224-4e72-46d1-87f5-042c9617472d.yaml identifier: 5d047224-4e72-46d1-87f5-042c9617472d uri: /reference/5d047224-4e72-46d1-87f5-042c9617472d - attrs: .publisher: Springer-Verlag .reference_type: 0 Author: "Ryu, Jung-Hee\rHayhoe, Katharine" DOI: 10.1007/s00382-013-1801-1 Date: 2013/05/15 ISSN: 0930-7575 Issue: 11 Journal: Climate Dynamics Keywords: "Caribbean precipitation\rNorth Atlantic subtropical high\rCaribbean low-level jet\rGlobal climate models\rLarge-scale dynamics" Language: English Pages: 3233-3252 Title: Understanding the sources of Caribbean precipitation biases in CMIP3 and CMIP5 simulations Volume: 42 Year: 2014 _chapter: '["Appendix 3: Climate Science FINAL"]' _record_number: 4638 _uuid: 5d493a0a-db95-418d-ad99-148d753db96a reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00382-013-1801-1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5d493a0a-db95-418d-ad99-148d753db96a.yaml identifier: 5d493a0a-db95-418d-ad99-148d753db96a uri: /reference/5d493a0a-db95-418d-ad99-148d753db96a - attrs: Author: 'Karmalkar, A. V.; Taylor, M. A.; Campbell, J.; Stephenson, T.; New, M.; Centella, A.; Benzanilla, A.; Charlery, J.' DOI: 10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71076-2 Date: 2013/04/01/ ISSN: 0187-6236 Issue: 2 Journal: Atmósfera Keywords: Climate change; Caribbean islands; impacts; CMIP3; RCM Pages: 283-309 Title: A review of observed and projected changes in climate for the islands in the Caribbean Volume: 26 Year: 2013 _record_number: 25034 _uuid: 5d6c5d88-5e45-4353-a09a-94ffd837498e reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71076-2 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5d6c5d88-5e45-4353-a09a-94ffd837498e.yaml identifier: 5d6c5d88-5e45-4353-a09a-94ffd837498e uri: /reference/5d6c5d88-5e45-4353-a09a-94ffd837498e - attrs: Author: 'Barker, David' DOI: 10.1353/crb.2012.0027 Issue: 2 Journal: Caribbean Studies Pages: 41-61 Title: 'Caribbean agriculture in a period of global change: Vulnerabilities and opportunities.' Volume: 40 Year: 2012 _record_number: 25070 _uuid: 5e1d2291-b8e5-471f-8e5d-47ffb5ddde35 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1353/crb.2012.0027 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5e1d2291-b8e5-471f-8e5d-47ffb5ddde35.yaml identifier: 5e1d2291-b8e5-471f-8e5d-47ffb5ddde35 uri: /reference/5e1d2291-b8e5-471f-8e5d-47ffb5ddde35 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'FAO,' Institution: Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology and FAO Pages: 36 Place Published: 'St James, Barbados and Rome' Report Number: FAO Water Reports 42 Title: Drought characteristics and management in the Caribbean URL: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5695e.pdf Year: 2016 _record_number: 25233 _uuid: 5e71d716-1c34-4d99-916f-b31aef851194 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/drought-characteristics-management-caribbean href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5e71d716-1c34-4d99-916f-b31aef851194.yaml identifier: 5e71d716-1c34-4d99-916f-b31aef851194 uri: /reference/5e71d716-1c34-4d99-916f-b31aef851194 - attrs: Abstract: 'Cattle ranchers and dairy farmers operating throughout many tropical regions are experiencing major challenges associated with climate change such as higher incidence of heat stress and drought. These effects can result in reduced productivity of rangeland, shortage of nutritional feed, increased heat stress on animals, and high energy costs for cooling. High temperatures and resultant heat stress reduce animal productivity and increase the proliferation and survival of parasites and disease pathogens. Warming reduces the ability of dairy cattle to produce milk and gain weight and can also lower conception rates. This paper reviews research from the Caribbean on heat tolerant traits in bovine and presents evidence that introducing a “slick hair” gene into Holstein cows by crossbreeding with Senepols may increase thermo-tolerance and productivity. As in other parts of the tropics, principal cattle breeds in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands have been largely introduced from temperate regions. Research indicates these animals may be poorly adapted to rising temperatures, leaving them increasingly vulnerable to chronic heat stress and reduced productivity. Adaptive practices have been developed in breeding and pasture management programs including selection for more heat-resistant genotypes, silvopasturing and crop diversification in forage production, and optimizing facilities and practices to reduce heat stress. Given the nature of climate vulnerability, an integrated approach to adaptation will likely have the greatest success in reducing future risk for producers.' Author: 'Ortiz-Colón, Guillermo; Fain, Stephen J.; Parés, Isabel K.; Curbelo-Rodríguez, Jaime; Jiménez-Cabán, Esbal; Pagán-Morales, Melvin; Gould, William A.' DOI: 10.1007/s10584-017-2110-1 Date: January 01 ISSN: 1573-1480 Issue: 1 Journal: Climatic Change Pages: 47-58 Title: Assessing climate vulnerabilities and adaptive strategies for resilient beef and dairy operations in the tropics Type of Article: journal article Volume: 146 Year: 2018 _record_number: 25012 _uuid: 5eb60bcf-9414-4f88-9453-ce2e86612da6 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-017-2110-1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5eb60bcf-9414-4f88-9453-ce2e86612da6.yaml identifier: 5eb60bcf-9414-4f88-9453-ce2e86612da6 uri: /reference/5eb60bcf-9414-4f88-9453-ce2e86612da6 - attrs: Abstract: 'An appreciation of the dynamism of the links between soil resources and society provides a platform for examining food security over the next 50 years. Interventions to reverse declining trends in food security must recognize the variable resilience and sensitivity of major tropical soil types. In most agro-ecosystems, declining crop yield is exponentially related to loss of soil quality. For the majority smallholder (subsistence) farmers, investments to reverse degradation are primarily driven by private benefit, socially or financially. “Tragedy of the commons” scenarios can be averted by pragmatic local solutions that help farmers to help themselves.' Author: 'Stocking, M. A.' DOI: 10.1126/science.1088579 Issue: 5649 Journal: Science Pages: 1356-1359 Title: 'Tropical soils and food security: The next 50 years' Volume: 302 Year: 2003 _record_number: 25000 _uuid: 5ee8f1be-71ae-400d-ba7c-2d7155156b9c reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.1088579 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5ee8f1be-71ae-400d-ba7c-2d7155156b9c.yaml identifier: 5ee8f1be-71ae-400d-ba7c-2d7155156b9c uri: /reference/5ee8f1be-71ae-400d-ba7c-2d7155156b9c - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Government of Puerto Rico,' Institution: Government of Puerto Rico Pages: 107 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Title: 'Build Back Better: Puerto Rico. Request for Federal Assistance for Disaster Recovery' URL: https://www.governor.ny.gov/sites/governor.ny.gov/files/atoms/files/Build_Back_Better_PR.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 25257 _uuid: 5fe248bc-443d-4a23-b352-29227bf877f5 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/build-back-better-puerto-rico-request-federal-assistance-disaster-recovery href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5fe248bc-443d-4a23-b352-29227bf877f5.yaml identifier: 5fe248bc-443d-4a23-b352-29227bf877f5 uri: /reference/5fe248bc-443d-4a23-b352-29227bf877f5 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Birchenough, Silvana N. R.' Book Title: 'CME Caribbean Marine Climate Change Report Card 2017: Science Review 2017' Pages: 40-51 Place Published: UK Publisher: Commonwealth Marine Economies (CME) Programme Title: Impacts of climate change on biodiversity in the coastal and marine environments of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/commonwealth-marine-economies-cme-programme-caribbean-marine-climate-change-report-card-scientific-reviews Year: 2017 _record_number: 25241 _uuid: 63aac7f9-5e82-4aff-ab62-75c12537612f reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/cme-caribbean-marine-climate-change-report-card-2017-science-review-2017 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/63aac7f9-5e82-4aff-ab62-75c12537612f.yaml identifier: 63aac7f9-5e82-4aff-ab62-75c12537612f uri: /reference/63aac7f9-5e82-4aff-ab62-75c12537612f - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: "Mimura, N.\rL. Nurse\rR.F. McLean\rJ. Agard\rL. Briguglio\rP. Lefale\rR. Payet\rG. Sem\rAgricole, W.\rEbi, K.\rForbes, D.\rHay, J.\rPulwarty, R.\rNakalevu, T.\rTakahashi, K." Book Title: 'Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change' Editor: "Parry, M.L.\rCanziani, O.F.\rPalutikof, J.P.\rvan der Linden, P.J.\rHanson, C.E." ISBN: 0521705975 Pages: 687-716 Place Published: 'Cambridge, UK' Publisher: Cambridge University Press Reviewer: 63e4948c-5b46-4deb-a37b-9f363a1a8316 Title: 'Ch. 16: Small islands' Year: 2007 _chapter: '["Ch. 23: Hawaii FINAL"]' _record_number: 2048 _uuid: 63e4948c-5b46-4deb-a37b-9f363a1a8316 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar4-wg2 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/63e4948c-5b46-4deb-a37b-9f363a1a8316.yaml identifier: 63e4948c-5b46-4deb-a37b-9f363a1a8316 uri: /reference/63e4948c-5b46-4deb-a37b-9f363a1a8316 - attrs: Abstract: 'The potential ecological and economic effects of climate change for tropical islands were studied using output from 12 statistically downscaled general circulation models (GCMs) taking Puerto Rico as a test case. Two model selection/model averaging strategies were used: the average of all available GCMs and the average of the models that are able to reproduce the observed large-scale dynamics that control precipitation over the Caribbean. Five island-wide and multidecadal averages of daily precipitation and temperature were estimated by way of a climatology-informed interpolation of the site-specific downscaled climate model output. Annual cooling degree-days (CDD) were calculated as a proxy index for air-conditioning energy demand, and two measures of annual no-rainfall days were used as drought indices. Holdridge life zone classification was used to map the possible ecological effects of climate change. Precipitation is predicted to decline in both model ensembles, but the decrease was more severe in the “regionally consistent” models. The precipitation declines cause gradual and linear increases in drought intensity and extremes. The warming from the 1960–90 period to the 2071–99 period was 4.6°–9°C depending on the global emission scenarios and location. This warming may cause increases in CDD, and consequently increasing energy demands. Life zones may shift from wetter to drier zones with the possibility of losing most, if not all, of the subtropical rain forests and extinction risks to rain forest specialists or obligates.' Author: 'Henareh Khalyani, Azad; William A. Gould; Eric Harmsen; Adam Terando; Maya Quinones; Jaime A. Collazo' DOI: 10.1175/jamc-d-15-0182.1 Issue: 2 Journal: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Keywords: 'Tropics,Evapotranspiration,Classification,Interpolation schemes,Ensembles,General circulation models' Pages: 265-282 Title: 'Climate change implications for tropical islands: Interpolating and interpreting statistically downscaled GCM projections for management and planning' Volume: 55 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25039 _uuid: 650b2907-85b1-4b76-a339-a9ec1703c5bd reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0182.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/650b2907-85b1-4b76-a339-a9ec1703c5bd.yaml identifier: 650b2907-85b1-4b76-a339-a9ec1703c5bd uri: /reference/650b2907-85b1-4b76-a339-a9ec1703c5bd - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Puerto Rico Climate Change Council,' Book Title: 'Puerto Rico’s State of the Climate 2010-2013: Assessing Puerto Rico’s Social-Ecological Vulnerabilities in a Changing Climate' Editor: 'Jacobs, Kasey R.; Carrubba, Lisamarie; Díaz, Ernesto L.' Pages: 85-250 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Publisher: 'Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program, Department of Natural and Environmental Resources and NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management' Title: 'Working Group 2 report: Ecology and biodiversity' URL: http://pr-ccc.org/download/PR%20State%20of%20the%20Climate-FINAL_ENE2015.pdf Year: 2013 _record_number: 26696 _uuid: 655645c9-ea1b-41ba-b9a0-b1c31d91d610 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/puerto-ricos-state-climate-2010-2013-assessing-puerto-ricos-social-ecological-vulnerabilities-changing-climate href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/655645c9-ea1b-41ba-b9a0-b1c31d91d610.yaml identifier: 655645c9-ea1b-41ba-b9a0-b1c31d91d610 uri: /reference/655645c9-ea1b-41ba-b9a0-b1c31d91d610 - attrs: DOI: 10.5066/F7GB23BW Distributor: U.S. Geological Survey Investigators: 'Bowden, Jared; Wootten, Adam; Terando, A.; Boyles, R.' Original Release Date: 2018-05-08 Title: 'Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF): Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands Dynamical Downscaled Climate Change Projections' Year: 2018 _record_number: 26428 _uuid: 66a435ae-179c-49f4-981b-248d647b9579 reftype: Dataset child_publication: /dataset/usgs-wrf-puerto-rico-us-virgin-islands-dynamical-downscaled-climate-change-projections-2018 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/66a435ae-179c-49f4-981b-248d647b9579.yaml identifier: 66a435ae-179c-49f4-981b-248d647b9579 uri: /reference/66a435ae-179c-49f4-981b-248d647b9579 - attrs: Abstract: 'Anthropogenic changes in tropical rainfall are evaluated in a multimodel ensemble of global warming simulations. Major discrepancies on the spatial distribution of these precipitation changes remain in the latest-generation models analyzed here. Despite this uncertainty, we find a number of measures, both global and local, on which reasonable agreement is obtained, notably for the regions of drying trend (negative precipitation anomalies). Models agree on the overall amplitude of the precipitation decreases that occur at the margins of the convective zones, with percent error bars of magnitude similar to those for the tropical warming. Similar agreement is found on a precipitation climate sensitivity defined here and on differential moisture increase inside and outside convection zones, a step in a hypothesized causal path leading to precipitation changes. A measure of local intermodel agreement on significant trends indicates consistent predictions for particular regions. Observed rainfall trends in several data sets show a significant summer drying trend in a main region of intermodel agreement: the Caribbean/Central-American region.' Author: 'Neelin, J. D.; Münnich, M.; Su, H.; Meyerson, J. E.; Holloway, C. E.' DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601798103 Issue: 16 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Pages: 6110-6115 Title: Tropical drying trends in global warming models and observations Volume: 103 Year: 2006 _record_number: 25013 _uuid: 680629ff-ef00-462b-9c16-d98dc1d3c163 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.0601798103 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/680629ff-ef00-462b-9c16-d98dc1d3c163.yaml identifier: 680629ff-ef00-462b-9c16-d98dc1d3c163 uri: /reference/680629ff-ef00-462b-9c16-d98dc1d3c163 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Nurse, L. A.; McLean, R. F.; Agard, J.; Briguglio, L. P.; Duvat-Magnan, V.; Pelesikoti, N.; Tompkins, E.; Webb, A.' Book Title: 'Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change' Editor: 'Barros, V. R.; Field, C. B.; Dokken, D. J.; Mastrandrea, M. D.; Mach, K. J.; Bilir, T. E.; Chatterjee, M.; Ebi, K. L.; Estrada, Y. O.; Genova, R. C.; Girma, B.; Kissel, E. S.; Levy, A. N.; MacCracken, S.; Mastrandrea, P. R.; White, L. L.' Pages: 1613-1654 Place Published: 'Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA' Publisher: Cambridge University Press Short Title: Small islands Title: Small islands Year: 2014 _record_number: 17694 _uuid: 69d2444f-ce49-4b08-8cb4-3eb33fbef6ff reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar5-wg2-partb/chapter/wg2-ar5-chap29-final href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/69d2444f-ce49-4b08-8cb4-3eb33fbef6ff.yaml identifier: 69d2444f-ce49-4b08-8cb4-3eb33fbef6ff uri: /reference/69d2444f-ce49-4b08-8cb4-3eb33fbef6ff - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Monnereau, Iris; Hazel A. Oxenford' Book Title: 'CME Caribbean Marine Climate Change Report Card 2017: Science Review 2017' Pages: 124-154 Place Published: UK Publisher: Commonwealth Marine Economies (CME) Programme Title: Impacts of climate change on fisheries in the coastal and marine environments of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/605077/10._Fisheries_combined.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 25242 _uuid: 6a887a73-790f-415d-af89-8bbdc643571f reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/cme-caribbean-marine-climate-change-report-card-2017-science-review-2017 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6a887a73-790f-415d-af89-8bbdc643571f.yaml identifier: 6a887a73-790f-415d-af89-8bbdc643571f uri: /reference/6a887a73-790f-415d-af89-8bbdc643571f - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Zervas, Chris' Institution: 'National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service' Pages: various Place Published: 'Silver Spring, MD' Series Volume: NOAA Technical Report NOS CO-OPS 053 Title: Sea level variations of the United States 1854-2006 URL: https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/Tech_rpt_53.pdf Year: 2009 _record_number: 24398 _uuid: 6b46b616-994d-4fcf-b8d7-1a284bc1bf72 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/noaa-nos-co-ops-36 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6b46b616-994d-4fcf-b8d7-1a284bc1bf72.yaml identifier: 6b46b616-994d-4fcf-b8d7-1a284bc1bf72 uri: /reference/6b46b616-994d-4fcf-b8d7-1a284bc1bf72 - attrs: Abstract: 'Some of the most important impacts of global climate change will be felt among the populations, predominantly in developing countries, referred to as “subsistence” or “smallholder” farmers. Their vulnerability to climate change comes both from being predominantly located in the tropics, and from various socioeconomic, demographic, and policy trends limiting their capacity to adapt to change. However, these impacts will be difficult to model or predict because of (i) the lack of standardised definitions of these sorts of farming system, and therefore of standard data above the national level, (ii) intrinsic characteristics of these systems, particularly their complexity, their location-specificity, and their integration of agricultural and nonagricultural livelihood strategies, and (iii) their vulnerability to a range of climate-related and other stressors. Some recent work relevant to these farming systems is reviewed, a conceptual framework for understanding the diverse forms of impacts in an integrated manner is proposed, and future research needs are identified.' Author: 'Morton, John F.' DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701855104 Issue: 50 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Pages: 19680-19685 Title: The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistence agriculture Volume: 104 Year: 2007 _record_number: 25018 _uuid: 6bdfd0f0-ac10-4084-b2f2-f4819d47638b reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.0701855104 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6bdfd0f0-ac10-4084-b2f2-f4819d47638b.yaml identifier: 6bdfd0f0-ac10-4084-b2f2-f4819d47638b uri: /reference/6bdfd0f0-ac10-4084-b2f2-f4819d47638b - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'UN-OHRLLS,' Institution: 'Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS)' Pages: 28 Place Published: 'New York, NY' Title: 'Small Island Developing States: Small Islands Big(ger) Stakes' URL: http://unohrlls.org/custom-content/uploads/2013/08/SIDS-Small-Islands-Bigger-Stakes.pdf Year: 2011 _record_number: 25253 _uuid: 6dadfa85-b147-4529-ae50-0e665516e3be reftype: Report child_publication: /report/small-island-developing-states-small-islands-bigger-stakes href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6dadfa85-b147-4529-ae50-0e665516e3be.yaml identifier: 6dadfa85-b147-4529-ae50-0e665516e3be uri: /reference/6dadfa85-b147-4529-ae50-0e665516e3be - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Wong, P.P.; I.J. Losada; J.-P. Gattuso; J. Hinkel; A. Khattabi; K.L. McInnes; Y. Saito; A. Sallenger' Book Title: 'Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change' Editor: 'Field, C.B.; V.R. Barros; D.J. Dokken; K.J. Mach; M.D. Mastrandrea; T.E. Bilir; M. Chatterjee; K.L. Ebi; Y.O. Estrada; R.C. Genova; B. Girma; E.S. Kissel; A.N. Levy; S. MacCracken; P.R. Mastrandrea; L.L.White' Pages: 361-409 Place Published: 'Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA' Publisher: Cambridge University Press Title: Coastal systems and low-lying areas URL: http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/ Year: 2014 _record_number: 20636 _uuid: 6ed929c2-3587-435f-b55f-f8a541035457 reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/ipcc-ar5-wg2-parta/chapter/wg2-ar5-chap5-final href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6ed929c2-3587-435f-b55f-f8a541035457.yaml identifier: 6ed929c2-3587-435f-b55f-f8a541035457 uri: /reference/6ed929c2-3587-435f-b55f-f8a541035457 - attrs: .reference_type: 16 Author: 'NOAA Office for Coastal Management,' Place Published: 'Silver Spring, MD' Publisher: NOAA Office for Coastal Management Title: 'Describing the Ocean Economies of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico [web site]' URL: https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/training/econ-usvi-pr.html Year: 2016 _record_number: 25248 _uuid: 6f105ede-8c63-4491-a4c8-711ea3450667 reftype: Web Page child_publication: /webpage/862525c9-43ff-42a8-99d5-03202e9825ff href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6f105ede-8c63-4491-a4c8-711ea3450667.yaml identifier: 6f105ede-8c63-4491-a4c8-711ea3450667 uri: /reference/6f105ede-8c63-4491-a4c8-711ea3450667 - attrs: Abstract: 'Reefs and People at Risk Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere put shallow, warm-water coral reef ecosystems, and the people who depend upon them at risk from two key global environmental stresses: 1) elevated sea surface temperature (that can cause coral bleaching and related mortality), and 2) ocean acidification. These global stressors: cannot be avoided by local management, compound local stressors, and hasten the loss of ecosystem services. Impacts to people will be most grave where a) human dependence on coral reef ecosystems is high, b) sea surface temperature reaches critical levels soonest, and c) ocean acidification levels are most severe. Where these elements align, swift action will be needed to protect people’s lives and livelihoods, but such action must be informed by data and science. An Indicator Approach Designing policies to offset potential harm to coral reef ecosystems and people requires a better understanding of where CO2-related global environmental stresses could cause the most severe impacts. Mapping indicators has been proposed as a way of combining natural and social science data to identify policy actions even when the needed science is relatively nascent. To identify where people are at risk and where more science is needed, we map indicators of biological, physical and social science factors to understand how human dependence on coral reef ecosystems will be affected by globally-driven threats to corals expected in a high-CO2 world. Western Mexico, Micronesia, Indonesia and parts of Australia have high human dependence and will likely face severe combined threats. As a region, Southeast Asia is particularly at risk. Many of the countries most dependent upon coral reef ecosystems are places for which we have the least robust data on ocean acidification. These areas require new data and interdisciplinary scientific research to help coral reef-dependent human communities better prepare for a high CO2 world.' Author: 'Pendleton, Linwood; Comte, Adrien; Langdon, Chris; Ekstrom, Julia A.; Cooley, Sarah R.; Suatoni, Lisa; Beck, Michael W.; Brander, Luke M.; Burke, Lauretta; Cinner, Josh E.; Doherty, Carolyn; Edwards, Peter E. T.; Gledhill, Dwight; Jiang, Li-Qing; van Hooidonk, Ruben J.; Teh, Louise; Waldbusser, George G.; Ritter, Jessica' DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164699 Issue: 11 Journal: PLOS ONE Pages: e0164699 Publisher: Public Library of Science Title: 'Coral reefs and people in a high-CO2 world: Where can science make a difference to people?' Volume: 11 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25010 _uuid: 714590d9-dbb7-4ada-b500-fce4f2cf46ca reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1371/journal.pone.0164699 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/714590d9-dbb7-4ada-b500-fce4f2cf46ca.yaml identifier: 714590d9-dbb7-4ada-b500-fce4f2cf46ca uri: /reference/714590d9-dbb7-4ada-b500-fce4f2cf46ca - attrs: Author: 'Harmsen, Eric W.; Miller, Norman L.; Schlegel, Nicole J.; Gonzalez, J. E.' DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2009.02.006 Date: 2009/07/01/ ISSN: 0378-3774 Issue: 7 Journal: Agricultural Water Management Keywords: Climate change; Evapotranspiration; Precipitation; Precipitation deficit; Crop yield; Downscaling; GCM Pages: 1085-1095 Title: 'Seasonal climate change impacts on evapotranspiration, precipitation deficit and crop yield in Puerto Rico' Volume: 96 Year: 2009 _record_number: 25040 _uuid: 72d1011e-bdff-49c0-b00f-8222c2a350ea reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.02.006 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/72d1011e-bdff-49c0-b00f-8222c2a350ea.yaml identifier: 72d1011e-bdff-49c0-b00f-8222c2a350ea uri: /reference/72d1011e-bdff-49c0-b00f-8222c2a350ea - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'NY Power Authority,; Puerto Rico Electic Power Authority,; Others,' Pages: various Place Published: New York Title: 'Build back better: Reimagining and strengthening the power grid of Puerto Rico' URL: https://www.governor.ny.gov/sites/governor.ny.gov/files/atoms/files/PRERWG_Report_PR_Grid_Resiliency_Report.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 26442 _uuid: 73dcfda2-6c65-4c45-8384-2ba93f9b1d6b reftype: Report child_publication: /report/build-back-better-reimagining-strengthening-power-grid-puerto-rico href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/73dcfda2-6c65-4c45-8384-2ba93f9b1d6b.yaml identifier: 73dcfda2-6c65-4c45-8384-2ba93f9b1d6b uri: /reference/73dcfda2-6c65-4c45-8384-2ba93f9b1d6b - attrs: Abstract: 'We present results from 20-year “high-resolution” regional climate model simulations of precipitation change for the sub-tropical island of Puerto Rico. The Japanese Meteorological Agency Non-Hydrostatic Model (NHM) operating at a 2-km grid resolution is nested inside the Regional Spectral Model (RSM) at 10-km grid resolution, which in turn is forced at the lateral boundaries by the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4). At this resolution, the climate change experiment allows for deep convection in model integrations, which is an important consideration for sub-tropical regions in general, and on islands with steep precipitation gradients in particular that strongly influence local ecological processes and the provision of ecosystem services. Projected precipitation change for this region of the Caribbean is simulated for the mid-twenty-first century (2041–2060) under the RCP8.5 climate-forcing scenario relative to the late twentieth century (1986–2005). The results show that by the mid-twenty-first century, there is an overall rainfall reduction over the island for all seasons compared to the recent climate but with diminished mid-summer drought (MSD) in the northwestern parts of the island. Importantly, extreme rainfall events on sub-daily and daily time scales also become slightly less frequent in the projected mid-twenty-first-century climate over most regions of the island.' Author: 'Bhardwaj, Amit; Misra, Vasubandhu; Mishra, Akhilesh; Wootten, Adrienne; Boyles, Ryan; Bowden, J. H.; Terando, Adam J.' DOI: 10.1007/s10584-017-2130-x Date: March 01 ISSN: 1573-1480 Issue: 1 Journal: Climatic Change Pages: 133-147 Title: Downscaling future climate change projections over Puerto Rico using a non-hydrostatic atmospheric model Type of Article: journal article Volume: 147 Year: 2018 _record_number: 25230 _uuid: 744497bd-974c-497e-bf74-34ff514c0f83 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-017-2130-x href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/744497bd-974c-497e-bf74-34ff514c0f83.yaml identifier: 744497bd-974c-497e-bf74-34ff514c0f83 uri: /reference/744497bd-974c-497e-bf74-34ff514c0f83 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: USGCRP DOI: 10.7930/J0J964J6 Pages: 470 Place Published: 'Washington, DC, USA' Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program Secondary Author: 'Wuebbles, D.J.; D.W. Fahey; K.A. Hibbard; D.J. Dokken; B.C. Stewart; T.K. Maycock' Title: 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I' Year: 2017 _record_number: 21557 _uuid: 75cf1c0b-cc62-4ca4-96a7-082afdfe2ab1 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/climate-science-special-report href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/75cf1c0b-cc62-4ca4-96a7-082afdfe2ab1.yaml identifier: 75cf1c0b-cc62-4ca4-96a7-082afdfe2ab1 uri: /reference/75cf1c0b-cc62-4ca4-96a7-082afdfe2ab1 - attrs: .reference_type: 0 Author: 'Kossin, J.P.' DOI: 10.1038/nature20783 Journal: Nature Pages: 390-393 Title: Hurricane intensification along U. S. coast suppressed during active hurricane periods Volume: 541 Year: 2017 _record_number: 20579 _uuid: 75fdd86f-3d01-45c3-8289-acf02f5c2695 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nature20783 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/75fdd86f-3d01-45c3-8289-acf02f5c2695.yaml identifier: 75fdd86f-3d01-45c3-8289-acf02f5c2695 uri: /reference/75fdd86f-3d01-45c3-8289-acf02f5c2695 - attrs: Abstract: "Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) depend on predictable, frequent, and prolonged immersion in cloud. Clearing upwind lowland forest alters surface energy budgets in ways that influence dry season cloud fields and thus the TMCF environment. Landsat and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite imagery show that deforested areas of Costa Rica's Caribbean lowlands remain relatively cloud-free when forested regions have well-developed dry season cumulus cloud fields. Further, regional atmospheric simulations show that cloud base heights are higher over pasture than over tropical forest areas under reasonable dry season conditions. These results suggest that land use in tropical lowlands has serious impacts on ecosystems in adjacent mountains." Author: 'Lawton, R. O.; Nair, U. S.; Pielke, R. A.; Welch, R. M.' DOI: 10.1126/science.1062459 Issue: 5542 Journal: Science Pages: 584-587 Title: Climatic impact of tropical lowland deforestation on nearby montane cloud forests Volume: 294 Year: 2001 _record_number: 25031 _uuid: 77872e95-b71c-4c52-bb70-301748abfb13 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.1062459 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/77872e95-b71c-4c52-bb70-301748abfb13.yaml identifier: 77872e95-b71c-4c52-bb70-301748abfb13 uri: /reference/77872e95-b71c-4c52-bb70-301748abfb13 - attrs: Author: 'Monmany, Ana Carolina; William A. Gould; María José Andrade-Núñez; Grizelle González; Maya Quiñones' Book Title: Forest Ecology and Conservation Chapter: 4 DOI: 10.5772/67667 Editor: 'Sumit Chakravarty; Gopal Shukla ' ISBN: 978-953-51-3090-1 Pages: 77-95 Place Published: London Publisher: InTech Title: 'Characterizing predictability of fire occurrence in tropical forests and grasslands: The case of Puerto Rico' Year: 2017 _record_number: 25021 _uuid: 778ed64d-68a3-45ee-bc66-6f83acbbc70f reftype: Electronic Book Section child_publication: /book/5494a61e-5b82-4b68-841f-c40ca3370660 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/778ed64d-68a3-45ee-bc66-6f83acbbc70f.yaml identifier: 778ed64d-68a3-45ee-bc66-6f83acbbc70f uri: /reference/778ed64d-68a3-45ee-bc66-6f83acbbc70f - attrs: Abstract: 'Episodes of mass coral bleaching around the world in recent decades have been attributed to periods of anomalously warm ocean temperatures. In 2005, the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the tropical North Atlantic that may have contributed to the strong hurricane season caused widespread coral bleaching in the Eastern Caribbean. Here, we use two global climate models to evaluate the contribution of natural climate variability and anthropogenic forcing to the thermal stress that caused the 2005 coral bleaching event. Historical temperature data and simulations for the 1870–2000 period show that the observed warming in the region is unlikely to be due to unforced climate variability alone. Simulation of background climate variability suggests that anthropogenic warming may have increased the probability of occurrence of significant thermal stress events for corals in this region by an order of magnitude. Under scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions, mass coral bleaching in the Eastern Caribbean may become a biannual event in 20–30 years. However, if corals and their symbionts can adapt by 1–1.5°C, such mass bleaching events may not begin to recur at potentially harmful intervals until the latter half of the century. The delay could enable more time to alter the path of greenhouse gas emissions, although long-term “committed warming” even after stabilization of atmospheric CO2 levels may still represent an additional long-term threat to corals.' Author: 'Donner, Simon D.; Knutson, Thomas R.; Oppenheimer, Michael' DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610122104 Issue: 13 Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Pages: 5483-5488 Title: Model-based assessment of the role of human-induced climate change in the 2005 Caribbean coral bleaching event Volume: 104 Year: 2007 _record_number: 25055 _uuid: 77b77da6-a5c8-4efd-b42f-bbbff3ad0380 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.0610122104 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/77b77da6-a5c8-4efd-b42f-bbbff3ad0380.yaml identifier: 77b77da6-a5c8-4efd-b42f-bbbff3ad0380 uri: /reference/77b77da6-a5c8-4efd-b42f-bbbff3ad0380 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'McField, Melanie' Book Title: 'CME Caribbean Marine Climate Change Report Card 2017: Science Review 2017' Pages: 52-59 Place Published: UK Publisher: Commonwealth Marine Economies (CME) Programme Title: Impacts of climate change on coral in the coastal and marine environments of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) URL: http://crfm.int/~uwohxjxf/images/6._Coral.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 26697 _uuid: 79210fc2-f950-410f-92c4-672714f4e28e reftype: Book Section child_publication: /report/cme-caribbean-marine-climate-change-report-card-2017-science-review-2017 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/79210fc2-f950-410f-92c4-672714f4e28e.yaml identifier: 79210fc2-f950-410f-92c4-672714f4e28e uri: /reference/79210fc2-f950-410f-92c4-672714f4e28e - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Meléndez, Edwin; Jennifer Hinojosa' Institution: 'CUNY Hunter College, Center for Puerto Rican Studies (Centro)' Pages: 7 Place Published: 'New York, NY' Report Number: Centro RB2017-01 Title: Estimates of post Hurricane Maria exodus from Puerto Rico URL: https://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/RB2017-01-POST-MARIA%20EXODUS_V3.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 26434 _uuid: 7926805c-1603-4803-b717-a0ebc5a1082a reftype: Report child_publication: /report/estimates-post-hurricane-maria-exodus-puerto-rico href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7926805c-1603-4803-b717-a0ebc5a1082a.yaml identifier: 7926805c-1603-4803-b717-a0ebc5a1082a uri: /reference/7926805c-1603-4803-b717-a0ebc5a1082a - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'CEHI,' Institution: Caribbean Environmental Health Institute (CEHI) Pages: 38 Place Published: 'Castries, St. Lucia' Title: A Programme for Promoting Rainwater Harvesting in the Caribbean Region URL: http://www.caribbeanrainwaterharvestingtoolbox.com/Media/Print/Programme%20to%20Promote%20RWH%20in%20the%20Cabbean%20Region.pdf Year: 2006 _record_number: 25076 _uuid: 7bc4aec4-1b7e-445c-b0b3-9ba13eb4c620 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/programme-promoting-rainwater-harvesting-caribbean-region href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7bc4aec4-1b7e-445c-b0b3-9ba13eb4c620.yaml identifier: 7bc4aec4-1b7e-445c-b0b3-9ba13eb4c620 uri: /reference/7bc4aec4-1b7e-445c-b0b3-9ba13eb4c620 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'PRASA,' Institution: Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA) Pages: various Place Published: 'Hato Rey, PR' Title: Fiscal Year 2010 Consulting Engineer's Report for the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority URL: https://www.acueductospr.com/INVESTORS/download/Consulting%20Engineer's%20Reports/2011-02-28%20Final%20Report%20FY2010%20CER.pdf Year: 2011 _record_number: 25261 _uuid: 7daa5b0e-d004-4b70-8736-c14fca0d11d5 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/fiscal-year-2010-consulting-engineers-report-puerto-rico-aqueduct-sewer-authority href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/7daa5b0e-d004-4b70-8736-c14fca0d11d5.yaml identifier: 7daa5b0e-d004-4b70-8736-c14fca0d11d5 uri: /reference/7daa5b0e-d004-4b70-8736-c14fca0d11d5 - attrs: Abstract: 'The persistence of carbonate structures on coral reefs is essential in providing habitats for a large number of species and maintaining the extraordinary biodiversity associated with these ecosystems. As a consequence of ocean acidification (OA), the ability of marine calcifiers to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and their rate of CaCO3 production could decrease while rates of bioerosion and CaCO3 dissolution could increase, resulting in a transition from a condition of net accretion to one of net erosion. This would have negative consequences for the role and function of coral reefs and the eco-services they provide to dependent human communities. In this article, we review estimates of bioerosion, CaCO3 dissolution, and net ecosystem calcification (NEC) and how these processes will change in response to OA. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the observed relationships between NEC and seawater aragonite saturation state (Ωa). Finally, we propose that standardized NEC rates combined with observed changes in the ratios of dissolved inorganic carbon to total alkalinity owing to net reef metabolism may provide a biogeochemical tool to monitor the effects of OA in coral reef environments.' Author: 'Andersson, Andreas J.; Dwight Gledhill' DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172241 Issue: 1 Journal: Annual Review of Marine Science Keywords: 'CO2,CaCO3,aragonite,Mg calcite,calcification' Pages: 321-348 Title: 'Ocean acidification and coral reefs: Effects on breakdown, dissolution, and net ecosystem calcification' Volume: 5 Year: 2013 _record_number: 25071 _uuid: 80275bfb-6cfc-4320-b71f-7b7816eddc6b reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172241 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/80275bfb-6cfc-4320-b71f-7b7816eddc6b.yaml identifier: 80275bfb-6cfc-4320-b71f-7b7816eddc6b uri: /reference/80275bfb-6cfc-4320-b71f-7b7816eddc6b - attrs: Author: 'Campbell, Jayaka D.; Taylor, Michael A.; Stephenson, Tannecia S.; Watson, Rhodene A.; Whyte, Felicia S.' DOI: 10.1002/joc.2200 ISSN: 1097-0088 Issue: 12 Journal: International Journal of Climatology Keywords: climate change; Caribbean; scenarios; rainfall; temperature Pages: 1866-1878 Publisher: 'John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.' Title: Future climate of the Caribbean from a regional climate model Volume: 31 Year: 2011 _record_number: 25063 _uuid: 812fc7b5-a2f0-4e62-a767-6b8dc494ea60 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1002/joc.2200 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/812fc7b5-a2f0-4e62-a767-6b8dc494ea60.yaml identifier: 812fc7b5-a2f0-4e62-a767-6b8dc494ea60 uri: /reference/812fc7b5-a2f0-4e62-a767-6b8dc494ea60 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'DRNA,' Institution: 'Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales (DRNA), División Monitoreo del Plan de Aguas' Pages: 89 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Title: Informe sobre la Sequía de 2014-2016 en Puerto Rico URL: http://drna.pr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Informe-Sequia-2014-2016.compressed.pdf Year: 2016 _record_number: 25078 _uuid: 817ebda3-1e29-4e7d-b63f-21193463bae5 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/informe-sobre-la-sequa-de-2014-2016-en-puerto-rico href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/817ebda3-1e29-4e7d-b63f-21193463bae5.yaml identifier: 817ebda3-1e29-4e7d-b63f-21193463bae5 uri: /reference/817ebda3-1e29-4e7d-b63f-21193463bae5 - attrs: .reference_type: 7 Author: 'Trotman, Adrian; Antonio Joyette; Van Meerbeeck, Cedric; Roche Mahon; Shelly-Ann Cox; Neisha Cave; David Farrell' Book Title: 'Drought and Water Crises: Integrating Science, Management, and Policy' Edition: 2nd Editor: 'Wilhite, Donald; Pulwarty, Roger S.' ISBN: 9781138035645 Pages: 431-450 Place Published: 'Boca Raton, FL' Publisher: CRC Press Title: 'Drought risk management in the Caribbean community: Early warning information and other risk reduction considerations' Year: 2017 _record_number: 24997 _uuid: 8402476f-b5d9-4313-938a-9d5993a66eaf reftype: Book Section child_publication: /book/drought-water-crises-integrating-science-management-policy href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8402476f-b5d9-4313-938a-9d5993a66eaf.yaml identifier: 8402476f-b5d9-4313-938a-9d5993a66eaf uri: /reference/8402476f-b5d9-4313-938a-9d5993a66eaf - attrs: .reference_type: 9 Editor: 'Joglar, Rafael L.' ISBN: "0865816018\r9780865816015" Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Publisher: Editorial del Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña Section: 563 Series Title: Serie de historia natural Title: 'Biodiversidad de Puerto Rico: Vertebrados terrestres y ecosistemas' Year: 2005 _record_number: 25087 _uuid: 85974fd4-0073-45b1-9d7a-1f032ffa3e9f reftype: Edited Book child_publication: /book/biodiversidad-de-puerto-rico-vertebrados-terrestres-y-ecosistemas href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/85974fd4-0073-45b1-9d7a-1f032ffa3e9f.yaml identifier: 85974fd4-0073-45b1-9d7a-1f032ffa3e9f uri: /reference/85974fd4-0073-45b1-9d7a-1f032ffa3e9f - attrs: Author: 'He, Jie; Soden, Brian J.' DOI: 10.1038/nclimate3157 Date: 11/14/online Journal: Nature Climate Change Pages: 53 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Title: A re-examination of the projected subtropical precipitation decline Volume: 7 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25236 _uuid: 88043fab-521b-4776-9726-fea9a1a2d049 reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1038/nclimate3157 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/88043fab-521b-4776-9726-fea9a1a2d049.yaml identifier: 88043fab-521b-4776-9726-fea9a1a2d049 uri: /reference/88043fab-521b-4776-9726-fea9a1a2d049 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Gould, William A.; Stephen J. Fain; Isabel K. Pares; Kathleen McGinley; Anne Perry; Rachel F. Steele' Institution: 'USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry' Pages: 67 Place Published: 'Rio Piedras, PR' Title: Caribbean Regional Climate Sub Hub Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies URL: https://www.climatehubs.oce.usda.gov/sites/default/files/Caribbean%20Region%20Vulnerability%20Assessment%20Final.pdf Year: 2015 _record_number: 24977 _uuid: 8871f837-6638-4388-a927-183ff59344b9 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/caribbean-regional-climate-sub-hub-assessment-climate-change-vulnerability-adaptation-mitigation-strategies href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8871f837-6638-4388-a927-183ff59344b9.yaml identifier: 8871f837-6638-4388-a927-183ff59344b9 uri: /reference/8871f837-6638-4388-a927-183ff59344b9 - attrs: Abstract: 'As the global climate warms due to increasing greenhouse gases, the regional climate of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean region will also change. This study presents the latest estimates of the expected changes in temperature, precipitation, tropical cyclone activity, and sea level. Changes in temperature and precipitation are derived from climate model simulations produced for the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR4), by comparing projections for the mid- and late-21st century to the late 20th century and assuming a “middle-of-the-road” scenario for future greenhouse gas emissions. Regional simulations from the North America Regional Climate Change Program (NARCCAP) are used to corroborate the IPCC AR4 rainfall projections over the US portion of the domain. Changes in tropical cyclones and sea level are more uncertain, and our understanding of these variables has changed more since IPCC AR4 than in the case of temperature and precipitation. For these quantities, the current state of knowledge is described based on the recent peer-reviewed literature.' Author: 'Biasutti, Michela; Sobel, Adam H.; Camargo, Suzana J.; Creyts, Timothy T.' DOI: 10.1007/s10584-011-0254-y Date: June 01 ISSN: 1573-1480 Issue: 3 Journal: Climatic Change Pages: 819-845 Title: Projected changes in the physical climate of the Gulf Coast and Caribbean Type of Article: journal article Volume: 112 Year: 2012 _record_number: 25067 _uuid: 89123dd9-0946-403e-b223-9745e46800ad reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-011-0254-y href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/89123dd9-0946-403e-b223-9745e46800ad.yaml identifier: 89123dd9-0946-403e-b223-9745e46800ad uri: /reference/89123dd9-0946-403e-b223-9745e46800ad - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Puerto Rico Climate Change Council,' Institution: Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program Pages: 316 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Title: 'Puerto Rico’s State of the Climate 2010-2013: Assessing Puerto Rico’s Social-Ecological Vulnerabilities in a Changing Climate' URL: http://pr-ccc.org/download/PR%20State%20of%20the%20Climate-FINAL_ENE2015.pdf Year: 2013 _record_number: 25260 _uuid: 895e2c92-d614-4154-8509-7689918c8697 reftype: Report child_publication: /report/puerto-ricos-state-climate-2010-2013-assessing-puerto-ricos-social-ecological-vulnerabilities-changing-climate href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/895e2c92-d614-4154-8509-7689918c8697.yaml identifier: 895e2c92-d614-4154-8509-7689918c8697 uri: /reference/895e2c92-d614-4154-8509-7689918c8697 - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: "Brainard, Russell E.\rBirkeland, Charles\rEakin, C. Mark \rMcElhany, Paul \rMiller, Margaret W.\rPatterson, Matt \rPiniak, Gregory A." Date: September 2011 Institution: 'U.S. Department of Commerce ' Pages: 530 Title: Status Review Report of 82 Candidate Coral Species Petitioned Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS‐PIFSC‐27 URL: http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/library/pubs/tech/NOAA_Tech_Memo_PIFSC_27.pdf Year: 2011 _chapter: '["Ch. 24: Oceans FINAL"]' _record_number: 4378 _uuid: 8960de56-9b32-4544-9255-046a9ef45e0d reftype: Report child_publication: /report/noaa-techmemo-nmfs-pifsc-27 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8960de56-9b32-4544-9255-046a9ef45e0d.yaml identifier: 8960de56-9b32-4544-9255-046a9ef45e0d uri: /reference/8960de56-9b32-4544-9255-046a9ef45e0d - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'ESL,' Institution: Environmental Solutions Limited (ESL) Pages: 70 Place Published: 'Kingston, Jamaica' Title: The Regional Training Workshops in the Conduct of Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (VCA) Studies in Caribbean Countries. Final report URL: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=2ahUKEwjDlvWSxNndAhVMSK0KHXXND1QQFjADegQIAhAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdms.caribbeanclimate.bz%2FM-Files%2Fopenfile.aspx%3Fobjtype%3D0%26docid%3D6512&usg=AOvVaw2HrNkrimBvD2FkNPBr50dQ Year: 2015 _record_number: 26445 _uuid: 899cb14e-1714-48fe-b7ac-bda0a57ff0ba reftype: Report child_publication: /report/regional-training-workshops-conduct-vulnerability-capacity-assessment-vca-studies-caribbean-countries-final-report href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/899cb14e-1714-48fe-b7ac-bda0a57ff0ba.yaml identifier: 899cb14e-1714-48fe-b7ac-bda0a57ff0ba uri: /reference/899cb14e-1714-48fe-b7ac-bda0a57ff0ba - attrs: Abstract: 'The sensitivity of the precipitation over Puerto Rico that is simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is evaluated using multiple combinations of cumulus parameterization (CP) schemes and interior grid nudging. The NCEP–DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2) is downscaled to 2-km horizontal grid spacing both with convective-permitting simulations (CP active only in the middle and outer domains) and with CP schemes active in all domains. The results generally show lower simulated precipitation amounts than are observed, regardless of WRF configuration, but activating the CP schemes in the inner domain improves the annual cycle, intensity, and placement of rainfall relative to the convective-permitting simulations. Furthermore, the use of interior-grid-nudging techniques in the outer domains improves the placement and intensity of rainfall in the inner domain. Incorporating a CP scheme at convective-permitting scales (<4 km) and grid nudging at non-convective-permitting scales (>4 km) improves the island average correlation of precipitation by 0.05–0.2 and reduces the island average RMSE by up to 40 mm on average over relying on the explicit microphysics at convective-permitting scales with grid nudging. Projected changes in summer precipitation between 2040–42 and 1985–87 using WRF to downscale CCSM4 range from a 2.6-mm average increase to an 81.9-mm average decrease, depending on the choice of CP scheme. The differences are only associated with differences between WRF configurations, which indicates the importance of CP scheme for projected precipitation change as well as historical accuracy.' Author: 'Wootten, A.; J. H. Bowden; R. Boyles; A. Terando' DOI: 10.1175/jamc-d-16-0121.1 Issue: 10 Journal: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology Keywords: 'Precipitation,Model evaluation/performance,Regional models' Pages: 2263-2281 Title: The sensitivity of WRF downscaled precipitation in Puerto Rico to cumulus parameterization and interior grid nudging Volume: 55 Year: 2016 _record_number: 25102 _uuid: 8b59c4bd-ba59-4567-9f5d-9c2422b7e05b reftype: Journal Article child_publication: /article/10.1175/jamc-d-16-0121.1 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8b59c4bd-ba59-4567-9f5d-9c2422b7e05b.yaml identifier: 8b59c4bd-ba59-4567-9f5d-9c2422b7e05b uri: /reference/8b59c4bd-ba59-4567-9f5d-9c2422b7e05b - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Puerto Rico Planning Board,' Institution: Puerto Rico Planning Board Pages: 86 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Title: 'Apéndice Estadístico Informe Económico al Gobernador y a la Asamblea Legislativa [Statistical Appendix of the Economic Report to the Governor and to the Legislative Assembly] 2016' URL: http://gis.jp.pr.gov/Externo_Econ/Ap%C3%A9ndices%20Estad%C3%ADsticos/Ap%C3%A9ndice%20Estad%C3%ADstico%202016.pdf Year: 2017 _record_number: 25254 _uuid: 8d7fc5e9-8cb1-4772-bbfd-a387db1230ef reftype: Report child_publication: /report/apndice-estadstico-informe-econmico-al-gobernador-y-la-asamblea-legislativa-statistical-appendix-economic-report-governor-legislative-assembly-2016 href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8d7fc5e9-8cb1-4772-bbfd-a387db1230ef.yaml identifier: 8d7fc5e9-8cb1-4772-bbfd-a387db1230ef uri: /reference/8d7fc5e9-8cb1-4772-bbfd-a387db1230ef - attrs: .reference_type: 10 Author: 'Quiñones, Maya; Parés-Ramos, Isabel K.; Gould, William A.; Gonzalez, Grizelle; McGinley, Kathleen; Ríos, Pedro' Institution: 'USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry' Pages: 63 Place Published: 'San Juan, PR' Report Number: Gen. Tech. Rep. IITF-GTR-47 Title: El Yunque National Forest Atlas URL: https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/iitf/research/?cid=fseprd577058 Year: 2018 _record_number: 26430 _uuid: 8de1d3e4-dc3f-4b39-9d88-2673708bda8c reftype: Report child_publication: /report/el-yunque-national-forest-atlas href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/8de1d3e4-dc3f-4b39-9d88-2673708bda8c.yaml identifier: 8de1d3e4-dc3f-4b39-9d88-2673708bda8c uri: /reference/8de1d3e4-dc3f-4b39-9d88-2673708bda8c