---
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: CDC
    Pages: 13
    Place Published: 'Atlanta, GA'
    Publisher: 'U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention'
    Title: 'Extreme Cold: A Prevention Guide to Promote Your Personal Health and Safety'
    URL: http://www.cdc.gov/disasters/winter/pdf/extreme-cold-guide.pdf
    Year: 2005
    _record_number: 19074
    _uuid: 6fbaca6f-0f56-4fc9-8423-c5e90acfea66
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/cdc-extremecold-2005
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6fbaca6f-0f56-4fc9-8423-c5e90acfea66.yaml
  identifier: 6fbaca6f-0f56-4fc9-8423-c5e90acfea66
  uri: /reference/6fbaca6f-0f56-4fc9-8423-c5e90acfea66
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Uejio, Christopher K.; Yale, Steven H.; Malecki, Kristen; Borchardt, Mark A.; Anderson, Henry A.; Patz, Jonathan A.'
    DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301659
    ISSN: 1541-0048
    Issue: 4
    Journal: American Journal of Public Health
    Pages: 639-646
    Title: 'Drinking water systems, hydrology, and childhood gastrointestinal illness in central and northern Wisconsin'
    Volume: 104
    Year: 2014
    _chapter: Ch5
    _record_number: 16177
    _uuid: 6fd91384-1790-410e-9fad-e689ee470fe6
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.2105/ajph.2013.301659
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6fd91384-1790-410e-9fad-e689ee470fe6.yaml
  identifier: 6fd91384-1790-410e-9fad-e689ee470fe6
  uri: /reference/6fd91384-1790-410e-9fad-e689ee470fe6
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Kilpatrick, A. M.'
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1201010
    ISSN: 1095-9203
    Issue: 6054
    Journal: Science
    Pages: 323-327
    Title: 'Globalization, land use, and the invasion of West Nile virus'
    Volume: 334
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 19168
    _uuid: 6ff1bdd7-3d8f-4f1f-8dd1-2c8d34153c22
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1126/science.1201010
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/6ff1bdd7-3d8f-4f1f-8dd1-2c8d34153c22.yaml
  identifier: 6ff1bdd7-3d8f-4f1f-8dd1-2c8d34153c22
  uri: /reference/6ff1bdd7-3d8f-4f1f-8dd1-2c8d34153c22
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'At temperate latitudes, Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes typically overwinter as adult females in reproductive arrest and also may serve as reservoir hosts for arboviruses when cold temperatures arrest viral replication. To evaluate their role in the persistence of West Nile virus (WNV) in the Sacramento Valley of California, the induction and termination of diapause were investigated for members of the Culex pipiens (L.) complex, Culex tarsalis Coquillett, and Culex stigmatosoma Dyar under field, seminatural, and experimental conditions. All Culex spp. remained vagile throughout winter, enabling the collection of 3,174 females and 1,706 males from diverse habitats during the winters of 2010-2012. Overwintering strategies included both quiescence and diapause. In addition, Cx. pipiens form molestus Forskal females remained reproductively active in both underground and aboveground habitats. Some blood-fed, gravid, and parous Cx. tarsalis and Cx. pipiens complex females were collected throughout the winter period. Under both field and experimental conditions, Cx. tarsalis and Cx. stigmatosoma females exposed to autumnal conditions arrested primary follicular maturation at previtellogenic stage I, with primary to secondary follicular ratios <1.5 (indicative of a hormonally induced diapause). In contrast, most Cx. pipiens complex females did not enter reproductive diapause and ovarian follicles matured to >or=stage I-II (host-seeking arrest) or were found in various stages of degeneration. Diapause was initiated in the majority of Cx. tarsalis and Cx. stigmatosoma females by mid-late October and was terminated after the winter solstice, but host-seeking seemed limited by temperature. An accrual of 97.52 +/- 30.7 and 162.85 +/- 79.3 degree-days after the winter solstice was estimated to be necessary for diapause termination in Cx. tarsalis under field and seminatural conditions, respectively. An increase in the proportion of blood-fed Culex females in resting collections occurred concurrently with diapause termination in field populations based on ovarian morphometrics. WNV RNA was detected in one pool of 18 males and in a single blood-fed female Cx. tarsalis collected during winter. Therefore, both vertically and horizontally infected Culex females may persist through winter and possibly transmit WNV after diapause termination in late winter or early spring in the Sacramento Valley of California.'
    Author: 'Nelms, B. M.; Macedo, P. A.; Kothera, L.; Savage, H. M.; Reisen, W. K.'
    DOI: 10.1603/me12280
    Date: Jul
    ISSN: 1938-2928
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Journal of Medical Entomology
    Keywords: Animals; California/epidemiology; Cercopithecus aethiops; Culex/*physiology; Ecosystem; Environment; Female; Humans; Insect Vectors/*physiology; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Population Dynamics; Reproduction; Seasons; Species Specificity; Vero Cells/virology; Viral Plaque Assay; West Nile Fever/epidemiology/virology; West Nile virus/isolation & purification
    Notes: "Nelms, Brittany M Macedo, Paula A Kothera, Linda Savage, Harry M Reisen, William K eng R01 AI 55607/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ R01 AI055607/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2013/08/10 06:00 J Med Entomol. 2013 Jul;50(4):773-90."
    Pages: 773-790
    Title: 'Overwintering biology of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in the Sacramento Valley of California'
    Volume: 50
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 18017
    _uuid: 705a18b8-1166-4750-9240-9cc8b41b947a
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1603/me12280
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/705a18b8-1166-4750-9240-9cc8b41b947a.yaml
  identifier: 705a18b8-1166-4750-9240-9cc8b41b947a
  uri: /reference/705a18b8-1166-4750-9240-9cc8b41b947a
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Leiserowitz, A.; Maibach, E.; Roser-Renouf, C.; Feinberg, G.; Howe, P.'
    Pages: 31
    Place Published: 'New Haven, CT'
    Publisher: 'Yale Project on Climate Change Communication, Yale University and George Mason University'
    Title: "Climate Change in The American Mind: Americans' Global Warming Beliefs and Attitudes in September 2012"
    URL: http://environment.yale.edu/climate-communication/files/Climate-Beliefs-September-2012.pdf
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 18123
    _uuid: 70872934-f932-4bdc-babb-b60b5714a7c0
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/climate-change-american-mind-sep-2012
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/70872934-f932-4bdc-babb-b60b5714a7c0.yaml
  identifier: 70872934-f932-4bdc-babb-b60b5714a7c0
  uri: /reference/70872934-f932-4bdc-babb-b60b5714a7c0
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Conroy, J. P.'
    DOI: 10.1071/bt9920445
    ISSN: 0067-1924
    Issue: 5
    Journal: Australian Journal of Botany
    Pages: 445-456
    Title: Influence of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on plant nutrition
    Volume: 40
    Year: 1992
    _chapter: Ch6
    _record_number: 17900
    _uuid: 70ac19fb-f6f0-43ed-872c-c7d8cff60b0e
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1071/bt9920445
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/70ac19fb-f6f0-43ed-872c-c7d8cff60b0e.yaml
  identifier: 70ac19fb-f6f0-43ed-872c-c7d8cff60b0e
  uri: /reference/70ac19fb-f6f0-43ed-872c-c7d8cff60b0e
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Filiberto, David; Wethington, Elaine; Pillemer, Karl; Wells, Nancy; Wysocki, Mark; Parise, Jennifer True'
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Generations
    Pages: 19-25
    Title: 'Older people and climate change: Vulnerability and health effects'
    URL: http://www.asaging.org/blog/older-people-and-climate-change-vulnerability-and-health-effects
    Volume: 33
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 18834
    _uuid: 70dc3069-3e40-4d5e-966b-5323c749b89d
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/older-people-climate-change-vulnerability-health-effects
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/70dc3069-3e40-4d5e-966b-5323c749b89d.yaml
  identifier: 70dc3069-3e40-4d5e-966b-5323c749b89d
  uri: /reference/70dc3069-3e40-4d5e-966b-5323c749b89d
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Haman, C. L.; Couzo, E.; Flynn, J. H.; Vizuete, W.; Heffron, B.; Lefer, B. L.'
    DOI: 10.1002/2013JD020473
    ISSN: 2169-8996
    Issue: 10
    Journal: 'Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'
    Pages: 6230-6245
    Title: 'Relationship between boundary layer heights and growth rates with ground-level ozone in Houston, Texas'
    Volume: 119
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 18894
    _uuid: 713831bd-1a07-4549-a4cb-1560df48103c
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1002/2013JD020473
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/713831bd-1a07-4549-a4cb-1560df48103c.yaml
  identifier: 713831bd-1a07-4549-a4cb-1560df48103c
  uri: /reference/713831bd-1a07-4549-a4cb-1560df48103c
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'Thunderstorms have been linked to asthma epidemics, especially during the pollen seasons, and there are descriptions of asthma outbreaks associated with thunderstorms, which occurred in several cities, prevalently in Europe (Birmingham and London in the UK and Napoli in Italy) and Australia (Melbourne and Wagga Wagga). Pollen grains can be carried by thunderstorm at ground level, where pollen rupture would be increased with release of allergenic biological aerosols of paucimicronic size, derived from the cytoplasm and which can penetrate deep into lower airways. In other words, there is evidence that under wet conditions or during thunderstorms, pollen grains may, after rupture by osmotic shock, release into the atmosphere part of their content, including respirable, allergen-carrying cytoplasmic starch granules (0.5-2.5 microm) or other paucimicronic components that can reach lower airways inducing asthma reactions in pollinosis patients. The thunderstorm-asthma outbreaks are characterized, at the beginning of thunderstorms by a rapid increase of visits for asthma in general practitioner or hospital emergency departments. Subjects without asthma symptoms, but affected by seasonal rhinitis can experience an asthma attack. No unusual levels of air pollution were noted at the time of the epidemics, but there was a strong association with high atmospheric concentrations of pollen grains such as grasses or other allergenic plant species. However, subjects affected by pollen allergy should be informed about a possible risk of asthma attack at the beginning of a thunderstorm during pollen season.'
    Author: "D'Amato, G.; Liccardi, G.; Frenguelli, G."
    Author Address: 'Division of Pneumology and Allergology, Department of Respiratory Diseases, High Speciality Hospital A. Cardarelli, Napoli, Italy.'
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01271.x
    Date: Jan
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Allergy
    Keywords: 'Asthma/*epidemiology/etiology; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; *Rain; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/*epidemiology/etiology; Seasons'
    Language: eng
    Notes: "D'Amato, G Liccardi, G Frenguelli, G Journal Article Review Denmark Allergy. 2007 Jan;62(1):11-6."
    Pages: 11-16
    Title: Thunderstorm-asthma and pollen allergy
    Volume: 62
    Year: 2007
    _record_number: 18458
    _uuid: 713cd919-826b-426d-bf51-761a58ec7f22
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01271.x
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/713cd919-826b-426d-bf51-761a58ec7f22.yaml
  identifier: 713cd919-826b-426d-bf51-761a58ec7f22
  uri: /reference/713cd919-826b-426d-bf51-761a58ec7f22
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Hansen, A. L.; Bi, P.; Ryan, P.; Nitschke, M.; Pisaniello, D.; Tucker, G.'
    DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyn165
    ISSN: 1464-3685
    Issue: 6
    Journal: International Journal of Epidemiology
    Pages: 1359-1365
    Title: The effect of heat waves on hospital admissions for renal disease in a temperate city of Australia
    Volume: 37
    Year: 2008
    _chapter: Ch9
    _record_number: 17852
    _uuid: 71c9964f-91e4-42f0-bb0d-9b771d44ac79
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1093/ije/dyn165
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/71c9964f-91e4-42f0-bb0d-9b771d44ac79.yaml
  identifier: 71c9964f-91e4-42f0-bb0d-9b771d44ac79
  uri: /reference/71c9964f-91e4-42f0-bb0d-9b771d44ac79
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: "Zanobetti, A.\rO'Neill, M.S.\rGronlund, C.J.\rSchwartz, J.D."
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113070109
    ISSN: 0027-8424
    Issue: 17
    Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    Pages: 6608-6613
    Title: Summer temperature variability and long-term survival among elderly people with chronic disease
    Volume: 109
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: '["Ch. 9: Human Health FINAL","Overview"]'
    _record_number: 3526
    _uuid: 71cceabc-45d8-4b40-bb94-30755e6db7d3
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1073/pnas.1113070109
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/71cceabc-45d8-4b40-bb94-30755e6db7d3.yaml
  identifier: 71cceabc-45d8-4b40-bb94-30755e6db7d3
  uri: /reference/71cceabc-45d8-4b40-bb94-30755e6db7d3
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'OBJECTIVES: We present regional patterns and trends in all-cause mortality and leading causes of death in American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). METHODS: US National Death Index records were linked with Indian Health Service (IHS) registration records to identify AI/AN deaths misclassified as non-AI/AN. We analyzed temporal trends for 1990 to 2009 and comparisons between non-Hispanic AI/AN and non-Hispanic White persons by geographic region for 1999 to 2009. Results focus on IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties in which less race misclassification occurs. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2009 AI/AN persons did not experience the significant decreases in all-cause mortality seen for Whites. For 1999 to 2009 the all-cause death rate in CHSDA counties for AI/AN persons was 46% more than that for Whites. Death rates for AI/AN persons varied as much as 50% among regions. Except for heart disease and cancer, subsequent ranking of specific causes of death differed considerably between AI/AN and White persons. CONCLUSIONS: AI/AN populations continue to experience much higher death rates than Whites. Patterns of mortality are strongly influenced by the high incidence of diabetes, smoking prevalence, problem drinking, and social determinants. Much of the observed excess mortality can be addressed through known public health interventions.'
    Author: 'Espey, D. K.; Jim, M. A.; Cobb, N.; Bartholomew, M.; Becker, T.; Haverkamp, D.; Plescia, M.'
    Author Address: 'David K. Espey, Melissa A. Jim, Don Haverkamp, and Marcus Plescia are with the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. At the time of the study, Nathaniel Cobb was with and Michael Bartholomew is currently with the Division of Epidemiology and Disease Prevention, Indian Health Service (IHS), Rockville, MD. Tom Becker is with Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland. David K. Espey is also a guest editor for this supplement issue.'
    DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301798
    Date: Jun
    ISSN: 1541-0048
    Issue: S3
    Journal: American Journal of Public Health
    Keywords: 'Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska/epidemiology; *Cause of Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Indians, North American/*statistics & numerical data; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Inuits/*statistics & numerical data; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality/trends; United States/epidemiology'
    Language: eng
    Notes: '1541-0048 Espey, David K Jim, Melissa A Cobb, Nathaniel Bartholomew, Michael Becker, Tom Haverkamp, Don Plescia, Marcus Journal Article United States Am J Public Health. 2014 Jun;104 Suppl 3:S303-11. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301798. Epub 2014 Apr 22.'
    PMCID: PMC4035872
    Pages: S303-S311
    Title: Leading causes of death and all-cause mortality in American Indians and Alaska Natives
    Volume: 104
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 19082
    _uuid: 720f431d-8dfc-416d-b986-1e98f4851460
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.2105/ajph.2013.301798
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/720f431d-8dfc-416d-b986-1e98f4851460.yaml
  identifier: 720f431d-8dfc-416d-b986-1e98f4851460
  uri: /reference/720f431d-8dfc-416d-b986-1e98f4851460
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Ziska, Lewis H.'
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098516
    ISSN: 1932-6203
    Issue: 6
    Journal: PLoS ONE
    Notes: 'Ch6,9'
    Pages: e98516
    Title: Increasing minimum daily temperatures are associated with enhanced pesticide use in cultivated soybean along a latitudinal gradient in the Mid-Western United States
    Volume: 9
    Year: 2014
    _chapter: 'Ch6,9'
    _record_number: 16489
    _uuid: 722318af-75e4-4a36-a2bb-6ba291901c7a
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1371/journal.pone.0098516
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/722318af-75e4-4a36-a2bb-6ba291901c7a.yaml
  identifier: 722318af-75e4-4a36-a2bb-6ba291901c7a
  uri: /reference/722318af-75e4-4a36-a2bb-6ba291901c7a
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'BACKGROUND: Previous studies on the associations between ambient pollen exposures and daily respiratory symptoms have produced inconsistent results. We investigated these relationships in a cohort of asthmatic children using pollen exposure models to estimate individual ambient exposures. METHODS: Daily symptoms of wheeze, night symptoms, shortness of breath, chest tightness, persistent cough, and rescue medication use were recorded in a cohort of 430 children with asthma (age 4-12 years) in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York. Daily ambient exposures to tree, grass, weed, and total pollen were estimated using mixed-effects models. We stratified analyses by use of asthma maintenance medication and sensitization to grass or weed pollens. Separate logistic regression analyses using generalized estimating equations were performed for each symptom outcome and pollen type. We adjusted analyses for maximum daily temperature, maximum 8-hour average ozone, fine particles (PM2.5), season, and antibiotic use. RESULTS: Associations were observed among children sensitized to specific pollens; these associations varied by use of asthma maintenance medication. Exposures to even relatively low levels of weed pollen (6-9 grains/m(3)) were associated with increased shortness of breath, chest tightness, rescue medication use, wheeze, and persistent cough, compared with lower exposure among sensitized children on maintenance medication. Grass pollen exposures >/= 2 grains/m(3) were associated with wheeze, night symptoms, shortness of breath, and persistent cough compared with lower exposure among sensitized children who did not take maintenance medication. CONCLUSION: Even low-level pollen exposure was associated with daily asthmatic symptoms.'
    Author: 'DellaValle, C. T.; Triche, E. W.; Leaderer, B. P.; Bell, M. L.'
    DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31823b66b8
    Date: Jan
    ISSN: 1531-5487
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Epidemiology
    Keywords: 'Asthma/*epidemiology/etiology; Child; Child, Preschool; Connecticut/epidemiology; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Massachusetts/epidemiology; New York/epidemiology; Pollen/*adverse effects; Prospective Studies; Seasons; Severity of Illness Index; Weather'
    Language: eng
    Notes: '1531-5487 DellaValle, Curt T Triche, Elizabeth W Leaderer, Brian P Bell, Michelle L ES01247/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ES05410/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ES07456/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ES11013/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States R01 ES005410/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States R01 ES005410-09/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States R01 ES011013/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States R01 ES011013-05A1/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural United States Epidemiology. 2012 Jan;23(1):55-63. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31823b66b8.'
    Pages: 55-63
    Title: Effects of ambient pollen concentrations on frequency and severity of asthma symptoms among asthmatic children
    Volume: 23
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 18463
    _uuid: 727c62e3-9a02-41cb-8c91-31ec4e1f1085
    reftype: Journal Article
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  uri: /reference/727c62e3-9a02-41cb-8c91-31ec4e1f1085
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    Author: 'Myers, Samuel S.; Zanobetti, Antonella; Kloog, Itai; Huybers, Peter; Leakey, Andrew D. B.; Bloom, Arnold J.; Carlisle, Eli; Dietterich, Lee H.; Fitzgerald, Glenn; Hasegawa, Toshihiro; Holbrook, N. Michele; Nelson, Randall L.; Ottman, Michael J.; Raboy, Victor; Sakai, Hidemitsu; Sartor, Karla A.; Schwartz, Joel; Seneweera, Saman; Tausz, Michael; Usui, Yasuhiro'
    DOI: 10.1038/nature13179
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Issue: 7503
    Journal: Nature
    Pages: 139-142
    Title: Increasing CO2 threatens human nutrition
    Volume: 510
    Year: 2014
    _chapter: Ch6
    _record_number: 16207
    _uuid: 7287b49d-8c0d-4f11-95f2-c565c2dd2ee9
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1038/nature13179
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  uri: /reference/7287b49d-8c0d-4f11-95f2-c565c2dd2ee9
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    .publisher: American Meteorological Society
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'Abstract Convectively generated wind-storms occur over broad temporal and spatial scales; however, the more widespread and longer lived of these windstorms have been given the name ?derecho.? Utilizing an integrated derecho database, including 377 events from 1986 to 2003, this investigation reveals the amount of insured property losses, fatalities, and injuries associated with these windstorms in the United States. Individual derechos have been responsible for up to 8 fatalities, 204 injuries, forest blow-downs affecting over 3,000 km2 of timber, and estimated insured losses of nearly a $500 million. Findings illustrate that derecho fatalities occur more frequently in vehicles or while boating, while injuries are more likely to happen in vehicles or mobile homes. Both fatalities and injuries are most common outside the region with the highest derecho frequency. An underlying synthesis of both physical and social vulnerabilities is suggested as the cause of the unexpected casualty distribution. In addition, casualty statistics and damage estimates from hurricanes and tornadoes are contrasted with those from derechos to emphasize that derechos can be as hazardous as many tornadoes and hurricanes. Convectively generated wind-storms occur over broad temporal and spatial scales; however, the more widespread and longer lived of these windstorms have been given the name ?derecho.? Utilizing an integrated derecho database, including 377 events from 1986 to 2003, this investigation reveals the amount of insured property losses, fatalities, and injuries associated with these windstorms in the United States. Individual derechos have been responsible for up to 8 fatalities, 204 injuries, forest blow-downs affecting over 3,000 km2 of timber, and estimated insured losses of nearly a $500 million. Findings illustrate that derecho fatalities occur more frequently in vehicles or while boating, while injuries are more likely to happen in vehicles or mobile homes. Both fatalities and injuries are most common outside the region with the highest derecho frequency. An underlying synthesis of both physical and social vulnerabilities is suggested as the cause of the unexpected casualty distribution. In addition, casualty statistics and damage estimates from hurricanes and tornadoes are contrasted with those from derechos to emphasize that derechos can be as hazardous as many tornadoes and hurricanes.'
    Author: 'Ashley, Walker S.; Mote, Thomas L.'
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-86-11-1577
    Date: 2005/11/01
    ISSN: 1520-0477
    Issue: 11
    Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
    Pages: 1577-1592
    Title: Derecho hazards in the United States
    Volume: 86
    Year: 2005
    _record_number: 19000
    _uuid: 72a90ea0-20cc-43a9-bc13-dbcb51657e1d
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1175/BAMS-86-11-1577
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- attrs:
    .reference_type: 9
    Abstract: 'Does a longer life mean a healthier life? The number of adults over 65 in the United States is growing, but many may not be aware that they are at greater risk from foodborne diseases and their nutritional needs change as they age. The IOM&#039;s Food Forum held a workshop October 29-30, 2009, to discuss food safety and nutrition concerns for older adults.'
    Author: IOM
    ISBN: 978-0-309-15883-1
    Keywords: Food and Nutrition; Health and Medicine
    Language: English
    Number of Pages: 192
    Place Published: 'Washington, D.C.'
    Publisher: Institute of Medicine. The National Academies Press
    Title: 'Providing Healthy and Safe Foods As We Age: Workshop Summary'
    URL: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12967/providing-healthy-and-safe-foods-as-we-age-workshop-summary
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 18227
    _uuid: 735069cb-7a30-4d28-9641-c9f553987574
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /report/iom-providing-healthy-2010
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  uri: /reference/735069cb-7a30-4d28-9641-c9f553987574
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    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'While the Arctic region has been warming strongly in recent decades, anomalously large snowfall in recent winters has affected large parts of North America, Europe, and east Asia. Here we demonstrate that the decrease in autumn Arctic sea ice area is linked to changes in the winter Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation that have some resemblance to the negative phase of the winter Arctic oscillation. However, the atmospheric circulation change linked to the reduction of sea ice shows much broader meridional meanders in midlatitudes and clearly different interannual variability than the classical Arctic oscillation. This circulation change results in more frequent episodes of blocking patterns that lead to increased cold surges over large parts of northern continents. Moreover, the increase in atmospheric water vapor content in the Arctic region during late autumn and winter driven locally by the reduction of sea ice provides enhanced moisture sources, supporting increased heavy snowfall in Europe during early winter and the northeastern and midwestern United States during winter. We conclude that the recent decline of Arctic sea ice has played a critical role in recent cold and snowy winters.'
    Author: 'Liu, J.; Curry, J. A.; Wang, H.; Song, M.; Horton, R. M.'
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1114910109
    Date: 'February 27, 2012'
    ISSN: 1091-6490
    Issue: 11
    Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    Pages: 4074-4079
    Title: Impact of declining Arctic sea ice on winter snowfall
    URL: http://www.pnas.org/content/109/11/4074.full.pdf+html
    Volume: 109
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: '["Ch. 16: Northeast FINAL","Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate FINAL","RF 1"]'
    _record_number: 886
    _uuid: 736c24a5-149a-4d5b-88c5-e729af8c3b0c
    reftype: Journal Article
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  uri: /reference/736c24a5-149a-4d5b-88c5-e729af8c3b0c
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: EPA
    Date Published: 'February 6, 2015'
    Number: 'March 20, 2015'
    Place Published: 'Washington, D.C.'
    Publisher: 'U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality'
    Title: Tier 2 Vehicle and Gasoline Sulfur Program
    URL: http://www.epa.gov/tier2/
    Volume: 2015
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 18986
    _uuid: 7392ba34-1f61-448b-9451-11ab04a0523b
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/bcc4b0ad-0b45-4dc2-97d2-28a7ebfcdd8b
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  identifier: 7392ba34-1f61-448b-9451-11ab04a0523b
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- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: "Orlowsky, B.\rSeneviratne, S.I."
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-011-0122-9
    ISSN: 0165-0009
    Issue: 3-4
    Journal: Climatic Change
    Pages: 669-696
    Title: 'Global changes in extreme events: Regional and seasonal dimension'
    URL: http://www.iac.ethz.ch/doc/publications/fulltext.pdf
    Volume: 110
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: '["Ch. 3: Water Resources FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 2366
    _uuid: 73bd27a4-2d08-49c7-81ee-dbb12667e6df
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-011-0122-9
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  uri: /reference/73bd27a4-2d08-49c7-81ee-dbb12667e6df
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: FAO
    Date Published: 'November 2, 2014'
    Publisher: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    Title: Definitions of Purposes of the Codex Alimentarius
    URL: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y2200e/y2200e07.htm
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 18303
    _uuid: 73f0ec07-dbf7-450f-ad0f-fed0b3838b48
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/2961da2b-eee6-4ca1-8f2d-657f0e800c95
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/73f0ec07-dbf7-450f-ad0f-fed0b3838b48.yaml
  identifier: 73f0ec07-dbf7-450f-ad0f-fed0b3838b48
  uri: /reference/73f0ec07-dbf7-450f-ad0f-fed0b3838b48
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Kailes, J. I.; Enders, A.'
    DOI: 10.1177/10442073070170040601
    ISSN: 1044-2073
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Journal of Disability Policy Studies
    Pages: 230-237
    Title: 'Moving beyond "special needs": A function-based framework for emergency management and planning'
    Volume: 17
    Year: 2007
    _chapter: Ch9
    _record_number: 17860
    _uuid: 73f5fe96-b7b3-4d01-899f-792625c680e1
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1177/10442073070170040601
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/73f5fe96-b7b3-4d01-899f-792625c680e1.yaml
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  uri: /reference/73f5fe96-b7b3-4d01-899f-792625c680e1
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: U.S. Census Bureau
    Publisher: U.S. Department of Commerce
    Title: 'U.S. Census 2010: Resident Population Data'
    URL: http://www.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 19344
    _uuid: 73fbe388-60ad-4b17-aed3-acb6f64b6ed0
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/9559051c-7fae-4869-a450-5ae06323e7ae
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/73fbe388-60ad-4b17-aed3-acb6f64b6ed0.yaml
  identifier: 73fbe388-60ad-4b17-aed3-acb6f64b6ed0
  uri: /reference/73fbe388-60ad-4b17-aed3-acb6f64b6ed0
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: SAMHSA
    Pages: 23
    Publisher: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
    Title: Current Statistics on the Prevalence and Characteristics of People Experience Homelessness in the United States
    URL: http://homeless.samhsa.gov/ResourceFiles/hrc_factsheet.pdf
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 19223
    _uuid: 74632c28-fc97-4883-8015-20f15e85e864
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/samhsa-homelessness-2011
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/74632c28-fc97-4883-8015-20f15e85e864.yaml
  identifier: 74632c28-fc97-4883-8015-20f15e85e864
  uri: /reference/74632c28-fc97-4883-8015-20f15e85e864
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Hondula, David M.; Balling, Robert C., Jr.; Vanos, J.K.; Georgescu, Matei'
    DOI: 10.1007/s40641-015-0016-4
    ISSN: 2198-6061
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Current Climate Change Reports
    Pages: 144-154
    Title: 'Rising temperatures, human health, and the role of adaptation'
    Volume: 1
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 19278
    _uuid: 749bdc28-1eb2-4833-b7a3-09ec2afa6907
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s40641-015-0016-4
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