---
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Špitalar, Maruša; Gourley, Jonathan J.; Lutoff, Celine; Kirstetter, Pierre-Emmanuel; Brilly, Mitja; Carr, Nicholas'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.07.004
    ISSN: 0022-1694
    Journal: Journal of Hydrology
    Pages: 863-870
    Title: Analysis of flash flood parameters and human impacts in the US from 2006 to 2012
    Volume: 519
    Year: 2014
    _chapter: Ch7
    _record_number: 17805
    _uuid: 3f57831b-3c94-4ca9-863b-594a81f51b20
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.07.004
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  uri: /reference/3f57831b-3c94-4ca9-863b-594a81f51b20
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Southwick, Steven M.; Bonanno, George A.; Masten, Ann S.; Panter-Brick, Catherine; Yehuda, Rachel'
    DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338
    ISSN: 2000-818X
    Issue: 0
    Journal: European Journal of Psychotraumatology
    Title: 'Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives'
    Volume: 5
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 19227
    _uuid: 3f6b5a53-be5f-481f-baa6-241f28255dbc
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338
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  identifier: 3f6b5a53-be5f-481f-baa6-241f28255dbc
  uri: /reference/3f6b5a53-be5f-481f-baa6-241f28255dbc
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Henderson, Sarah B.; Johnston, Fay H.'
    DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e328353351f
    ISSN: 1528-4050
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
    Pages: 221-227
    Title: Measures of forest fire smoke exposure and their associations with respiratory health outcomes
    Volume: 12
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: Ch7
    _record_number: 17779
    _uuid: 3f73c3f1-422d-44f0-8b31-889628464021
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1097/ACI.0b013e328353351f
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3f73c3f1-422d-44f0-8b31-889628464021.yaml
  identifier: 3f73c3f1-422d-44f0-8b31-889628464021
  uri: /reference/3f73c3f1-422d-44f0-8b31-889628464021
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Forman, J.; Silverstein, J.'
    DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-2579
    ISSN: 1098-4275
    Issue: 5
    Journal: Pediatrics
    Pages: e1406-e1415
    Title: 'Organic foods: Health and environmental advantages and disadvantages'
    Volume: 130
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 19112
    _uuid: 3f74fa2b-204c-416e-ac42-1b89e4d92f7f
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1542/peds.2012-2579
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3f74fa2b-204c-416e-ac42-1b89e4d92f7f.yaml
  identifier: 3f74fa2b-204c-416e-ac42-1b89e4d92f7f
  uri: /reference/3f74fa2b-204c-416e-ac42-1b89e4d92f7f
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: "Georgakakos, Aris\rFleming, Paul\rDettinger, Michael\rPeters-Lidard, Christa\rTerese (T.C.) Richmond, \rReckhow, Ken\rWhite, Kathleen\rYates, David"
    Book Title: 'Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment'
    DOI: 10.7930/J0G44N6T
    Editor: 'Melillo, Jerry M.; Richmond, Terese (T.C.); Yohe, Gary W.'
    Pages: 69-112
    Place Published: 'Washington, DC'
    Publisher: U.S. Global Change Research Program
    Reviewer: 3ff0e30a-c5ee-4ed9-8034-288be428125b
    Title: 'Ch. 3: Water Resources'
    URL: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/water
    Year: 2014
    _chapter: '["Ch. 0: About this Report FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 4714
    _uuid: 3ff0e30a-c5ee-4ed9-8034-288be428125b
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /report/nca3/chapter/water-resources
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  identifier: 3ff0e30a-c5ee-4ed9-8034-288be428125b
  uri: /reference/3ff0e30a-c5ee-4ed9-8034-288be428125b
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 9
    Abstract: 'Almost all homes, apartments, and commercial buildings will experience leaks, flooding, or other forms of excessive indoor dampness at some point. Not only is excessive dampness a health problem by itself, it also contributes to several other potentially problematic types of situations. Molds and other microbial agents favor damp indoor environments, and excess moisture may initiate the release of chemical emissions from damaged building materials and furnishings. This new book from the Institute of Medicine examines the health impact of exposures resulting from damp indoor environments and offers recommendations for public health interventions. Damp Indoor Spaces and Health covers a broad range of topics. The book not only examines the relationship between damp or moldy indoor environments and adverse health outcomes but also discusses how and where buildings get wet, how dampness influences microbial growth and chemical emissions, ways to prevent and remediate dampness, and elements of a public health response to the issues. A comprehensive literature review finds sufficient evidence of an association between damp indoor environments and some upper respiratory tract symptoms, coughing, wheezing, and asthma symptoms in sensitized persons. This important book will be of interest to a wide-ranging audience of science, health, engineering, and building professionals, government officials, and members of the public.'
    Author: IOM
    DOI: 10.17226/11011
    ISBN: 978-0-309-09193-0
    Keywords: Health and Medicine
    Language: English
    Number of Pages: 370
    Place Published: 'Washington, D.C.'
    Publisher: Institute of Medicine. The National Academies Press
    Title: Damp Indoor Spaces and Health
    Year: 2004
    _chapter: Ch3
    _record_number: 17970
    _uuid: 3ffeefed-eb88-4fb5-8fce-a463134fb5ba
    reftype: Book
  child_publication: /report/iom-dampindoorspaces-2004
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/3ffeefed-eb88-4fb5-8fce-a463134fb5ba.yaml
  identifier: 3ffeefed-eb88-4fb5-8fce-a463134fb5ba
  uri: /reference/3ffeefed-eb88-4fb5-8fce-a463134fb5ba
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Falkinham, Joseph O., III,; Hilborn, Elizabeth D.; Arduino, Matthew J.; Pruden, Amy; Edwards, Marc A.'
    DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408692
    ISSN: 1552-9924
    Issue: 8
    Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives
    Pages: 749-758
    Title: 'Epidemiology and ecology of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens: Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa'
    Volume: 123
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 19155
    _uuid: 40677a7f-197f-4473-a351-ea62a7249dfb
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1289/ehp.1408692
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  identifier: 40677a7f-197f-4473-a351-ea62a7249dfb
  uri: /reference/40677a7f-197f-4473-a351-ea62a7249dfb
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Cotty, Peter J.; Jaime-Garcia, Ramon'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.060
    ISSN: 0168-1605
    Issue: 1-2
    Journal: International Journal of Food Microbiology
    Pages: 109-115
    Title: Influences of climate on aflatoxin producing fungi and aflatoxin contamination
    Volume: 119
    Year: 2007
    _chapter: Ch6
    _record_number: 17901
    _uuid: 40aee056-3c0d-407d-997f-e4f254962f81
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.060
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/40aee056-3c0d-407d-997f-e4f254962f81.yaml
  identifier: 40aee056-3c0d-407d-997f-e4f254962f81
  uri: /reference/40aee056-3c0d-407d-997f-e4f254962f81
- attrs:
    .publisher: Routledge
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Lorenzoni, Irene; Leiserowitz, Anthony; De Franca Doria, Miguel; Poortinga, Wouter; Pidgeon, Nick F.'
    DOI: 10.1080/13669870600613658
    Date: 2006/04/01
    ISSN: 1466-4461
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Journal of Risk Research
    Pages: 265-281
    Title: Cross‐national comparisons of image associations with “global warming” and “climate change” among laypeople in the United States of America and Great Britain
    Volume: 9
    Year: 2006
    _record_number: 18126
    _uuid: 40b214b0-1829-4411-9371-4aa06136f493
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1080/13669870600613658
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/40b214b0-1829-4411-9371-4aa06136f493.yaml
  identifier: 40b214b0-1829-4411-9371-4aa06136f493
  uri: /reference/40b214b0-1829-4411-9371-4aa06136f493
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: "Scallan, E.\rHoekstra, R.M.\rAngulo, F.J.\rTauxe, R.V.\rWiddowson, M.A.\rRoy, S.L.\rJones, J.L.\rGriffin, P.M."
    DOI: 10.3201/eid1701.P11101
    ISSN: 1080-6059
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Emerging Infectious Diseases
    Pages: 7-15
    Title: Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens
    URL: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/1/pdfs/p1-1101.pdf
    Volume: 17
    Year: 2011
    _chapter: '["Ch. 24: Oceans FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 2757
    _uuid: 40b6c348-8bf9-4b9c-a820-213dadde81eb
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.3201/eid1701.P11101
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  uri: /reference/40b6c348-8bf9-4b9c-a820-213dadde81eb
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: "A set of 209 dwellings that represent 80% of U.S. housing stock is used to generate frequency distributions of residential infiltration rates. The set of homes is based on an analysis of the 1997 U.S. Department of Energy's Residential Energy Consumption Survey, which documents numerous housing characteristics including type, floor area, number of rooms, type of heating system, foundation type, and year of construction. The infiltration rate distributions are developed using the multizone network airflow model, CONTAM (CONTAMW 2.4 User Guide and Program Documentation, NISTIR 7251. National Institute of Standards and Technology.). In this work, 19 cities are selected to represent U.S. climatic conditions, and CONTAM simulations are performed for each of the 209 houses in these cities to calculate building air change rates for each hour over a year. Frequency distributions are then developed and presented nationally as well as based on house type and region. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: These distributions will support indoor air quality, exposure, and energy analyses based on a truly representative collection of U.S. homes, which has previously not been possible. In addition, the methodology employed can be extended to other countries and other collections of buildings. For U.S.-specific analyses, these homes and their models, can be extended to include occupants, contaminant sources, and other building features to allow a wide range of studies to address other ventilation and indoor air quality issues."
    Author: 'Persily, A.; Musser, A.; Emmerich, S. J.'
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00669.x
    Date: Dec
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Issue: 6
    Journal: Indoor Air
    Keywords: 'Climate; Computer Simulation; Housing/standards/*statistics & numerical data; Models, Statistical; Reference Standards; Reference Values; United States; Ventilation/standards/*statistics & numerical data'
    Language: eng
    Notes: '1600-0668 Persily, A Musser, A Emmerich, S J Journal Article Denmark Indoor Air. 2010 Dec;20(6):473-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00669.x.'
    Pages: 473-485
    Title: Modeled infiltration rate distributions for U.S. housing
    Volume: 20
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 18532
    _uuid: 415441a3-07c9-4d10-9242-241cd182ce7e
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00669.x
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  identifier: 415441a3-07c9-4d10-9242-241cd182ce7e
  uri: /reference/415441a3-07c9-4d10-9242-241cd182ce7e
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Donaldson, Kenneth; Gilmour, M. Ian; MacNee, William'
    DOI: 10.1186/rr5
    ISSN: 1465-9921
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Respiratory Research
    Pages: 12-15
    Title: Asthma and PM10
    Volume: 1
    Year: 2000
    _chapter: Ch9
    _record_number: 17837
    _uuid: 415bf4c9-5fd0-4f76-9454-9e253c5626e8
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1186/rr5
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  identifier: 415bf4c9-5fd0-4f76-9454-9e253c5626e8
  uri: /reference/415bf4c9-5fd0-4f76-9454-9e253c5626e8
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Donatuto, Jamie L.; Satterfield, Terre A.; Gregory, Robin'
    DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2011.556186
    ISSN: 1469-8331
    Issue: 2
    Journal: 'Health, Risk & Society'
    Notes: 'Ch5,9'
    Pages: 103-127
    Title: 'Poisoning the body to nourish the soul: Prioritising health risks and impacts in a Native American community'
    Volume: 13
    Year: 2011
    _chapter: 'Ch5,9'
    _record_number: 16487
    _uuid: 41bc14ce-5dbf-4eb4-90e2-0689a2bc3565
    reftype: Journal Article
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- attrs:
    .publisher: Springer Netherlands
    .reference_type: 0
    Alternate Journal: Climatic Change
    Author: "Maldonado, Julie Koppel\rShearer, Christine\rBronen, Robin\rPeterson, Kristina\rLazrus, Heather"
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-013-0746-z
    Date: October 2013
    Epub Date: 9 April 2013
    ISSN: 0165-0009
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Climatic Change
    Language: English
    Pages: 601-614
    Title: 'The impact of climate change on tribal communities in the US: Displacement, relocation, and human rights'
    Volume: 120
    Year: 2013
    _chapter: '["Ch. 25: Coastal Zone FINAL","Ch. 12: Indigenous FINAL","RG 10 Coasts","Ch. 1: Overview FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 3871
    _uuid: 42269c56-1785-48ec-a81b-6eeb784de417
    reftype: Journal Article
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- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'DeGroote, John P.; Sugumaran, Ramanathan'
    DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0786
    ISSN: 1557-7759
    Issue: 8
    Journal: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
    Pages: 657-665
    Title: 'National and Regional Associations Between Human West Nile Virus Incidence and Demographic, Landscape, and Land Use Conditions in the Coterminous United States'
    Volume: 12
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 19242
    _uuid: 42770215-b129-404a-b045-6a226775c95b
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1089/vbz.2011.0786
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  identifier: 42770215-b129-404a-b045-6a226775c95b
  uri: /reference/42770215-b129-404a-b045-6a226775c95b
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'Hantavirus is a genus of virus represented by 45 different species and is hosted by small mammals, predominantly rats and mice. Roughly, half of all hantaviruses cause diseases in humans that vary in morbidity from mild to severe. The natural and anthropogenic changes occurring in the environment appear to be impacting the ecology of hantaviruses and their natural hosts as well as the incidence of hantaviral diseases in humans. Although such studies are limited at this time, there is evidence that natural climate cycles such as El Nino as well as anthropogenic climate change enhance hantavirus prevalence when host population dynamics are driven by food availability. Climate appears to have less of an effect on hantavirus when host populations are controlled by predators. Human alteration to the landscape also appears to enhance hantavirus prevalence when the disturbance regime enriches the environment for the host, for example, agriculture. More long-term studies on multiple species of hantavirus are needed to accurately predict the outcome of changing environmental conditions on prevalence in hosts as well as disease incidence in humans.'
    Author: 'Dearing, M. D.; Dizney, L.'
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05452.x
    Date: May
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
    Keywords: Animals; Climate Change; Ecosystem; Hantavirus/ physiology; Hantavirus Infections/ mortality/ transmission; Humans; Incidence; Mice; Prevalence; Rats
    Language: eng
    Notes: "Dearing, M Denise Dizney, Laurie Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review United States Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 May;1195:99-112. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05452.x."
    Pages: 99-112
    Title: Ecology of hantavirus in a changing world
    Volume: 1195
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 6596
    _uuid: 428eb42d-1733-4ba4-a904-84fbb32be7fc
    reftype: Journal Article
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  uri: /reference/428eb42d-1733-4ba4-a904-84fbb32be7fc
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Beltran, Alyssa J.; Wu, Jun; Laurent, Olivier'
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110100091
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    Issue: 1
    Journal: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    Pages: 91-172
    Title: 'Associations of meteorology with adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review of preeclampsia, preterm birth and birth weight'
    Volume: 11
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 19279
    _uuid: 4297344b-672a-4951-9180-8f8254c2bc14
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.3390/ijerph110100091
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  identifier: 4297344b-672a-4951-9180-8f8254c2bc14
  uri: /reference/4297344b-672a-4951-9180-8f8254c2bc14
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Access Year: 2013
    Author: 'The White House,'
    Date Cited: 'June 25, 2013'
    Place Published: 'Washington, D.C.'
    Publisher: The White House
    Title: The President’s Climate Action Plan
    URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/share/climate-action-plan
    Year: 2013
    _chapter: '["Ch. 28: Adaptation FINAL","Ch. 27: Mitigation FINAL","RF 12"]'
    _record_number: 4093
    _uuid: 42cebeae-0f6b-4950-97cf-9251b0db8798
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/72aad74b-d0ff-4cc4-aac5-3260accfafff
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/42cebeae-0f6b-4950-97cf-9251b0db8798.yaml
  identifier: 42cebeae-0f6b-4950-97cf-9251b0db8798
  uri: /reference/42cebeae-0f6b-4950-97cf-9251b0db8798
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Soto-Arias, José Pablo; Groves, Russell; Barak, Jeri D.'
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079404
    ISSN: 1932-6203
    Issue: 10
    Journal: PLoS ONE
    Pages: e79404
    Title: Interaction of phytophagous insects with Salmonella enterica on plants and enhanced persistence of the pathogen with Macrosteles quadrilineatus infestation or Frankliniella occidentalis feeding
    Volume: 8
    Year: 2013
    _chapter: Ch6
    _record_number: 17942
    _uuid: 435a7dae-b927-4df2-b1e2-25d1f546f354
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1371/journal.pone.0079404
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  identifier: 435a7dae-b927-4df2-b1e2-25d1f546f354
  uri: /reference/435a7dae-b927-4df2-b1e2-25d1f546f354
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    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'Adverse human health effects have been observed to correlate with levels of outdoor particulate matter (PM), even though most human exposure to PM of outdoor origin occurs indoors. In this study, we apply a model and empirical data to explore the indoor PM levels of outdoor origin for two major building types: offices and residences. Typical ventilation rates for each building type are obtained from the literature. Published data are combined with theoretical analyses to develop representative particle penetration coefficients, deposition loss rates, and ventilation-system filter efficiencies for a broad particle size range (i.e., 0.001-10 microm). We apply archetypal outdoor number, surface area, and mass PM size distributions for both urban and rural airsheds. We also use data on mass-weighted size distributions for specific chemical constituents of PM: sulfate and elemental carbon. Predictions of the size-resolved indoor proportion of outdoor particles (IPOP) for various conditions and ambient particle distributions are then computed. The IPOP depends strongly on the ambient particle size distribution, building type and operational parameters, and PM metric. We conclude that an accurate determination of exposure to particles of ambient origin requires explicit consideration of how removal processes in buildings vary with particle size.'
    Author: 'Riley, W. J.; McKone, T. E.; Lai, A. C.; Nazaroff, W. W.'
    DOI: 10.1021/es010723y
    Date: Jan 15
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Environmental Science & Technology
    Keywords: 'Air Movements; Air Pollutants/*analysis; Air Pollution, Indoor/*analysis; *Environmental Exposure; Forecasting; Humans; *Models, Theoretical; Particle Size; Public Health'
    Language: eng
    Notes: "Riley, William J McKone, Thomas E Lai, Alvin C K Nazaroff, William W Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. United States Environ Sci Technol. 2002 Jan 15;36(2):200-7."
    Pages: 200-207
    Title: 'Indoor particulate matter of outdoor origin: Importance of size-dependent removal mechanisms'
    Volume: 36
    Year: 2002
    _record_number: 18541
    _uuid: 4385426c-155d-4006-90c0-9d1ec59b5247
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1021/es010723y
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  identifier: 4385426c-155d-4006-90c0-9d1ec59b5247
  uri: /reference/4385426c-155d-4006-90c0-9d1ec59b5247
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'van Vuuren, D.P.; Edmonds, J.; Kainuma, M.; Riahi, K.; Thomson, A.; Hibbard, K.; Hurtt, G.C.; Kram, T.; Krey, V.; Lamarque, J.-F.; Masui, T.; Meinshausen, M.; Nakicenovic, N.; Smith, S.J.; Rose, S.K.'
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Issue: 5
    Journal: Climatic Change
    Pages: 5-31
    Title: 'The representative concentration pathways: An overview'
    Volume: 109
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 18568
    _uuid: 44124472-4a1d-4fbd-b86e-91cca108b938
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/44124472-4a1d-4fbd-b86e-91cca108b938.yaml
  identifier: 44124472-4a1d-4fbd-b86e-91cca108b938
  uri: /reference/44124472-4a1d-4fbd-b86e-91cca108b938
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Umlauf, Gunther; Bidoglio, Giovanni; Christoph, Eugen H.; Kampheus, Josef; Kruger, Frank; Landmann, Dietrich; Schulz, Ann J.; Schwartz, Rene; Severin, Karl; Stachel, Burkhard; Stehr, Dorit'
    DOI: 10.1002/aheh.200400597
    ISSN: 1521-401X
    Issue: 5
    Journal: Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica
    Pages: 543-554
    Title: The situation of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs after the flooding of River Elbe and Mulde in 2002
    Volume: 33
    Year: 2005
    _record_number: 19315
    _uuid: 443c29a9-352d-4e29-b787-cbf549968901
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1002/aheh.200400597
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/443c29a9-352d-4e29-b787-cbf549968901.yaml
  identifier: 443c29a9-352d-4e29-b787-cbf549968901
  uri: /reference/443c29a9-352d-4e29-b787-cbf549968901
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Sterk, Ankie; Schijven, Jack; de Nijs, Ton; de Roda Husman, Ana Maria'
    DOI: 10.1021/es403549s
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Issue: 22
    Journal: Environmental Science & Technology
    Pages: 12648-12660
    Title: Direct and indirect effects of climate change on the risk of infection by water-transmitted pathogens
    Volume: 47
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 18850
    _uuid: 446ef7fa-5acc-45df-9247-b042fc1fac39
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1021/es403549s
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/446ef7fa-5acc-45df-9247-b042fc1fac39.yaml
  identifier: 446ef7fa-5acc-45df-9247-b042fc1fac39
  uri: /reference/446ef7fa-5acc-45df-9247-b042fc1fac39
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Dodson, Brittany L.; Kramer, Laura D.; Rasgon, Jason L.'
    DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-199
    ISSN: 1756-3305
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Parasites & Vectors
    Pages: 199
    Title: Effects of larval rearing temperature on immature development and West Nile virus vector competence of Culex tarsalis
    Volume: 5
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: Ch4
    _record_number: 17722
    _uuid: 447782cf-ef21-4e11-a878-aa49be2e092d
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1186/1756-3305-5-199
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/447782cf-ef21-4e11-a878-aa49be2e092d.yaml
  identifier: 447782cf-ef21-4e11-a878-aa49be2e092d
  uri: /reference/447782cf-ef21-4e11-a878-aa49be2e092d
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Pietrzak, Robert H.; Tracy, Melissa; Galea, Sandro; Kilpatrick, Dean G.; Ruggiero, Kenneth J.; Hamblen, Jessica L.; Southwick, Steven M.; Norris, Fran H.'
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038964
    ISSN: 1932-6203
    Issue: 6
    Journal: PLoS ONE
    Pages: e38964
    Title: 'Resilience in the face of disaster: Prevalence and longitudinal course of mental disorders following Hurricane Ike'
    Volume: 7
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: Ch8
    _record_number: 16374
    _uuid: 4489b5a2-b658-4e62-8a8a-c3805b6dccf1
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1371/journal.pone.0038964
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4489b5a2-b658-4e62-8a8a-c3805b6dccf1.yaml
  identifier: 4489b5a2-b658-4e62-8a8a-c3805b6dccf1
  uri: /reference/4489b5a2-b658-4e62-8a8a-c3805b6dccf1
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Carey, Cayelan C.; Ibelings, Bas W.; Hoffmann, Emily P.; Hamilton, David P.; Brookes, Justin D.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.016
    ISSN: 1879-2448
    Issue: 5
    Journal: Water Research
    Pages: 1394-1407
    Title: Eco-physiological adaptations that favour freshwater cyanobacteria in a changing climate
    Volume: 46
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 18949
    _uuid: 44bfded2-e0ff-426c-9b3a-e16ff00b6d34
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.016
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/44bfded2-e0ff-426c-9b3a-e16ff00b6d34.yaml
  identifier: 44bfded2-e0ff-426c-9b3a-e16ff00b6d34
  uri: /reference/44bfded2-e0ff-426c-9b3a-e16ff00b6d34
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'BACKGROUND: Dampness and mold have been shown in qualitative reviews to be associated with a variety of adverse respiratory health effects, including respiratory tract infections. Several published meta-analyses have provided quantitative summaries for some of these associations, but not for respiratory infections. Demonstrating a causal relationship between dampness-related agents, which are preventable exposures, and respiratory tract infections would suggest important new public health strategies. We report the results of quantitative meta-analyses of published studies that examined the association of dampness or mold in homes with respiratory infections and bronchitis. METHODS: For primary studies meeting eligibility criteria, we transformed reported odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) to the log scale. Both fixed and random effects models were applied to the log ORs and their variances. Most studies contained multiple estimated ORs. Models accounted for the correlation between multiple results within the studies analyzed. One set of analyses was performed with all eligible studies, and another set restricted to studies that controlled for age, gender, smoking, and socioeconomic status. Subgroups of studies were assessed to explore heterogeneity. Funnel plots were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: The resulting summary estimates of ORs from random effects models based on all studies ranged from 1.38 to 1.50, with 95% CIs excluding the null in all cases. Use of different analysis models and restricting analyses based on control of multiple confounding variables changed findings only slightly. ORs (95% CIs) from random effects models using studies adjusting for major confounding variables were, for bronchitis, 1.45 (1.32-1.59); for respiratory infections, 1.44 (1.31-1.59); for respiratory infections excluding nonspecific upper respiratory infections, 1.50 (1.32-1.70), and for respiratory infections in children or infants, 1.48 (1.33-1.65). Little effect of publication bias was evident. Estimated attributable risk proportions ranged from 8% to 20%. CONCLUSIONS: Residential dampness and mold are associated with substantial and statistically significant increases in both respiratory infections and bronchitis. If these associations were confirmed as causal, effective control of dampness and mold in buildings would prevent a substantial proportion of respiratory infections.'
    Author: 'Fisk, W. J.; Eliseeva, E. A.; Mendell, M. J.'
    DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-9-72
    ISSN: 1476-069X
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Environmental Health
    Keywords: 'Air Microbiology; Air Pollution, Indoor/*adverse effects; Bronchitis/*microbiology; *Fungi; *Housing; Humans; Humidity/*adverse effects; Respiratory Tract Infections/*microbiology'
    Language: eng
    Notes: "1476-069x Fisk, William J Eliseeva, Ekaterina A Mendell, Mark J Journal Article Meta-Analysis Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review England Environ Health. 2010 Nov 15;9:72. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-9-72."
    Pages: Article 72
    Title: 'Association of residential dampness and mold with respiratory tract infections and bronchitis: A meta-analysis'
    Volume: 9
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 18475
    _uuid: 44c90dc1-a7a1-4ec8-8db4-1bb5b9fa89d6
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1186/1476-069x-9-72
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/44c90dc1-a7a1-4ec8-8db4-1bb5b9fa89d6.yaml
  identifier: 44c90dc1-a7a1-4ec8-8db4-1bb5b9fa89d6
  uri: /reference/44c90dc1-a7a1-4ec8-8db4-1bb5b9fa89d6
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Maalouf, H.; Zakhour, M.; Le Pendu, J.; Le Saux, J. C.; Atmar, R. L.; Le Guyader, F. S.'
    DOI: 10.1128/aem.00148-10
    ISSN: 0099-2240
    Issue: 16
    Journal: Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    Pages: 5621-5630
    Title: Distribution in tissue and seasonal variation of norovirus genogroup I and II ligands in oysters
    Volume: 76
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 18873
    _uuid: 44dc1087-01f6-4b81-bb6d-d0ed899786b0
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1128/aem.00148-10
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/44dc1087-01f6-4b81-bb6d-d0ed899786b0.yaml
  identifier: 44dc1087-01f6-4b81-bb6d-d0ed899786b0
  uri: /reference/44dc1087-01f6-4b81-bb6d-d0ed899786b0
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'A computer model (LYMESIM) was developed to simulate the effects of management technologies on populations of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, and the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner in eastern North America. Technologies considered in this study were area-wide acaricide, acaricide self-treatment of white-footed mice and white-tailed deer, vegetation reduction, and white-tailed deer density reduction. Computer simulations were run with normal weather patterns for coastal Connecticut and New York. Results showed that area-wide acaricide, vegetation reduction, or a combination of these technologies would be useful for short-term seasonal management of ticks and disease in small recreational or residential sites. Acaricide self-treatment of deer appears to be the most cost-effective technology for use in long-term management programs in large areas. Simulation results also suggested that deer density reduction should be considered as a management strategy component. Integrated management strategies are presented that could be used in pilot tests and operational tick and tick-borne disease programs.'
    Author: 'Mount, G. A.; Haile, D. G.; Daniels, E.'
    DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/34.6.672
    Date: Nov
    ISSN: 1938-2928
    Issue: 6
    Journal: Journal of Medical Entomology
    Keywords: ixodes scapularis; borrelia burgdorferi; lyme disease; spirochete; integrated pest management; modeling; ixodes-dammini acari; amblyomma-americanum acari; lone star tick; white-tailed deer; host-targeted permethrin; scapularis acari; reduced abundance; human babesiosis; computer-simulation; aerial application
    Language: English
    Notes: Yn830 Times Cited:25 Cited References Count:48
    Pages: 672-683
    Title: 'Simulation of Management Strategies for the Blacklegged Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) and the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi'
    Volume: 34
    Year: 1997
    _record_number: 17745
    _uuid: 4541f4c7-4337-4269-bd75-4c82427a33d0
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1093/jmedent/34.6.672
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4541f4c7-4337-4269-bd75-4c82427a33d0.yaml
  identifier: 4541f4c7-4337-4269-bd75-4c82427a33d0
  uri: /reference/4541f4c7-4337-4269-bd75-4c82427a33d0
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: "Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- is an emerging serotype, and little information regarding attribution or risk factors for infection has been documented. We investigated an outbreak of Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- infections in a rural community and identified the community's private water system as the source of infection. Five people were ill with gastroenteritis. Water testing identified Salmonella. Contamination of the unprotected spring from an environmental source was suspected."
    Author: 'Kozlica, J.; Claudet, A. L.; Solomon, D.; Dunn, J. R.; Carpenter, L. R.'
    DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0556
    Date: Nov
    ISSN: 1556-7125
    Issue: 11
    Journal: Foodborne Pathogens and Disease
    Keywords: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Disease Outbreaks; Gastroenteritis/epidemiology/microbiology; Humans; Infant; Rural Population; Salmonella/*classification/isolation & purification; Salmonella Infections/*epidemiology/*transmission; Sentinel Surveillance; Serotyping; Tennessee/epidemiology; United States; *Water Microbiology
    Language: eng
    Notes: '1556-7125 Kozlica, Jennifer Claudet, Amanda L Solomon, Deborah Dunn, John R Carpenter, L Rand Journal Article United States Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010 Nov;7(11):1431-3. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0556. Epub 2010 Jul 9.'
    Pages: 1431-1433
    Title: 'Waterborne Outbreak of Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:-'
    Volume: 7
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 19021
    _uuid: 45648b63-2ed3-4ef1-b53b-dfa214269ba4
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1089/fpd.2010.0556
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/45648b63-2ed3-4ef1-b53b-dfa214269ba4.yaml
  identifier: 45648b63-2ed3-4ef1-b53b-dfa214269ba4
  uri: /reference/45648b63-2ed3-4ef1-b53b-dfa214269ba4
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Murray, Kristy O.; Resnick, Melissa; Miller, Vicki'
    DOI: 10.3201/eid1303.060602
    ISSN: 1080-6059
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Emerging Infectious Diseases
    Pages: 479-481
    Title: Depression after infection with West Nile virus
    Volume: 13
    Year: 2007
    _record_number: 19219
    _uuid: 4587685b-b429-44dd-9911-c54b67bd2c04
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.3201/eid1303.060602
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4587685b-b429-44dd-9911-c54b67bd2c04.yaml
  identifier: 4587685b-b429-44dd-9911-c54b67bd2c04
  uri: /reference/4587685b-b429-44dd-9911-c54b67bd2c04
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'OBJECTIVE: To investigate morbidity and mortality associated with heatwaves in metropolitan Adelaide using ambulance, hospital admission, and mortality data. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Case-series study comparing health risks in the Adelaide metropolitan population during heatwaves and non-heatwave periods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily observations for ambulance transports (1993-2006), hospital admissions (1993-2006), and mortality (1993-2004), categorised using International classification of diseases (ninth and tenth revisions) codes for the relevant disease groups. RESULTS: During heatwaves, total ambulance transport increased by 4% (95% CI, 1%-7%), including significant assault-related increases for people aged 15-64 years. Reductions were observed in relation to cardiac, sports- and falls-related events. Total hospital admissions increased by 7% (95% CI, - 1% to 16%). Total mental health admissions increased by 7% (95% CI, 1%-13%), and total renal admissions by 13% (95% CI, 3%-25%). Ischaemic heart disease admissions increased by 8% (95% CI, 1%-15%) among people aged 65-74 years. Total mortality, disease- and age-specific mortality did not increase, apart from a small increase in mental health-related mortality in people aged 65-74 years. Significant decreases were observed in cardiovascular-related mortality. CONCLUSION: In contrast to evidence from extreme heatwaves in the northern hemisphere, we found no excess mortality during heatwaves in metropolitan Adelaide, perhaps because of adaptive behaviour to regular hot weather spells. Projected temperature increases and evidence of modest increases in morbidity during heatwaves indicate the need for a heatwave response plan for Adelaide.'
    Author: 'Nitschke, M.; Tucker, G. R.; Bi, P.'
    Date: Dec 3-17
    Issue: 11-12
    Journal: The Medical Journal of Australia
    Keywords: 'Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Heat Stroke/*epidemiology/mortality; Humans; Infant; Middle Aged; Morbidity; Patient Admission/statistics & numerical data; South Australia/epidemiology; Urban Population'
    Language: eng
    Notes: 'Nitschke, Monika Tucker, Graeme R Bi, Peng Journal Article Australia Med J Aust. 2007 Dec 3-17;187(11-12):662-5.'
    Pages: 662-665
    Title: Morbidity and mortality during heatwaves in metropolitan Adelaide
    URL: https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/issues/187_11_031207/nit10385_fm.pdf
    Volume: 187
    Year: 2007
    _record_number: 18144
    _uuid: 459504bb-a64e-4d70-8643-144ca33cb7fb
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/pmid-18072911
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/459504bb-a64e-4d70-8643-144ca33cb7fb.yaml
  identifier: 459504bb-a64e-4d70-8643-144ca33cb7fb
  uri: /reference/459504bb-a64e-4d70-8643-144ca33cb7fb
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'Historically, western equine encephalomyelitis virus (WEEV) caused large equine and human epidemics in the Americas from Canada into Argentina. Despite recent enhanced surveillance for West Nile virus, there have been few reports of equine or human cases and little documented enzootic activity of WEEV. During the past three years, WEEV has been active again in California, but without human or equine cases. In the current study, we compared host and vector competence of representative WEEV isolates made during each decade over the past 60 years using white-crowned sparrows, house sparrows, and Culex tarsalis Coquillett as representative hosts. Results indicated limited time-related change in virulence among WEEV strains in birds and little difference in vector competence in Cx. tarsalis. Although temporal and spatial genetic changes have been documented, these seem to present limited phenotypic change in host competence and cannot explain the absence of equine and human cases.'
    Author: 'Reisen, W. K.; Fang, Y.; Brault, A. C.'
    Date: Apr
    ISSN: 0002-9637
    Issue: 4
    Journal: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
    Keywords: 'Animals; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/mortality/virology; Birds/*virology; California/epidemiology; Cercopithecus aethiops; Culex/*virology; Culicidae/*virology; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/epidemiology; Female; Haplorhini; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/virology; Horses; Mice; Sparrows; Vero Cells; Viremia/epidemiology/veterinary'
    Notes: "Reisen, William K Fang, Ying Brault, Aaron C eng NIAID RO1-39483/PHS HHS/ R01-AI47855/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ R01-AI55607/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2008/04/04 09:00 Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Apr;78(4):681-6."
    Pages: 681-686
    Title: 'Limited interdecadal variation in mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) and avian host competence for Western equine encephalomyelitis virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus)'
    URL: http://www.ajtmh.org/content/78/4/681.full.pdf+html
    Volume: 78
    Year: 2008
    _record_number: 18027
    _uuid: 45cf633e-2462-4d2a-9c0d-2bbdac4e5742
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/pmid-18385369
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/45cf633e-2462-4d2a-9c0d-2bbdac4e5742.yaml
  identifier: 45cf633e-2462-4d2a-9c0d-2bbdac4e5742
  uri: /reference/45cf633e-2462-4d2a-9c0d-2bbdac4e5742
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Davis, Robert E; Knappenberger, Paul C; Novicoff, Wendy M; Michaels, Patrick J'
    DOI: 10.1007/s00484-003-0160-8
    Issue: 3
    Journal: International Journal of Biometeorology
    Pages: 166-175
    Title: Decadal changes in summer mortality in US cities
    Volume: 47
    Year: 2003
    _record_number: 17582
    _uuid: 45ee3a48-0c25-4dde-831a-c948419ab541
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s00484-003-0160-8
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/45ee3a48-0c25-4dde-831a-c948419ab541.yaml
  identifier: 45ee3a48-0c25-4dde-831a-c948419ab541
  uri: /reference/45ee3a48-0c25-4dde-831a-c948419ab541
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Klein, Richard J.; Proctor, Suzanne E.; Boudreault, Manon A.; Turczyn, Kathleen M.'
    ISBN: Statistical Notes No. 24
    Pages: 12
    Place Published: 'Hyattsville, MD'
    Publisher: National Center for Health Statistics
    Title: Healthy People 2010 Criteria for Data Suppression
    URL: http://198.246.124.22/nchs/data/statnt/statnt24.pdf
    Year: 2002
    _record_number: 19266
    _uuid: 463143f2-268d-453a-bac3-5969fe285752
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/cdc-nchs-healthypeople2010-24
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/463143f2-268d-453a-bac3-5969fe285752.yaml
  identifier: 463143f2-268d-453a-bac3-5969fe285752
  uri: /reference/463143f2-268d-453a-bac3-5969fe285752
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Layman, Donald K; Boileau, Richard A; Erickson, Donna J; Painter, James E; Shiue, Harn; Sather, Carl; Christou, Demtra D'
    ISSN: 1541-6100
    Issue: 2
    Journal: The Journal of Nutrition
    Pages: 411-417
    Title: A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women
    URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/content/133/2/411.full.pdf+html
    Volume: 133
    Year: 2003
    _chapter: Ch6
    _record_number: 17961
    _uuid: 466adea9-aa7d-4760-9012-12b9d3e5dc57
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/pmid-12566476
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/466adea9-aa7d-4760-9012-12b9d3e5dc57.yaml
  identifier: 466adea9-aa7d-4760-9012-12b9d3e5dc57
  uri: /reference/466adea9-aa7d-4760-9012-12b9d3e5dc57
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Wolbring, Gregor; Leopatra, Verlyn'
    DOI: 10.15353/cjds.v1i3.58
    ISSN: 1929-9192
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Canadian Journal of Disability Studies
    Pages: 66-90
    Title: 'Climate change, water, sanitation and energy insecurity: Invisibility of people with disabilities'
    Volume: 1
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: Ch9
    _record_number: 17889
    _uuid: 467e47c5-15b2-4f04-9b4f-860e067cecc0
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.15353/cjds.v1i3.58
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/467e47c5-15b2-4f04-9b4f-860e067cecc0.yaml
  identifier: 467e47c5-15b2-4f04-9b4f-860e067cecc0
  uri: /reference/467e47c5-15b2-4f04-9b4f-860e067cecc0
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: CDC
    Date: Sept 7
    Issue: Suppl.
    Journal: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
    Pages: 1-116
    Title: 'Health Disparities and Inequalities Report-United States, 2011'
    URL: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/other/su6001.pdf
    Volume: 60(Suppl)
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 18239
    _uuid: 4695344e-33e4-457d-a4e8-514481c7befe
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /report/cdc-healthdisparities-2011
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4695344e-33e4-457d-a4e8-514481c7befe.yaml
  identifier: 4695344e-33e4-457d-a4e8-514481c7befe
  uri: /reference/4695344e-33e4-457d-a4e8-514481c7befe
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Gormaz, Juan G.; Fry, Jillian P.; Erazo, Marcia; Love, David C.'
    DOI: 10.1007/s40572-014-0018-8
    ISSN: 2196-5412
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Current Environmental Health Reports
    Pages: 227-238
    Title: Public health perspectives on aquaculture
    Volume: 1
    Year: 2014
    _chapter: Ch6
    _record_number: 16193
    _uuid: 46a427e3-a298-4af3-bcb9-8dac408ce897
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s40572-014-0018-8
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/46a427e3-a298-4af3-bcb9-8dac408ce897.yaml
  identifier: 46a427e3-a298-4af3-bcb9-8dac408ce897
  uri: /reference/46a427e3-a298-4af3-bcb9-8dac408ce897
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Puzon, Geoffrey J.; Lancaster, James A.; Wylie, Jason T.; Plumb, Jason J.'
    DOI: 10.1021/es900432m
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Issue: 17
    Journal: Environmental Science & Technology
    Pages: 6691-6696
    Title: Rapid Detection of Naegleria Fowleri in Water Distribution Pipeline Biofilms and Drinking Water Samples
    Volume: 43
    Year: 2009
    _record_number: 19358
    _uuid: 46a904dc-abed-4045-877c-8a3c9963f259
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1021/es900432m
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  identifier: 46a904dc-abed-4045-877c-8a3c9963f259
  uri: /reference/46a904dc-abed-4045-877c-8a3c9963f259
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: "Smit, B.\rWandel, J."
    DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.03.008
    ISSN: 0959-3780
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Global Environmental Change
    Pages: 282-292
    Title: 'Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability'
    Volume: 16
    Year: 2006
    _chapter: '["Ch. 28: Adaptation FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 2872
    _uuid: 46d50154-a6e3-41df-ab45-424301136852
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.03.008
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/46d50154-a6e3-41df-ab45-424301136852.yaml
  identifier: 46d50154-a6e3-41df-ab45-424301136852
  uri: /reference/46d50154-a6e3-41df-ab45-424301136852
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Esteve-Gassent, Maria Dolores; Perez de Leon Adalberto A.; Romero-Salas, Dora; Feria-Arroyo, Teresa P.; Patino, Ramiro; Castro-Arellano, Ivan; Gordillo-Perez, Guadalupe; Auclair, Allan; Goolsby, John; Rodriguez-Vivas, Roger Ivan; Estrada-Franco, Jose Guillermo'
    DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00177
    ISSN: 2296-2565
    Journal: Frontiers in Public Health
    Pages: 177
    Title: Pathogenic landscape of transboundary zoonotic diseases in the Mexico–US border along the Rio Grande
    Volume: 2
    Year: 2014
    _chapter: Ch6
    _record_number: 16187
    _uuid: 46d834f1-ea30-48c7-8169-ade9bc8edd56
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00177
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  identifier: 46d834f1-ea30-48c7-8169-ade9bc8edd56
  uri: /reference/46d834f1-ea30-48c7-8169-ade9bc8edd56
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Ebi, Kristie L.; Teisberg, Thomas J.; Kalkstein, Laurence S.; Robinson, Lawrence; Weiher, Rodney F.'
    DOI: 10.1175/bams-85-8-1067
    ISSN: 1520-0477
    Issue: 8
    Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
    Pages: 1067-1073
    Title: 'Heat watch/warning systems save lives: Estimated costs and benefits for Philadelphia 1995–98'
    Volume: 85
    Year: 2004
    _chapter: Ch2
    _record_number: 17593
    _uuid: 46f2571e-7661-4163-9178-bee1d153a827
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1175/bams-85-8-1067
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/46f2571e-7661-4163-9178-bee1d153a827.yaml
  identifier: 46f2571e-7661-4163-9178-bee1d153a827
  uri: /reference/46f2571e-7661-4163-9178-bee1d153a827
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: "Prevention and control of Lyme disease is difficult because of the complex biology of the pathogen's (Borrelia burgdorferi) vector (Ixocles scapularis) and multiple reservoir hosts with varying degrees of competence. Cost-effective implementation of tick- and host-targeted control methods requires an understanding of the relationship between pathogen prevalence in nymphs, nymph abundance, and incidence of human cases of Lyme disease. We quantified the relationship between estimated acarological risk and human incidence using county-level human case data and nymphal prevalence data from field-derived estimates in 36 eastern states. The estimated density of infected nymphs (mDIN) was significantly correlated with human incidence (r = 0.69). The relationship was strongest in high-prevalence areas, but it varied by region and state, partly because of the distribution of B. burgdorferi genotypes. More information is needed in several high-prevalence states before DIN can be used for cost-effectiveness analyses."
    Author: 'Pepin, K. M.; Eisen, R. J.; Mead, P. S.; Piesman, J.; Fish, D.; Hoen, A. G.; Barbour, A. G.; Hamer, S.; Diuk-Wasser, M. A.'
    DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0630
    Date: Jun
    ISSN: 0002-9637
    Issue: 6
    Journal: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
    Keywords: burgdorferi sensu-stricto; tick-borne diseases; climate-based model; borrelia-burgdorferi; hematogenous dissemination; forest fragmentation; human risk; surveillance; predicts; vector
    Language: English
    Notes: 952IH Times Cited:10 Cited References Count:41
    Pages: 1062-1071
    Title: Geographic variation in the relationship between human Lyme disease incidence and density of infected host-seeking Ixodes scapularis nymphs in the eastern United States
    Volume: 86
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 17748
    _uuid: 471591cc-8f0b-4a50-bba0-330451700a54
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0630
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/471591cc-8f0b-4a50-bba0-330451700a54.yaml
  identifier: 471591cc-8f0b-4a50-bba0-330451700a54
  uri: /reference/471591cc-8f0b-4a50-bba0-330451700a54
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: "Climate change is affecting and will increasingly influence human health and wellbeing. Children are particularly vulnerable to the impact of climate change. An extensive literature review regarding the impact of climate change on children's health was conducted in April 2012 by searching electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science, as well as relevant websites, such as IPCC and WHO. Climate change affects children's health through increased air pollution, more weather-related disasters, more frequent and intense heat waves, decreased water quality and quantity, food shortage and greater exposure to toxicants. As a result, children experience greater risk of mental disorders, malnutrition, infectious diseases, allergic diseases and respiratory diseases. Mitigation measures like reducing carbon pollution emissions, and adaptation measures such as early warning systems and post-disaster counseling are strongly needed. Future health research directions should focus on: (1) identifying whether climate change impacts on children will be modified by gender, age and socioeconomic status; (2) refining outcome measures of children's vulnerability to climate change; (3) projecting children's disease burden under climate change scenarios; (4) exploring children's disease burden related to climate change in low-income countries; and (5) identifying the most cost-effective mitigation and adaptation actions from a children's health perspective."
    Author: 'Xu, Z.; Sheffield, P. E.; Hu, W.; Su, H.; Yu, W.; Qi, X.; Tong, S.'
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9093298
    Date: Sep
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    Issue: 9
    Journal: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    Keywords: 'Adolescent; Age Factors; Biomedical Research; Child; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Climate Change; Female; Health Status; Humans; Infant; Male; Sex Factors'
    Language: eng
    Notes: "Xu, Zhiwei Sheffield, Perry E Hu, Wenbiao Su, Hong Yu, Weiwei Qi, Xin Tong, Shilu Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review Switzerland Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012 Sep 10;9(9):3298-316. doi: 10.3390/ijerph9093298."
    Pages: 3298-3316
    Title: Climate Change and Children’s Health—A Call for Research on What Works to Protect Children
    Volume: 9
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 5405
    _uuid: 471f2ed8-ece8-4d87-8b6d-8127a844cc28
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.3390/ijerph9093298
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  identifier: 471f2ed8-ece8-4d87-8b6d-8127a844cc28
  uri: /reference/471f2ed8-ece8-4d87-8b6d-8127a844cc28
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Rappold, Ana G.; Stone, Susan L.; Cascio, Wayne E.; Neas, Lucas M.; Kilaru, Vasu J.; Carraway, Martha Sue; Szykman, James J.; Ising, Amy; Cleve, William E.; Meredith, John T.; Vaughan-Batten, Heather; Deyneka, Lana; Devlin, Robert B.'
    DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003206
    ISSN: 1552-9924
    Issue: 10
    Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives
    Pages: 1415-1420
    Title: Peat bog wildfire smoke exposure in rural North Carolina is associated with cardiopulmonary emergency department visits assessed through syndromic surveillance
    Volume: 119
    Year: 2011
    _chapter: Ch7
    _record_number: 16340
    _uuid: 47451452-d69e-4cd8-9565-7151ba299836
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1289/ehp.1003206
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/47451452-d69e-4cd8-9565-7151ba299836.yaml
  identifier: 47451452-d69e-4cd8-9565-7151ba299836
  uri: /reference/47451452-d69e-4cd8-9565-7151ba299836
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Woods, Jacquelina W.; Burkhardt, William'
    DOI: 10.1007/s12560-010-9040-7
    ISSN: 1867-0342
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Food and Environmental Virology
    Pages: 176-182
    Title: Occurrence of norovirus and hepatitis A virus in U.S. oysters
    Volume: 2
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 18938
    _uuid: 4781049f-b506-4898-a02a-fd317d35918b
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s12560-010-9040-7
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4781049f-b506-4898-a02a-fd317d35918b.yaml
  identifier: 4781049f-b506-4898-a02a-fd317d35918b
  uri: /reference/4781049f-b506-4898-a02a-fd317d35918b
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Ahmed, W.; Vieritz, A.; Goonetilleke, A.; Gardner, T.'
    DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00944-10
    ISSN: 0099-2240
    Issue: 22
    Journal: Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    Pages: 7382-7391
    Title: 'Health risk from the use of roof-harvested rainwater in southeast Queensland, Australia, as potable or nonpotable water, determined using quantitative microbial risk assessment'
    Volume: 76
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 19282
    _uuid: 47cd625d-1fc4-4703-8506-1a628201dae5
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1128/AEM.00944-10
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/47cd625d-1fc4-4703-8506-1a628201dae5.yaml
  identifier: 47cd625d-1fc4-4703-8506-1a628201dae5
  uri: /reference/47cd625d-1fc4-4703-8506-1a628201dae5
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    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'Emerging vector-borne diseases are an important issue in global health. Many vector-borne pathogens have appeared in new regions in the past two decades, while many endemic diseases have increased in incidence. Although introductions and emergence of endemic pathogens are often considered to be distinct processes, many endemic pathogens are actually spreading at a local scale coincident with habitat change. We draw attention to key differences between dynamics and disease burden that result from increased pathogen transmission after habitat change and after introduction into new regions. Local emergence is commonly driven by changes in human factors as much as by enhanced enzootic cycles, whereas pathogen invasion results from anthropogenic trade and travel where and when conditions (eg, hosts, vectors, and climate) are suitable for a pathogen. Once a pathogen is established, ecological factors related to vector characteristics can shape the evolutionary selective pressure and result in increased use of people as transmission hosts. We describe challenges inherent in the control of vector-borne zoonotic diseases and some emerging non-traditional strategies that could be effective in the long term.'
    Author: 'Kilpatrick, A. M.; Randolph, S. E.'
    Author Address: 'Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. akilpatr@ucsc.edu'
    DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61151-9
    Date: Dec 1
    ISSN: 1474-547X
    Issue: 9857
    Journal: The Lancet
    Keywords: 'Animals; Blood-Borne Pathogens; Climate Change; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/ prevention & control/transmission; Disease Vectors; Humans; Incidence; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Tick Infestations/epidemiology; World Health; Zoonoses/ epidemiology'
    Language: eng
    Notes: "Kilpatrick, A Marm Randolph, Sarah E R01 AI090159/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review England Nihms495681 Lancet. 2012 Dec 1;380(9857):1946-55. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61151-9."
    PMCID: PMC3739480
    Pages: 1946-1955
    Title: 'Drivers, dynamics, and control of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases'
    Volume: 380
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 4654
    _uuid: 48041d66-fd27-4cf6-8155-9a74d3d664dd
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61151-9
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    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: "It is accepted that the earth's climate is changing in an accelerating pace, with already documented implications for human health and the environment. This literature review provides an overview of existing research findings about the effects of heat stress on the working population in relation to climate change. In the light of climate change adaptation, the purpose of the literature review was to explore recent and previous research into the impacts of heat stress on humans in an occupational setting. Heat stress in the workplace has been researched extensively in the past however, in the contemporary context of climate change, information is lacking on its extent and implications. The main factors found to exacerbate heat stress in the current and future workplace are the urban 'heat island effect', physical work, individual differences, and the developing country context where technological fixes are often not applicable. There is also a lack of information on the effects on vulnerable groups such as elderly people and pregnant women. As increasing temperatures reduce work productivity, world economic productivity could be condensed, affecting developing countries in the tropical climate zone disproportionately. Future research is needed taking an interdisciplinary approach, including social, economic, environmental and technical aspects."
    Author: 'Lundgren, K.; Kuklane, K.; Gao, C.; Holmer, I.'
    DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2012-0089
    Date: Jan
    ISSN: 1880-8026
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Industrial Health
    Keywords: Heat stress; Occupational health; Climate change; Developing countries; thermal-stress; health; performance; environments; temperature; hot; productivity; exposure; moderate; workers
    Language: English
    Notes: 'Times Cited: 1 Lundgren, Karin Kuklane, Kalev Gao, Chuansi Holmer, Ingvar Natl inst occupational safety & health, japan Kawasaki kanagawa'
    Pages: 3-15
    Title: Effects of heat stress on working populations when facing climate change
    URL: <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314383700002
    Volume: 51
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 4770
    _uuid: 480e807c-24a2-43ab-9d53-6cff5cd095f2
    reftype: Journal Article
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  identifier: 480e807c-24a2-43ab-9d53-6cff5cd095f2
  uri: /reference/480e807c-24a2-43ab-9d53-6cff5cd095f2
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Kimmons, Joel E; Blanck, Heidi Michels; Tohill, Beth Carlton; Zhang, Jian; Khan, Laura Kettel'
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Medscape General Medicine
    PMC: 1868363
    Pages: 59
    Title: Associations between body mass index and the prevalence of low micronutrient levels among US adults
    URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1868363
    Volume: 8
    Year: 2006
    _chapter: Ch6
    _record_number: 17958
    _uuid: 481f5e8a-3c45-4744-b9ac-92e052be1c41
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: ~
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/481f5e8a-3c45-4744-b9ac-92e052be1c41.yaml
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  uri: /reference/481f5e8a-3c45-4744-b9ac-92e052be1c41
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    .reference_type: 10
    Author: EPA
    ISBN: EPA-452/P-14-006
    Place Published: 'Research Triangle Park, NC'
    Publisher: 'U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards'
    Title: Regulatory Impact Analysis of the Proposed Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ground-Level Ozone
    URL: http://epa.gov/ttn/ecas/regdata/RIAs/20141125ria.pdf
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 18889
    _uuid: 489c7b61-d874-4378-8952-180bb3c990d5
    reftype: Report
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  identifier: 489c7b61-d874-4378-8952-180bb3c990d5
  uri: /reference/489c7b61-d874-4378-8952-180bb3c990d5
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Kellar, D. M. M.; Schmidlin, T. W.'
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-318X.2012.01136.x
    ISSN: 1753-318X
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Journal of Flood Risk Management
    Pages: 153-163
    Title: 'Vehicle-related flood deaths in the United States, 1995-2005'
    Volume: 5
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: Ch7
    _record_number: 17780
    _uuid: 48b61de6-f0e7-4ad9-9aa6-e1aa1435d811
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1111/j.1753-318X.2012.01136.x
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  uri: /reference/48b61de6-f0e7-4ad9-9aa6-e1aa1435d811
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Tasian, Gregory E.; Pulido, Jose E.; Gasparrini, Antonio; Saigal, Christopher S.; Horton, Benjamin P.; Landis, J.Richard; Madison, Rodger; Keren, Ron'
    DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307703
    ISSN: 1552-9924
    Issue: 10
    Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives
    Pages: 1081-1087
    Title: 'Daily mean temperature and clinical kidney stone presentation in five U.S. metropolitan areas: A time-series analysis'
    Volume: 122
    Year: 2014
    _chapter: Ch2
    _record_number: 19133
    _uuid: 48ce665c-313f-4ad7-b59b-164ac66017e9
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1289/ehp.1307703
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  uri: /reference/48ce665c-313f-4ad7-b59b-164ac66017e9
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    Author: "Deschênes, O.\rGreenstone, M."
    DOI: 10.1257/app.3.4.152
    ISSN: 1945-7782
    Issue: 4
    Journal: 'American Economic Journal: Applied Economics'
    Pages: 152-185
    Title: 'Climate change, mortality, and adaptation: Evidence from annual fluctuations in weather in the US'
    Volume: 3
    Year: 2011
    _chapter: '["Ch. 4: Energy Supply and Use FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 343
    _uuid: 48d08f16-c2bb-4591-831d-22c262d869fb
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1257/app.3.4.152
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/48d08f16-c2bb-4591-831d-22c262d869fb.yaml
  identifier: 48d08f16-c2bb-4591-831d-22c262d869fb
  uri: /reference/48d08f16-c2bb-4591-831d-22c262d869fb
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    Author: 'Sanchez-Guillen, Rosa A.; Cordoba-Aguilar, Alex; Hansson, Bengt; Ott, Jurgen; Wellenreuther, Maren'
    DOI: 10.1111/brv.12204
    ISSN: 1469-185X
    Journal: Biological Reviews
    Title: Evolutionary consequences of climate-induced range shifts in insects
    Volume: July 6
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 19318
    _uuid: 48d6e4c9-0554-46df-af1b-e7c36d18da1b
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1111/brv.12204
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  identifier: 48d6e4c9-0554-46df-af1b-e7c36d18da1b
  uri: /reference/48d6e4c9-0554-46df-af1b-e7c36d18da1b
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    Author: 'Eisenman, David P.; Cordasco, Kristina M.; Asch, Steve; Golden, Joya F.; Glik, Deborah'
    DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2005.084335
    ISSN: 1541-0048
    Issue: Supplement_1
    Journal: American Journal of Public Health
    Pages: S109-S115
    Title: 'Disaster planning and risk communication with vulnerable communities: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina'
    Volume: 97
    Year: 2007
    _record_number: 18824
    _uuid: 48e077af-87f3-4f6c-ab3e-dfbefe2ff50d
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.2105/ajph.2005.084335
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  uri: /reference/48e077af-87f3-4f6c-ab3e-dfbefe2ff50d
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'In western North America, the tick Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls (Acari: Ixodidae) is the primary vector to humans and domestic animals of the disease agents causing Lyme disease and granulocytic ehrlichiosis. We examined the seasonal activity patterns of I. pacificus nymphs over a 4-year period, including the wet and cold El Nino winter/spring of 1998, in a dry oak/madrone woodland, and for one year in a cooler and moister redwood/tanoak woodland in Mendocino County, California. Linear regressions were used to estimate when nymphal densities first exceeded and then fell below 25, 50 and 75% of the recorded yearly peak densities. In oak/madrone woodland, nymphs typically were active by mid-March, reached 50% of their yearly peak densities in early to mid-April, peaked by early May, fell below 50% of their peak densities by early to mid-June, and were absent by late July to mid-August. The lengths of the periods with nymphal densities exceeding 50 and 75% of the recorded yearly peaks in oak/madrone woodland were associated positively with rainfall and negatively with maximum air temperatures during April-May. Moreover, nymphal numbers typically reached 50% of their peak 10-15 days later, remained at levels above 50% of the peak 1.3-1.5 times longer, and started declining 4-6 weeks later under cooler, moister climatic conditions (oak/madrone woodland in 1998 and redwood/tanoak woodland in 2000) relative to warmer, drier conditions (oak/madrone woodland in 2000-2001). In oak/madrone woodland, nymphal densities typically started to decline when mean maximum daily air temperatures exceeded 23degreesC. Nymphal densities were higher in dry oak/madrone relative to moist redwood/tanoak woodland from mid-March to late May 2000, similar in both habitat types in early June, but higher in redwood/tanoak woodland from late June onwards. We conclude that large-scale studies of the density of I. pacificus nymphs in California need to consider spatial variation in the length of nymphal activity periods and select temporal sampling regimens that yield representative data for all included habitat types.'
    Author: 'Eisen, L.; Eisen, R. J.; Lane, R. S.'
    DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00372.x
    Date: Jun
    ISSN: 1365-2915
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Medical and Veterinary Entomology
    Keywords: borrelia burgdorferi; ixodes pacificus; climate; ecology; habitat; lyme disease; nymphs; risk index; seasonality; california; USA; blacklegged tick acari; black-legged tick; lyme-disease; borrelia-burgdorferi; ixodidae nymphs; scapularis acari; new-jersey; california; temperature; survival
    Language: English
    Notes: 589TF Times Cited:35 Cited References Count:32
    Pages: 235-244
    Title: Seasonal activity patterns of Ixodes pacificus nymphs in relation to climatic conditions
    Volume: 16
    Year: 2002
    _record_number: 17734
    _uuid: 4902bb7e-2914-469b-b0ee-06dc728f00c5
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00372.x
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- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Wu, Jianyong; Zhou, Ying; Gao, Yang; Fu, Joshua S.; Johnson, Brent A.; Huang, Cheng; Kim, Young-Min; Liu, Yang'
    DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1306670
    ISSN: 1552-9924
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives
    Notes: 'Ch2, 3, 10'
    Pages: 10-16
    Title: Estimation and uncertainty analysis of impacts of future heat waves on mortality in the eastern United States
    Volume: 122
    Year: 2014
    _chapter: 'Ch2, 3, 10'
    _record_number: 16125
    _uuid: 49407e4c-351c-4240-9c91-50e36a83849d
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1289/ehp.1306670
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  identifier: 49407e4c-351c-4240-9c91-50e36a83849d
  uri: /reference/49407e4c-351c-4240-9c91-50e36a83849d
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    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: "Previous research provided evidence of an association between short-term exposure to ozone and mortality risk and of heterogeneity in the risk across communities. The authors investigated whether this heterogeneity can be explained by community-specific characteristics: race, income, education, urbanization, transportation use, particulate matter and ozone levels, number of ozone monitors, weather, and use of air conditioning. Their study included data on 98 US urban communities for 1987 to 2000 from the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study; US Census; and American Housing Survey. On average across the communities, a 10-ppb increase in the previous week's ozone level was associated with a 0.52% (95% posterior interval: 0.28, 0.77) increase in mortality. The authors found that community-level characteristics modify the relation between ozone and mortality. Higher effect estimates were associated with higher unemployment, fraction of the Black/African-American population, and public transportation use and with lower temperatures or prevalence of central air conditioning. These differences may relate to underlying health status, differences in exposure, or other factors. Results show that some segments of the population may face higher health burdens of ozone pollution."
    Author: 'Bell, Michelle L.; Dominici, Francesca'
    DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwm396
    ISSN: 1476-6256
    Issue: 8
    Journal: American Journal of Epidemiology
    Keywords: 'Air Conditioning; Air Pollution; Air Pollution: adverse effects; Air Pollution: statistics & numerical data; Bayes Theorem; Continental Population Groups; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Exposure: adverse effects; Environmental Exposure: statistics & numerical dat; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Humans; Income; Male; Models, Statistical; Mortality; Mortality: trends; Ozone; Ozone: toxicity; Particulate Matter; Particulate Matter: adverse effects; Residence Characteristics; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; United States: epidemiology'
    Pages: 986-997
    Title: Effect modification by community characteristics on the short-term effects of ozone exposure and mortality in 98 US communities
    Volume: 167
    Year: 2008
    _record_number: 18878
    _uuid: 495289be-0bc8-4c43-8e6d-f2fc7d26e361
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1093/aje/kwm396
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/495289be-0bc8-4c43-8e6d-f2fc7d26e361.yaml
  identifier: 495289be-0bc8-4c43-8e6d-f2fc7d26e361
  uri: /reference/495289be-0bc8-4c43-8e6d-f2fc7d26e361
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Petersen, L. R.; Hayes, E. B.'
    DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp048261
    Date: Nov 25
    ISSN: 1533-4406
    Issue: 22
    Journal: New England Journal of Medicine
    Keywords: Animals; Culicidae; Humans; Insect Vectors; United States/epidemiology; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/transmission; *West Nile virus
    Notes: 'Petersen, Lyle R Hayes, Edward B eng 2004/11/27 09:00 N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 25;351(22):2257-9.'
    Pages: 2257-2259
    Title: Westward ho?--The spread of West Nile virus
    Volume: 351
    Year: 2004
    _record_number: 18023
    _uuid: 49895ad3-f773-48be-941c-a69a792c2361
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1056/NEJMp048261
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/49895ad3-f773-48be-941c-a69a792c2361.yaml
  identifier: 49895ad3-f773-48be-941c-a69a792c2361
  uri: /reference/49895ad3-f773-48be-941c-a69a792c2361
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 16
    Author: AAAAI
    Number: November 11
    Publisher: 'American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology'
    Title: Allergy Statistics
    URL: http://www.aaaai.org/about-the-aaaai/newsroom/allergy-statistics.aspx
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 19008
    _uuid: 49a88ae9-9f4c-4a99-92fa-3da34bf2a70f
    reftype: Web Page
  child_publication: /webpage/3bd35c21-e4de-426d-9542-5e56f95de321
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/49a88ae9-9f4c-4a99-92fa-3da34bf2a70f.yaml
  identifier: 49a88ae9-9f4c-4a99-92fa-3da34bf2a70f
  uri: /reference/49a88ae9-9f4c-4a99-92fa-3da34bf2a70f
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Utaaker, Kjersti Selstad; Robertson, Lucy J.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.06.051
    ISSN: 1873-7145
    Journal: Food Research International
    Pages: 16-23
    Title: 'Climate change and foodborne transmission of parasites: A consideration of possible interactions and impacts for selected parasites'
    Volume: 68
    Year: 2015
    _chapter: Ch6
    _record_number: 16211
    _uuid: 49cc7d44-c580-4d2d-8630-914cbf0a173f
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.06.051
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/49cc7d44-c580-4d2d-8630-914cbf0a173f.yaml
  identifier: 49cc7d44-c580-4d2d-8630-914cbf0a173f
  uri: /reference/49cc7d44-c580-4d2d-8630-914cbf0a173f
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 7
    Author: 'Ziska, L.H.'
    Book Title: Handbook on Climate Change and Agriculture
    Editor: "Dinar, A.\rMendelsohn, R."
    ISBN: 1849801169
    Pages: 9-31
    Place Published: 'Cheltenham, United Kingdom'
    Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
    Reviewer: 49d46c73-b2da-4977-8c94-fc8d6954d0a0
    Title: 'Climate change, carbon dioxide and global crop production: Food security and uncertainty'
    Year: 2011
    _chapter: '["Ch. 9: Human Health FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 3552
    _uuid: 49d46c73-b2da-4977-8c94-fc8d6954d0a0
    reftype: Book Section
  child_publication: /book/e6446d47-250c-45f3-886e-855cddb78c8d
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/49d46c73-b2da-4977-8c94-fc8d6954d0a0.yaml
  identifier: 49d46c73-b2da-4977-8c94-fc8d6954d0a0
  uri: /reference/49d46c73-b2da-4977-8c94-fc8d6954d0a0
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Klein, Kelly R.; Herzog, Perri; Smolinske, Susan; White, Suzanne R.'
    DOI: 10.1080/15563650601031676
    ISSN: 1556-9519
    Issue: 3
    Journal: Clinical Toxicology
    Pages: 248-254
    Title: Demand for poison control center services “surged” during the 2003 blackout
    Volume: 45
    Year: 2007
    _chapter: Ch7
    _record_number: 16316
    _uuid: 4a66e935-a734-47e5-a4ec-2e9c491a574a
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1080/15563650601031676
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4a66e935-a734-47e5-a4ec-2e9c491a574a.yaml
  identifier: 4a66e935-a734-47e5-a4ec-2e9c491a574a
  uri: /reference/4a66e935-a734-47e5-a4ec-2e9c491a574a
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Hattenrath, Theresa K.; Anderson, Donald M.; Gobler, Christopher J.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2010.02.003
    ISSN: 1878-1470
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Harmful Algae
    Pages: 402-412
    Title: The influence of anthropogenic nitrogen loading and meteorological conditions on the dynamics and toxicity of Alexandrium fundyense blooms in a New York (USA) estuary
    Volume: 9
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 16947
    _uuid: 4a76415a-22be-4ff6-90ba-c7620c474923
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.hal.2010.02.003
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4a76415a-22be-4ff6-90ba-c7620c474923.yaml
  identifier: 4a76415a-22be-4ff6-90ba-c7620c474923
  uri: /reference/4a76415a-22be-4ff6-90ba-c7620c474923
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Jagai, J.S.; Griffiths, Jeffrey K.; Kirshen, P.K.; Webb, Patrick; Naumova, Elena N.'
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9051771
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    Issue: 5
    Journal: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    Pages: 1771-1790
    Title: Seasonal patterns of gastrointestinal illness and streamflow along the Ohio River
    Volume: 9
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 19248
    _uuid: 4a9cc40f-0650-41e7-9e0d-df2229f7c1fb
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.3390/ijerph9051771
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4a9cc40f-0650-41e7-9e0d-df2229f7c1fb.yaml
  identifier: 4a9cc40f-0650-41e7-9e0d-df2229f7c1fb
  uri: /reference/4a9cc40f-0650-41e7-9e0d-df2229f7c1fb
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'BACKGROUND: A 2004 study showed adolescents living in rural Australia were aware of the impact of drought on self, family and community, but did not report levels of emotional distress higher than adolescents of similar age and gender in the Australian community. It was proposed that the rural lifestyle had helped adolescents build resilience for managing this environmental adversity. OBJECTIVE: To re sample adolescents from the same rural area and determine if this resilience remained after ongoing drought three years later. DESIGN: A mixed methods approach using focus groups and a self-report questionnaire. SETTING: Government Central Schools within the Riverina region of New South Wales. PARTICIPANTS: Male and female adolescents (n = 111) aged 11-17 years completed the self-report questionnaires, while some adolescents (n = 61) within this group also participated in focus groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and a Drought and Community Survey for Children comprised the self-report survey. RESULTS: Adolescents reported significantly higher levels of emotional distress than those in the previous study (t (191) = 2.80, P < 0.01) and 12% of adolescents scored in the clinical caseness range. Thematic analysis showed consistency with the previous study as well as new themes of grief, loss and the impacts of global climate change. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate a reporting of lesser well-being than was reported by a comparable group of young people four years earlier. A preventative intervention with a focus on family and community is recommended to address the mental health of adolescents enduring a chronic environmental adversity such as drought.'
    Author: 'Dean, J. G.; Stain, H. J.'
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1584.2009.01107.x
    Date: Feb
    ISSN: 1440-1584
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Australian Journal of Rural Health
    Keywords: 'Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Age Factors; Climate Change; Data Collection; *Disasters; *Droughts; Female; Focus Groups; Humans; Male; *Mental Health; New South Wales/epidemiology; Psychological Tests; Stress, Psychological/epidemiology/etiology'
    Language: eng
    Notes: "1440-1584 Dean, John G Stain, Helen J Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Australia Aust J Rural Health. 2010 Feb;18(1):32-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1584.2009.01107.x."
    Pages: 32-37
    Title: Mental health impact for adolescents living with prolonged drought
    Volume: 18
    Year: 2010
    _record_number: 18079
    _uuid: 4afc155c-360f-4314-b874-d7bbdcec9b8f
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2009.01107.x
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4afc155c-360f-4314-b874-d7bbdcec9b8f.yaml
  identifier: 4afc155c-360f-4314-b874-d7bbdcec9b8f
  uri: /reference/4afc155c-360f-4314-b874-d7bbdcec9b8f
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Pérez de León, Adalberto A.; Teel, Pete D.; Auclair, Allan N.; Messenger, Matthew T.; Guerrero, Felix D.; Schuster, Greta; Miller, Robert J.'
    DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00195
    ISSN: 1664-042X
    Journal: Frontiers in Physiology
    Pages: Article 195
    Title: Integrated strategy for sustainable cattle fever tick eradication in USA is required to mitigate the impact of global change
    Volume: 3
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: Ch6
    _record_number: 16208
    _uuid: 4b0cbc38-2722-418e-a982-5e04837291b0
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.3389/fphys.2012.00195
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4b0cbc38-2722-418e-a982-5e04837291b0.yaml
  identifier: 4b0cbc38-2722-418e-a982-5e04837291b0
  uri: /reference/4b0cbc38-2722-418e-a982-5e04837291b0
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Bailey, S.W.'
    DOI: 10.1002/ps.785
    ISSN: 1526-4998
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Pest Management Science
    Pages: 158-162
    Title: Climate change and decreasing herbicide persistence
    Volume: 60
    Year: 2004
    _chapter: '["Ch. 9: Human Health FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 275
    _uuid: 4b172149-38b0-4071-8aa6-b41f08b227fc
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1002/ps.785
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4b172149-38b0-4071-8aa6-b41f08b227fc.yaml
  identifier: 4b172149-38b0-4071-8aa6-b41f08b227fc
  uri: /reference/4b172149-38b0-4071-8aa6-b41f08b227fc
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Moore, Stephanie K.; Johnstone, James A.; Banas, Neil S.; Salathé, Eric P.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.06.008
    ISSN: 1878-1470
    Journal: Harmful Algae
    Pages: 1-11
    Title: 'Present-day and future climate pathways affecting Alexandrium blooms in Puget Sound, WA, USA'
    Volume: 48
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 17215
    _uuid: 4b696f21-64fb-476a-b665-759173539f2f
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.hal.2015.06.008
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4b696f21-64fb-476a-b665-759173539f2f.yaml
  identifier: 4b696f21-64fb-476a-b665-759173539f2f
  uri: /reference/4b696f21-64fb-476a-b665-759173539f2f
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: "Outbreaks of disease attributable to drinking water are not common in the U.S., but they do still occur and can lead to serious acute, chronic, or sometimes fatal health consequences, particularly in sensitive and immunocompromised populations. From 1971 to 2002, there were 764 documented waterborne outbreaks associated with drinking water, resulting in 575,457 cases of illness and 79 deaths (Blackburn et al. 2004; Calderon 2004); however, the true impact of disease is estimated to be much higher. If properly applied, current protocols in municipal water treatment are effective at eliminating pathogens from water. However, inadequate, interrupted, or intermittent treatment has repeatedly been associated with waterborne disease outbreaks. Contamination is not evenly distributed but rather affected by the number of pathogens in the source water, the age of the distribution system, the quality of the delivered water, and climatic events that can tax treatment plant operations. Private water supplies are not regulated by the USEPA and are generally not treated or monitored, although very few of the municipal systems involved in documented outbreaks exceeded the USEPA's total coliform standard in the preceding 12 mon (Craun et al. 2002). We provide here estimates of waterborne infection and illness risks in the U.S. based on the total number of water systems, source water type, and total populations exposed. Furthermore, we evaluated all possible illnesses associated with the microbial infection and not just gastroenteritis. Our results indicate that 10.7 M infections/yr and 5.4 M illnesses/yr occur in populations served by community groundwater systems; 2.2 M infections/yr and 1.1 M illnesses/yr occur in noncommunity groundwater systems; and 26.0 M infections/yr and 13.0 M illnesses/yr occur in municipal surface water systems. The total estimated number of waterborne illnesses/yr in the U.S. is therefore estimated to be 19.5 M/yr. Others have recently estimated waterborne illness rates of 12M cases/yr (Colford et al. 2006) and 16 M cases/yr (Messner et al. 2006), yet our estimate considers all health outcomes associated with exposure to pathogens in drinking water rather than only gastrointestinal illness. Drinking water outbreaks exemplify known breaches in municipal water treatment and distribution processes and the failure of regulatory requirements to ensure water that is free of human pathogens. Water purification technologies applied at the point-of-use (POU) can be effective for limiting the effects of source water contamination, treatment plant inadequacies, minor intrusions in the distribution system, or deliberate posttreatment acts (i.e., bioterrorism). Epidemiological studies are conflicting on the benefits of POU water treatment. One prospective intervention study found that consumers of reverse-osmosis (POU) filtered water had 20%-35% less gastrointestinal illnesses than those consuming regular tap water, with an excess of 14% of illness due to contaminants introduced in the distribution system (Payment 1991, 1997). Two other studies using randomized, blinded, controlled trials determined that the risks were equal among groups supplied with POU-treated water compared to untreated tap water (Hellard et al. 2001; Colford et al. 2003). For immunocompromised populations, POU water treatment devices are recommended by the CDC and USEPA as one treatment option for reducing risks of Cryptosporidium and other types of infectious agents transmitted by drinking water. Other populations, including those experiencing \"normal\" life stages such as pregnancy, or those very young or very old, might also benefit from the utilization of additional water treatment options beyond the current multibarrier approach of municipal water treatment."
    Author: 'Reynolds, K. A.; Mena, K. D.; Gerba, C. P.'
    DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-71724-1_4
    ISSN: 0179-5953
    Journal: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
    Keywords: '*Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/transmission; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data; Humans; Risk Assessment; Sanitation; United States; United States Environmental Protection Agency; *Water Microbiology; *Water Pollution; *Water Supply'
    Language: eng
    Notes: 'Reynolds, Kelly A Mena, Kristina D Gerba, Charles P Journal Article Review United States Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2008;192:117-58.'
    Pages: 117-158
    Title: Risk of waterborne illness via drinking water in the United States
    Volume: 192
    Year: 2008
    _record_number: 18981
    _uuid: 4b6b3135-445b-496f-b481-70a4d9561386
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/978-0-387-71724-1_4
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4b6b3135-445b-496f-b481-70a4d9561386.yaml
  identifier: 4b6b3135-445b-496f-b481-70a4d9561386
  uri: /reference/4b6b3135-445b-496f-b481-70a4d9561386
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Cakmak, Sabit; Dales, Robert E.; Coates, Frances'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.025
    ISSN: 0091-6749
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
    Pages: 228-231
    Title: Does air pollution increase the effect of aeroallergens on hospitalization for asthma?
    Volume: 129
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: Ch3
    _record_number: 17665
    _uuid: 4beaa115-1cbe-404e-a62d-4a943c946820
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.025
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4beaa115-1cbe-404e-a62d-4a943c946820.yaml
  identifier: 4beaa115-1cbe-404e-a62d-4a943c946820
  uri: /reference/4beaa115-1cbe-404e-a62d-4a943c946820
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Kotwal, Russ S.; Wenzel, Robert B.; Sterling, Raymond A.; Porter, William D.; Jordan, Nikki N.; Petruccelli, Bruno P.'
    DOI: 10.1001/jama.293.2.212
    ISSN: 0098-7484
    Issue: 2
    Journal: 'JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association'
    Pages: 212-216
    Title: An outbreak of malaria in US Army Rangers returning from Afghanistan
    Volume: 293
    Year: 2005
    _record_number: 19252
    _uuid: 4c09952d-9774-4e5d-96bf-7b0204eeeffa
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1001/jama.293.2.212
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4c09952d-9774-4e5d-96bf-7b0204eeeffa.yaml
  identifier: 4c09952d-9774-4e5d-96bf-7b0204eeeffa
  uri: /reference/4c09952d-9774-4e5d-96bf-7b0204eeeffa
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Manea, A.; Leishman, M. R.; Downey, P. O.'
    DOI: 10.1614/ws-d-10-00080.1
    ISSN: 1550-2759
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Weed Science
    Pages: 28-36
    Title: Exotic C4 grasses have increased tolerance to glyphosate under elevated carbon dioxide
    Volume: 59
    Year: 2011
    _chapter: Ch6
    _record_number: 17925
    _uuid: 4c6335ac-bf06-4a51-8d12-677ce9b21f55
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1614/ws-d-10-00080.1
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4c6335ac-bf06-4a51-8d12-677ce9b21f55.yaml
  identifier: 4c6335ac-bf06-4a51-8d12-677ce9b21f55
  uri: /reference/4c6335ac-bf06-4a51-8d12-677ce9b21f55
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: WHO
    Pages: 303
    Place Published: Geneva
    Publisher: World Health Organization
    Title: 'International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health'
    Year: 2001
    _record_number: 18289
    _uuid: 4c802689-b45a-4c84-8a26-26ea87f5b33f
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/who-icf-2001
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4c802689-b45a-4c84-8a26-26ea87f5b33f.yaml
  identifier: 4c802689-b45a-4c84-8a26-26ea87f5b33f
  uri: /reference/4c802689-b45a-4c84-8a26-26ea87f5b33f
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'A history of shellfish-vectored illnesses (i.e., those associated with consumption of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops) occurring in the past nine decades is presented. Typhoid fever was a significant public health problem among consumers of raw molluscan shellfish earlier in this century. The development of more effective sewage treatment procedures and the institution of a national program following these outbreaks led to a series of measures which eventually eliminated shellfish-associated typhoid fever. Present-day problems associated with this food source still involve some wastewaterborne bacterial illnesses. However, the principal public health concerns are with wastewater-derived viral pathogens and with bacterial agents of an environmental origin. The nature, occurrence, and magnitude of these public health problems are described.'
    Author: 'Rippey, S R'
    DOI: 10.1128/cmr.7.4.419
    Date: 'October 1, 1994'
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Clinical Microbiology Reviews
    Pages: 419-425
    Title: Infectious diseases associated with molluscan shellfish consumption
    Volume: 7
    Year: 1994
    _record_number: 19045
    _uuid: 4c8cce07-4076-48be-9a8e-3b84ed71c237
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1128/CMR.7.4.419
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4c8cce07-4076-48be-9a8e-3b84ed71c237.yaml
  identifier: 4c8cce07-4076-48be-9a8e-3b84ed71c237
  uri: /reference/4c8cce07-4076-48be-9a8e-3b84ed71c237
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Zoraster, Richard M.'
    DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x00007718
    ISSN: 1945-1938
    Issue: 01
    Journal: Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
    Pages: 74-78
    Title: 'Vulnerable populations: Hurricane Katrina as a case study'
    Volume: 25
    Year: 2010
    _chapter: Ch9
    _record_number: 17894
    _uuid: 4ca41ec8-3947-4b36-8a89-79f51e1d7989
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1017/s1049023x00007718
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4ca41ec8-3947-4b36-8a89-79f51e1d7989.yaml
  identifier: 4ca41ec8-3947-4b36-8a89-79f51e1d7989
  uri: /reference/4ca41ec8-3947-4b36-8a89-79f51e1d7989
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: GAO
    Date Published: September
    ISBN: GAO-08-944
    Pages: 79
    Publisher: U.S. Government Accountability Office
    Title: 'Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations: EPA Needs More Information and a Clearly Defined Strategy to Protect Air and Water Quality from Pollutants of Concern'
    URL: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08944.pdf
    Year: 2008
    _record_number: 18422
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    reftype: Report
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- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Reeves, Will K.; Rowe, Natasha M.; Kugblenu, Richard K.; Magnuson, Cheryl L.'
    ISSN: 2152-8217
    Journal: 'MSMR: Medical Surveillance Monthly Report'
    PMID: 25996171
    Pages: 9-10
    Title: 'Case Series: Chikungunya and dengue at a forward operating location'
    URL: http://www.afhsc.mil/documents/pubs/msmrs/2015/v22_n05.pdf#Page=9
    Volume: 22
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 19257
    _uuid: 4d419e38-6ff0-4eb4-be2c-86f114dedade
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/pmid-25996171
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4d419e38-6ff0-4eb4-be2c-86f114dedade.yaml
  identifier: 4d419e38-6ff0-4eb4-be2c-86f114dedade
  uri: /reference/4d419e38-6ff0-4eb4-be2c-86f114dedade
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    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Lipp, Erin K.; Kurz, Raymond; Vincent, Robert; Rodriguez-Palacios, Cesar; Farrah, Samuel R.; Rose, Joan B.'
    DOI: 10.2307/1352950
    ISSN: 0160-8347
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Estuaries
    Notes: 'Ch5,6'
    Pages: 266-276
    Title: The effects of seasonal variability and weather on microbial fecal pollution and enteric pathogens in a subtropical estuary
    Volume: 24
    Year: 2001
    _chapter: 'Ch5,6'
    _record_number: 16483
    _uuid: 4e9ca30b-ed1c-4907-a8c0-609cbe6ece29
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.2307/1352950
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4e9ca30b-ed1c-4907-a8c0-609cbe6ece29.yaml
  identifier: 4e9ca30b-ed1c-4907-a8c0-609cbe6ece29
  uri: /reference/4e9ca30b-ed1c-4907-a8c0-609cbe6ece29
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: Statistical relationships between ground-level daily maximum 8-h ozone (O3) concentrations and multiple meteorological parameters were developed for data drawn from ambient measurements and values that were simulated with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. This study used concurrent and co-located data from both sources during the O3 season (May 1-September 30) for a four-year period (2002-2005). Regression models were developed for 74 areas across the Eastern U.S. The most important meteorological parameters used in the model were found to be daily maximum temperature and the daily average relative humidity (RH). Average morning and afternoon wind speed as well as factors for the day of the week and years were also included in the statistical models. R2 values above 60% were obtained for the majority of the locations in the analysis for both the ambient and CMAQ statistical models. Analysis of the covariate-specific effects revealed a tendency for the CMAQ model to underestimate how O3 increases with temperature. These results suggest that air quality forecasts that incorporate the CMAQ model may be underestimating the climate penalty on future O3 concentrations from warmer temperatures. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
    Author: 'Davis, Jerry; Cox, William; Reff, Adam; Dolwick, Pat'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.060
    ISSN: 0004-6981
    Issue: 20
    Journal: Atmospheric Environment
    Keywords: CMAQ; Ozone; Statistical models
    Pages: 3481-3487
    Title: A comparison of CMAQ-based and observation-based statistical models relating ozone to meteorological parameters
    Volume: 45
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 18885
    _uuid: 4ed6a6c7-6ce4-4cde-9624-44a165202b77
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.060
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4ed6a6c7-6ce4-4cde-9624-44a165202b77.yaml
  identifier: 4ed6a6c7-6ce4-4cde-9624-44a165202b77
  uri: /reference/4ed6a6c7-6ce4-4cde-9624-44a165202b77
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: "Richardson, L.A.\rChamp, P.A.\rLoomis, J.B."
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jfe.2011.05.002
    ISSN: 1104-6899
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Journal of Forest Economics
    Pages: 14-35
    Title: 'The hidden cost of wildfires: Economic valuation of health effects of wildfire smoke exposure in Southern California'
    Volume: 18
    Year: 2012
    _chapter: '["Ch. 20: Southwest FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 2630
    _uuid: 4ee18e43-0d8d-4276-ad51-b87db1d8b7bc
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.jfe.2011.05.002
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  identifier: 4ee18e43-0d8d-4276-ad51-b87db1d8b7bc
  uri: /reference/4ee18e43-0d8d-4276-ad51-b87db1d8b7bc
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Kuenzi, Amy J.; Morrison, Michael L.; Madhav, Nita K.; Mills, James N.'
    DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-43.4.675
    ISSN: 0090-3558
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Journal of Wildlife Diseases
    Pages: 675-683
    Title: 'Brush mouse (Peromyscus boylii) population dynamics and hantavirus infection during a warm, drought period in southern Arizona'
    Volume: 43
    Year: 2007
    _chapter: Ch7
    _record_number: 16317
    _uuid: 4f18488f-9d6a-475e-bc59-d46ead7dbfe7
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.7589/0090-3558-43.4.675
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4f18488f-9d6a-475e-bc59-d46ead7dbfe7.yaml
  identifier: 4f18488f-9d6a-475e-bc59-d46ead7dbfe7
  uri: /reference/4f18488f-9d6a-475e-bc59-d46ead7dbfe7
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Karl, Thomas R.; Knight, Richard W.'
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<1107:tchwhl>2.0.co;2
    ISSN: 1520-0477
    Issue: 6
    Journal: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
    Pages: 1107-1119
    Title: 'The 1995 Chicago heat wave: How likely is a recurrence?'
    Volume: 78
    Year: 1997
    _record_number: 18845
    _uuid: 4f9edf45-db7c-4e87-b1ab-af8856388760
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078%3C1107:tchwhl%3E2.0.co;2
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4f9edf45-db7c-4e87-b1ab-af8856388760.yaml
  identifier: 4f9edf45-db7c-4e87-b1ab-af8856388760
  uri: /reference/4f9edf45-db7c-4e87-b1ab-af8856388760
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Bharti, Ajay R.; Nally, Jarlath E.; Ricaldi, Jessica N.; Matthias, Michael A.; Diaz, Monica M.; Lovett, Michael A.; Levett, Paul N.; Gilman, Robert H.; Willig, Michael R.; Gotuzzo, Eduardo; Vinetz, Joseph M.'
    DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00830-2
    ISSN: 1473-3099
    Issue: 12
    Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases
    Pages: 757-771
    Title: 'Leptospirosis: A zoonotic disease of global importance'
    Volume: 3
    Year: 2003
    _record_number: 19031
    _uuid: 4fbf063a-99b4-4195-9076-9145b88a345c
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00830-2
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4fbf063a-99b4-4195-9076-9145b88a345c.yaml
  identifier: 4fbf063a-99b4-4195-9076-9145b88a345c
  uri: /reference/4fbf063a-99b4-4195-9076-9145b88a345c
- attrs:
    .publisher: Springer Netherlands
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Smith, Adam B.; Katz, Richard W.'
    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-013-0566-5
    Date: 2013/06/01
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Issue: 2
    Journal: Natural Hazards
    Keywords: Natural disasters; Losses; Statistics of extreme events; Data sources
    Language: English
    Pages: 387-410
    Title: 'US billion-dollar weather and climate disasters: Data sources, trends, accuracy and biases'
    Volume: 67
    Year: 2013
    _record_number: 19063
    _uuid: 4fe32146-a968-4dde-8a2b-df2aa2eabdd4
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1007/s11069-013-0566-5
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/4fe32146-a968-4dde-8a2b-df2aa2eabdd4.yaml
  identifier: 4fe32146-a968-4dde-8a2b-df2aa2eabdd4
  uri: /reference/4fe32146-a968-4dde-8a2b-df2aa2eabdd4
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'BACKGROUND: During the 2002 West Nile virus epidemic in the United States, patients were identified whose West Nile virus illness was temporally associated with the receipt of transfused blood and blood components. METHODS: Patients with laboratory evidence of recent West Nile virus infection within four weeks after receipt of a blood component from a donor with viremia were considered to have a confirmed transfusion-related infection. We interviewed the donors of these components, asking them whether they had had symptoms compatible with the presence of a viral illness before or after their donation; blood specimens retained from the time of donation and collected at follow-up were tested for West Nile virus. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were confirmed to have acquired West Nile virus through transfused leukoreduced and nonleukoreduced red cells, platelets, or fresh-frozen plasma. Of the 23 recipients, 10 (43 percent) were immunocompromised owing to transplantation or cancer and 8 (35 percent) were at least 70 years of age. Immunocompromised recipients tended to have longer incubation periods than nonimmunocompromised recipients and infected persons in mosquito-borne community outbreaks. Sixteen donors with evidence of viremia at donation were linked to the 23 infected recipients; of these donors, 9 reported viral symptoms before or after donation, 5 were asymptomatic, and 2 were lost to follow-up. Fever, new rash, and painful eyes were independently associated with being an implicated donor with viremia rather than a donor without viremia. All 16 donors were negative for West Nile virus-specific IgM antibody at donation. CONCLUSIONS: Transfused red cells, platelets, and fresh-frozen plasma can transmit West Nile virus. Screening of potential donors with the use of nucleic acid-based assays for West Nile virus may reduce this risk.'
    Author: 'Pealer, L. N.; Marfin, A. A.; Petersen, L. R.; Lanciotti, R. S.; Page, P. L.; Stramer, S. L.; Stobierski, M. G.; Signs, K.; Newman, B.; Kapoor, H.; Goodman, J. L.; Chamberland, M. E.'
    DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa030969
    Date: Sep 25
    ISSN: 1533-4406
    Issue: 13
    Journal: New England Journal of Medicine
    Keywords: 'Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Donors; Blood Transfusion/*adverse effects; Blood-Borne Pathogens/*isolation & purification; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; RNA, Viral/blood; United States/epidemiology; Viremia/diagnosis; West Nile Fever/diagnosis/epidemiology/*transmission; West Nile virus/genetics/*isolation & purification'
    Notes: 'Pealer, Lisa N Marfin, Anthony A Petersen, Lyle R Lanciotti, Robert S Page, Peter L Stramer, Susan L Stobierski, Mary Grace Signs, Kimberly Newman, Bruce Kapoor, Hema Goodman, Jesse L Chamberland, Mary E eng 2003/09/23 05:00 N Engl J Med. 2003 Sep 25;349(13):1236-45. Epub 2003 Sep 18.'
    Pages: 1236-1245
    Title: Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002
    Volume: 349
    Year: 2003
    _record_number: 18019
    _uuid: 5033e5b6-ca03-448b-9b96-ada0ed7bdaef
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1056/NEJMoa030969
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/5033e5b6-ca03-448b-9b96-ada0ed7bdaef.yaml
  identifier: 5033e5b6-ca03-448b-9b96-ada0ed7bdaef
  uri: /reference/5033e5b6-ca03-448b-9b96-ada0ed7bdaef
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 48
    Author: EPA
    Place Published: 'Research Triangle Park, North Carolina'
    Publisher: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
    Title: Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program--Community Edition (BenMAP-CE)
    URL: http://www2.epa.gov/benmap
    Volume: 2014
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 18809
    _uuid: 50487056-4ce5-4577-add4-80ee45e9045e
    reftype: Online Multimedia
  child_publication: /generic/0160ca88-3f44-45e8-a35a-b74678c20774
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/50487056-4ce5-4577-add4-80ee45e9045e.yaml
  identifier: 50487056-4ce5-4577-add4-80ee45e9045e
  uri: /reference/50487056-4ce5-4577-add4-80ee45e9045e
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    Author: 'Judd, Nancy L.; Drew, Christina H.; Acharya, Chetana; Marine Resources for Future Generations,; Mitchell, Todd A.; Donatuto, Jamie L.; Burns, Gary W.; Burbacher, Thomas M.; Faustman, Elaine M.'
    DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7655
    ISSN: 1552-9924
    Issue: 11
    Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives
    Pages: 1502-1508
    Title: 'Framing scientific analyses for risk management of environmental hazards by communities: Case studies with seafood safety issues'
    Volume: 113
    Year: 2005
    _record_number: 17057
    _uuid: 507af3c3-f7e0-4622-be46-4f0fcdd2259e
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1289/ehp.7655
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/507af3c3-f7e0-4622-be46-4f0fcdd2259e.yaml
  identifier: 507af3c3-f7e0-4622-be46-4f0fcdd2259e
  uri: /reference/507af3c3-f7e0-4622-be46-4f0fcdd2259e
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Jaykus, L.; Woolridge, M.; Frank, J.M.; Miraglia, M.; McQuatters-Gollop, A.; Tirado, C.; Clarke, R.; Friel, M.'
    Pages: 49
    Publisher: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
    Title: 'Climate Change: Implications for Food Safety'
    URL: http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/i0195e/i0195e00.HTM
    Year: 2008
    _record_number: 18306
    _uuid: 50937eef-3097-4218-9400-7c76ad245f4a
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/climate-change-implications-food-safety
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/50937eef-3097-4218-9400-7c76ad245f4a.yaml
  identifier: 50937eef-3097-4218-9400-7c76ad245f4a
  uri: /reference/50937eef-3097-4218-9400-7c76ad245f4a
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: 'Background The global increase in surface temperature (known as global warming) was found to impact on mortality through ill health, particularly among the elderly and in summer. This study sets out to explore the impact of global warming on suicide mortality, using data from Italy. Methods Monthly data on suicide mortality and temperature were obtained for a 30-year period (from January 1974 to December 2003), and the relation between them was investigated using the Gaussian low-pass filter, linear correlation analysis and rank analysis. Results For males, increasing anomalies in monthly average temperatures associated to a higher monthly suicide mean from May to August and, to a lower extent, in November and December. In January, on the other hand, increasing anomalies in monthly average temperatures appeared to be coupled to a lower number of suicides. For females, the links between temperature and suicides are less consistent than for males, and sometimes have a reverse sign, too. Limitations Data could not be analyzed according to age, since this information was not available across the whole time interval. The use of monthly data, instead of daily data (unavailable), is another major limitation of this study. Conclusions An improvement in the ability of communities to adjust to temperature changes by implementing public health interventions may play an important part in preserving the wellness of the general population, and also in limiting the worst consequences of suicidal behaviour.'
    Author: 'Preti, A.; Lentini, G.; Maugeri, M.'
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.12.003
    Date: 9//
    ISSN: 0165-0327
    Issue: 1-3
    Journal: Journal of Affective Disorders
    Keywords: Suicide; Global warming; Risk factors; Sex/gender; Public health
    Pages: 19-25
    Title: 'Global warming possibly linked to an enhanced risk of suicide: Data from Italy, 1974–2003'
    Volume: 102
    Year: 2007
    _record_number: 18159
    _uuid: 50de3b2a-ecc9-4cc9-b21b-9f7c8a8f6608
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.jad.2006.12.003
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/50de3b2a-ecc9-4cc9-b21b-9f7c8a8f6608.yaml
  identifier: 50de3b2a-ecc9-4cc9-b21b-9f7c8a8f6608
  uri: /reference/50de3b2a-ecc9-4cc9-b21b-9f7c8a8f6608
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Levi, Taal; Keesing, Felicia; Oggenfuss, Kelly; Ostfeld, Richard S.'
    DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0556
    ISSN: 1471-2970
    Issue: 1665
    Journal: 'Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'
    Title: Accelerated phenology of blacklegged ticks under climate warming
    Volume: 370
    Year: 2015
    _record_number: 19106
    _uuid: 514a2503-fc83-4e60-81d1-04421ff8ebc2
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1098/rstb.2013.0556
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/514a2503-fc83-4e60-81d1-04421ff8ebc2.yaml
  identifier: 514a2503-fc83-4e60-81d1-04421ff8ebc2
  uri: /reference/514a2503-fc83-4e60-81d1-04421ff8ebc2
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Xiong, Xu; Harville, Emily W.; Buekens, Pierre; Mattison, Donald R.; Elkind-Hirsch, Karen; Pridjian, Gabriell'
    DOI: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318180f21c
    ISSN: 1538-2990
    Issue: 2
    Journal: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
    Pages: 111-115
    Title: 'Exposure to Hurricane Katrina, post-traumatic stress disorder and birth outcomes'
    Volume: 336
    Year: 2008
    _chapter: '["Ch. 9: Human Health FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 4220
    _uuid: 515b09d9-e540-4cc5-ab3a-16fbd1d1d52d
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318180f21c
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/515b09d9-e540-4cc5-ab3a-16fbd1d1d52d.yaml
  identifier: 515b09d9-e540-4cc5-ab3a-16fbd1d1d52d
  uri: /reference/515b09d9-e540-4cc5-ab3a-16fbd1d1d52d
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: "Sauer, Elizabeth P.\rVandeWalle, Jessica L.\rBootsma, Melinda J.\rMcLellan, Sandra L."
    DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.049
    Date: Aug
    ISSN: 0043-1354
    Issue: 14
    Journal: Water Research
    Pages: 4081-4091
    Title: Detection of the human specific Bacteroides genetic marker provides evidence of widespread sewage contamination of stormwater in the urban environment
    URL: http://v3.mmsd.com/AssetsClient/Documents/waterqualityresearch/Human_Specific_Bacteroides.pdf
    Volume: 45
    Year: 2011
    _chapter: '["Ch. 18: Midwest FINAL"]'
    _record_number: 2753
    _uuid: 519d14d6-d85f-4b71-b1db-d8fad21e6c00
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.049
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/519d14d6-d85f-4b71-b1db-d8fad21e6c00.yaml
  identifier: 519d14d6-d85f-4b71-b1db-d8fad21e6c00
  uri: /reference/519d14d6-d85f-4b71-b1db-d8fad21e6c00
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    Author: 'Hennessy, Thomas W.; Ritter, Troy; Holman, Robert C.; Bruden, Dana L.; Yorita, Krista L.; Bulkow, Lisa; Cheek, James E.; Singleton, Rosalyn J.; Smith, Jeff'
    DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2007.115618
    ISSN: 1541-0048
    Issue: 11
    Journal: American Journal of Public Health
    Pages: 2072-2078
    Title: 'The relationship between in-home water service and the risk of respiratory tract, skin, and gastrointestinal tract infections among rural Alaska natives'
    Volume: 98
    Year: 2008
    _chapter: Ch9
    _record_number: 17853
    _uuid: 51abc80c-0f8d-440d-9203-9424e6028fcb
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.2105/ajph.2007.115618
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/51abc80c-0f8d-440d-9203-9424e6028fcb.yaml
  identifier: 51abc80c-0f8d-440d-9203-9424e6028fcb
  uri: /reference/51abc80c-0f8d-440d-9203-9424e6028fcb
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    Author: 'Ralston, Erin P.; Kite-Powell, Hauke; Beet, Andrew'
    DOI: 10.2166/wh.2011.157
    ISSN: 1477-8920
    Issue: 4
    Journal: Journal of Water and Health
    Pages: 680-694
    Title: 'An estimate of the cost of acute health effects from food- and water-borne marine pathogens and toxins in the USA'
    Volume: 9
    Year: 2011
    _record_number: 17330
    _uuid: 51bc4d1e-ade7-49a4-a3d2-4579c6aacb7d
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.2166/wh.2011.157
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/51bc4d1e-ade7-49a4-a3d2-4579c6aacb7d.yaml
  identifier: 51bc4d1e-ade7-49a4-a3d2-4579c6aacb7d
  uri: /reference/51bc4d1e-ade7-49a4-a3d2-4579c6aacb7d
- attrs:
    .publisher: 'John Wiley & Sons, Inc.'
    .reference_type: 0
    Author: 'Reser, Joseph P.; Bradley, Graham L.; Ellul, Michelle C.'
    DOI: 10.1002/wcc.286
    ISSN: 1757-7799
    Issue: 4
    Journal: 'Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change'
    Pages: 521-537
    Title: 'Encountering climate change: ‘Seeing’ is more than ‘believing’'
    Volume: 5
    Year: 2014
    _record_number: 18167
    _uuid: 52834dde-d964-40a2-acc5-b133457e4cc9
    reftype: Journal Article
  child_publication: /article/10.1002/wcc.286
  href: https://data.globalchange.gov/reference/52834dde-d964-40a2-acc5-b133457e4cc9.yaml
  identifier: 52834dde-d964-40a2-acc5-b133457e4cc9
  uri: /reference/52834dde-d964-40a2-acc5-b133457e4cc9
- attrs:
    .reference_type: 0
    Abstract: "BACKGROUND: Projections of health risks of climate change are surrounded with uncertainties in knowledge. Understanding of these uncertainties will help the selection of appropriate adaptation policies. METHODS: We made an inventory of conceivable health impacts of climate change, explored the type and level of uncertainty for each impact, and discussed its implications for adaptation policy. A questionnaire-based expert elicitation was performed using an ordinal scoring scale. Experts were asked to indicate the level of precision with which health risks can be estimated, given the present state of knowledge. We assessed the individual scores, the expertise-weighted descriptive statistics, and the argumentation given for each score. Suggestions were made for how dealing with uncertainties could be taken into account in climate change adaptation policy strategies. RESULTS: The results showed that the direction of change could be indicated for most anticipated health effects. For several potential effects, too little knowledge exists to indicate whether any impact will occur, or whether the impact will be positive or negative. For several effects, rough 'order-of-magnitude' estimates were considered possible. Factors limiting health impact quantification include: lack of data, multi-causality, unknown impacts considering a high-quality health system, complex cause-effect relations leading to multi-directional impacts, possible changes of present-day response-relations, and difficulties in predicting local climate impacts. Participants considered heat-related mortality and non-endemic vector-borne diseases particularly relevant for climate change adaptation. CONCLUSIONS: For possible climate related health impacts characterised by ignorance, adaptation policies that focus on enhancing the health system's and society's capability of dealing with possible future changes, uncertainties and surprises (e.g. through resilience, flexibility, and adaptive capacity) are most appropriate. For climate related health effects for which rough risk estimates are available, 'robust decision-making' is recommended. For health effects with limited societal and policy relevance, we recommend focusing on no-regret measures. For highly relevant health effects, precautionary measures can be considered. This study indicated that analysing and characterising uncertainty by means of a typology can be a very useful approach for selection and prioritization of preferred adaptation policies to reduce future climate related health risks."
    Author: 'Wardekker, J. A.; de Jong, A.; van Bree, L.; Turkenburg, W. C.; van der Sluijs, J. P.'
    DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-11-67
    ISSN: 1476-069X
    Issue: 1
    Journal: Environmental Health
    Keywords: Air Pollution; Animals; Climate Change; Disease Vectors; Expert Testimony; Floods; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Netherlands; Questionnaires; Risk Assessment; Temperature; Ultraviolet Rays; Uncertainty
    Language: eng
    Notes: "Wardekker, J Arjan de Jong, Arie van Bree, Leendert Turkenburg, Wim C van der Sluijs, Jeroen P Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England Environ Health. 2012 Sep 19;11:67. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-11-67."
    Pages: Article 67
    Title: 'Health risks of climate change: An assessment of uncertainties and its implications for adaptation policies'
    Volume: 11
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 5354
    _uuid: 528662df-c7b5-4ec1-b45f-a8cef52d90df
    reftype: Journal Article
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    .reference_type: 10
    Author: 'Bastian, R.; Murray, D.'
    ISBN: EPA/600/R-12/618
    Pages: 643
    Place Published: 'Washington, D.C.'
    Publisher: U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development
    Title: 2012 Guidelines for Water Reuse
    URL: http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/P100FS7K.pdf
    Year: 2012
    _record_number: 19289
    _uuid: 52babad5-5837-4b62-9632-c6e4159290c9
    reftype: Report
  child_publication: /report/epa-600-r-12-618
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  identifier: 52babad5-5837-4b62-9632-c6e4159290c9
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